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はてなキーワード: Pointとは
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20131212133805
オレは、小中高とそこそこくらいの勉強量で、現役で東大に入って、恥ずかしながら「オレは普通の人間と比べてレベルアップによるステータス上昇pointの高い優れた人間なんだろう。普通に努力を続ければ50歳くらいでレベルカンストしてスーパービジネスマンになってるはず。」と勘違いしてた。まあよくある「やればできる子」のスペック高いverみたいな感じ。
大学を卒業して就職してから10年くらい経つが、「ステータス上昇point」という考え方が大間違いだったことに数年前に気がついた。成長するやつと成長しないやつの違いって、「ステータス上昇point」じゃなくて「周りにいるモンスターの強さ（＝経験値）」なんだわ。つまり環境。心身が壊れない程度に強い（＝経験値が多い）課題に囲まれている環境。
オレは、両親兄弟の全員が旧帝大とかの高学歴家庭に育ったので、たぶん中卒高卒な家庭の子供に比べると、小さいうちから高い経験値のモンスターと戦って（勉強して）たんだわ。小学校高学年くらいから普通に新聞読んでたし。で、小学時代に頭良かったので、頭の良い中学校に行って、そこで頭の悪い中学校の子供に比べると、またしても経験値の高いモンスターと戦った（勉強した）。
そして、就職して3年目くらいまでは、まあまあ強い課題と戦っていたんだが、4年目くらいに転機というか、すんごいヌルイ環境、テキトーに仕事してもサボっても文句言われない環境になって、そこからの3年間、マジで成長ゼロだった。むしろマイナスかと思うくらい。
だらけ度MAXな時期に同期とあって、同期に比べて自分の能力の低さに、普通に驚愕して、こりゃヤベエと思って、数カ月かけて環境を変えた。今度は敵が強すぎて精神的に超つらかったんだが、1年もたたないうちに自分でもびっくりするくらい成果を出せるようになった。能力が上がった。
で、改めて同業者で特に優秀な人を見まわしてみたところ、なんだろう、上には上っているんですわな。しかも、そういう人って、別に学生時代とか社会人の始めのころから凄かったわけじゃないんだよね。地頭的なものはむしろあんまり良くない人も結構いたり。極端な話、孫正義って別にそんなに頭良くないと思うんですよ。
とすると思うわけですよ、このリアル世界ってレベル上限ないんじゃね？って。そのくせ寿命っていうプレイ時間制限はあるんですよ。もしそうだとするとですよ、そこらへんにいるスライムとかを狩ってる場合じゃねーんですよ。むしろ「まさゆきの地図」の入手を最優先しないといけないんじゃねと。まあリアル世界だと、メタルキング超強そうだけど。
ここでようやく元記事に戻るわけですが、「行動力の高い人」って要するに危険なダンジョンまで潜りにいく人なんですな。評論家は始めの町の周りでスライムばっかり狩ってる人。そりゃ「行動力の高い人」の方が伸びるわなって話ですよ。
先日、江沢民に対して逮捕状がだされた件（http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20131120204514）について書いた増田です。
つい先日中国がADIZを設定したことで世の中は大盛り上がりのようです。ここはてなでも極東ブログさんが
http://finalvent.cocolog-nifty.com/fareastblog/2013/11/post-46f6.html
こんな記事を書いたり、scopedogさんが
という記事を書いたりとそこそこに盛り上がっていたと思います。ただ、このお二方は残念ながら国際法の観点から書いておらず、どうにも政治的態度の表明に終始している感が否めません。なので、本稿では国際法、国家実行の観点からADIZ及び空の自由に関して記述していきたいと思います。
まずは領空主権を巡る国際法についてさらっとおさらいしおきましょう。
ライト兄弟による飛行機の実験、ブレリオによるドーバー海峡横断などは言うまでもないでしょうが、飛行機の歴史は比較的最近のものです。そのため、かつては原則的空域自由説や、無害飛行権を認める条件付空域主権説が主流でした。ところが、ここで第一次大戦が発生してしまったのです。この大戦では近代兵器が初めて大規模に使われましたが、飛行機もまたその例外ではありませんでした。なので、空域主権説をとる国が増加しました。
第一次大戦後に結ばれた1919年のパリ国際航空条約、そしてそれに続く1944年のシカゴ航空条約を読めばその変化がはっきりとわかります。こうして領空においては国家の主権が完全に及ぶことになったのです。ところで、領空とは国境もしくは領海の外側の限界までですが、裏を返せば、それよりも先、つまり公海や排他的経済水域(EEZ)の上空では飛行の自由が認められています。このことは国連海洋法条約でも明示されています。
以上を見れば分かるように、許可なしに他国の領空を飛行するときは領空侵犯と見なされるため、実生活では大変な不便を強いられることはすぐに分かりますね。そこで、領域国の着陸要求や航空路の指定等にしたがうことを条件として、不定期航空の民間航空機に限って他国の領空を飛行し、同時に運輸以外の目的における着陸の権利を認めました。当然ながら、国の飛行機には認められません。
なら、定期国際航空業務に就く民間機はどうなるのかというと、こっちは特別の許可を必要としています。なので、定期国際航空運送は、二国間の特別協定を通して行われています。現在ではアメリカによるオープン・スカイ政策に倣った協定も多く結ばれるようになっています。これは文字通りいちいち政府の許可をとらなくても民間は自由に航路を変更できるというものです(もちろん例外はありますが)。
最後になりましたが、外国の飛行機が違法に領空に侵入してきた場合、どんなことが起きるでしょうか。
当たり前ですが、民間機の場合だと侵犯状況の如何に関わらず、撃墜することは不可だとされています。旧ソ連による大韓航空機撃墜事件後に改正されたシカゴ条約でも、武器使用を認めてはいるものの武力行使は禁止しています。
ただ、9.11以降この流れはやや変化し始めており、例えば大規模テロ攻撃に対しては例外的措置をとれるとする見解が出始めていますし、ADIZのような新たな問題も出てきています。
実は先述したシカゴ条約は主に民間機に対するもので、軍用機を規律する国際法はないのです。1982年の国連海洋法条約でEEZが設定されたこともより一層事態をややこしくしました。ブラジルを始めとした一部の沿岸国がEEZにおける軍事活動を許可制にしようという動きがあったのですが、そのときにEEZの上空においても領空と同じ主権を認めるように求めたのです。この提案は国際民間航空機関の法委員会によって否定されましたが、この考えは心の隅に入れておいたら、中国による防空識別圏の設定と中国当局の考えに対する理解をより深めることができます。
また、廃棄物投棄に係わる海洋汚染防止条約(通称"ロンドン条約")も領空を超えて空域を規律しようとする考えに対して、重要な位置を占めています。この条約は上空から海洋に廃棄物を投棄することを禁止していますが、国の飛行機は例外としているのです。さらには、管轄権を行使できる海洋においてのみ適用されるとしているので、EEZの上空はここに含まれない訳です。
そこでここから先は各国の国家実行を眺めていく必要がある訳ですね。そこで、まずはオーストラリア空軍のハンドブック(http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/List/36/RAAF-Doctrine.aspx)を見てみましょう。ガイドブックによると、
Military and civil aircraft are free to operate in international airspace without interference.
としており、ここでいうinternational airspaceとはEEZの上空を含まれるとしています。アメリカのレーガン大統領が1983年にアメリカのEEZを設定したときも、EEZ上空ではあらゆる国は公海上の飛行と同じ自由を享有すると宣言しています。同様の宣言あるいは解釈は、イタリア、イギリス、オランダ、ドイツなどが行っています。一方で、ブラジルのように、EEZにおける軍事活動を規制できるとする国内法を有している国家も存在していますが、9カ国のみ(バングラディシュ、ミャンマー、中国、インド、イラン、マレーシア、北朝鮮、パキスタン、ウルグアイ)と少数です。そういったことを示唆しているのが5カ国、その他もろもろの主張をしている国を合わせると20カ国弱がEEZ上空における権利を主張しています。ここ、重要です。こういった考えが少数派であっても存在することは押さえておきましょう。
以上を踏まえると、EEZ上空を規律できるかどうかは怪しく思えるかもしれません。なら、EEZ上空の自由を推進しているアメリカですら設定しているADIZとは一体何なのでしょうか。
ADIZ自体は冷戦期から存在しており、現在でもノルウェーやイギリスは維持しています。
さて、アメリカは冷戦期、1950年の朝鮮戦争に端を発する旧ソ連との緊張関係から全部で5つのADIZを設定していましたが、アメリカの連邦規則集(Code of Federal Regulations)がどのようにADIZを定義してるか見てみましょう。
Air defense identification zone (ADIZ) means an area of airspace over land or water in which the ready identification, location, and control of all aircraft (except for Department of Defense and law enforcement aircraft) is required in the interest of national security.
(a) A person who operates a civil aircraft into an ADIZ must have a functioning two-way radio, and the pilot must maintain a continuous listening watch on the appropriate aeronautical facility's frequency.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft into, within, or whose departure point is within an ADIZ unless—
(1) The person files a DVFR flight plan containing the time and point of ADIZ penetration, and
(2) The aircraft departs within five minutes of the estimated departure time contained in the flight plan.
(c) If the pilot operating an aircraft under DVFR in an ADIZ cannot maintain two-way radio communications, the pilot may proceed, in accordance with original DVFR flight plan, or land as soon as practicable. The pilot must report the radio failure to an appropriate aeronautical facility as soon as possible.
(d) If a pilot operating an aircraft under IFR in an ADIZ cannot maintain two-way radio communications, the pilot must proceed in accordance with § 91.185 of this chapter.
ここでDVFRとはDefense Visual Flight Rulesのことで、この文脈においてはADIZを飛ぶときに提出しないといけない飛行計画のことですが、通常のVFRと中身は同じで単に何かあったら軍に連絡したりADIZの中では相互無線が必須なだけで、どうせ必要となるものです。
まあADIZとは、ざっくり言えば例外を除いて全ての飛行機に対して諸々の情報を安全保障上の観点から問い合わせがあったらすぐに答えないといけない空域のことですね。この文面を見る限りでは、国による飛行機はどうも明確に除外していないようですが、国家実行そのものは軍用機であっても、アメリカの領空に入る予定のものを除けば、自由に飛行させています。実際に、アメリカがアラスカ方面に設定したADIZで、ロシアによる軍事訓練が行われたときも、監視をするのみで抗議もせずに放置していました。つまり、ADIZというのはその名前に反して意外と緩いものだということが分かります。別にADIZを設定したからといってどうこうなる訳ではありませんし、設定国がどうこうできるわけでもありません。これは他のADIZを設定している多くの国についても同様です。(ただ、ロシアはやや例外に入るかな？)
とまあおおざっぱに書いてきましたが、実は、中国によるADIZ設定は本質的な問題ではありません。上でも述べましたが、EEZ上空における主権のあり方の認識がそもそも違うのです。今回ADIZの設定で大騒ぎになっていますが、事の本質は、EEZをどう捉えるかというものなのです。EEZは天然資源の保護のために設定された区域ですが、この区域において主権と同様の権利を行使できるかどうかが問題となるのです。中国による失策との声がありますが、それは中国の国際法に対する態度を無視したものです。この辺は、中国の国際法学会の動向も踏まえて書けたら面白いのですが、本稿はそこまで立ち入りません。
何分この分野は専門外なので、何か間違いがあれば遠慮なくご指摘お願いします。
たまたまイギリスにおり、hatenaと検索したところ、hatena.comが表示されるところまではよかったんだが、そこから悲しみの崖に突き落とされた話。
ま、日本にいまいがいようがhttp://www.hatena.com/でぐぐれば皆さんも追体験できるのだけれど、まず行ってみて唖然とするのは、
hatena.comが会員制サイトであること笑。ん、そんな会社だっけ？と驚愕する僕をよそに、hatena.comは、主要なサービスとして、
はてなブログとはてなハイクを挙げそれをえさに会員登録させようとする模様（ちなみにはてなブログの掲載面積はハイクの２倍）。
ちょっとまて、わざわざ日本のブログサービス使う英語使用ユーザーってどんなニッチなんだ？？？と面を食らうのだけれど、
はてなハイクにいたってはtwitterでやれよという内容に加え、サービス見ると村社会っぷりが半端ない個人サイトの掲示板以下の内容となっており、
新規客が年１０人入ったら御の字という状態になっている（というかブログもそうだが、他のサービスと何が違い、何のメリットがあるのかの説明もなければ、簡単なチュートリアルもない）
さらに、はてなユーザーとしてログインしてみると、ホーム画面にusername, message, user setting, buy pointが付け加わるんだが、
え、なんかポイント買わなきゃいけないの？？？という初見殺しきわまる内容となっており・・・、もうこの試合諦めていいですよね。
ってことで、はてなの夢の跡がみえるはてな歴史ツアーの遺跡の一部としてはhatena.comは大変良質なアミューズメントパークなんだけれど、
はっきり言って維持する理由がない。近藤社長も気が変わって上場するつもりらしいので、株主総会で突っ込まれておろおろしないうちに閉鎖することをお勧めしたい
その意見には賛成だが、論点が違う。正直、目的手段はどっちであってもいい。私が問題にしているのは、バイアスの問題。若者が思想を形成していく上で、世論なり親なり教育者なりが、英語は手段でしかないという方向に傾きそれが主流になるのは、おかしいのじゃないかと言っている。
I totally agree with your opinion but that's not the point. It's not essential whether purposes are more important than measures. What i'd like to discuss is about the problem of bias people have nowadays. It seems to me that there has been serious mistakes such as the view that learning English can't be any purposes, which are made by most of parents,teachers and opinion-poll in Japan.This sort of bias should be avoided especially in the process of teenager's growth.
var base="#theme#に耽溺するのが許されるリミットは#generation#あたりまで\n\n\
#age#歳以上とか言ってるけど昔からやってるやつはやってたよね。\n\
自分も#my1stgen#のときが初#theme#でだいぶ感化されたクチだけど、あれは#age#歳になる前にやるべきだと思う。\n\
#age#以上っつったら#genover#からちと遅い。\n\
要は#border#前にやっとくもん。\n\
それくらいのまだいろいろケツが青い時期にやっとかないと、#border#以降だとあまりにもくだらなさすぎてやる気とやる機会と時間がなくなる。\n\
#desc1#。\n\
逆に言うとそんくらいの人間が#theme#をやたら持ち上げるのはいいと思うけど、いい大人が#theme#で感化されたりするのはよっぽど視野が狭いんだなとしか思わない。\n\
#theme#っていうプラットフォームを借りてるだけの古典的なネタの使い回しがどれだけあるかもわからずに、さもその#theme#がオリジナルであるかのように語ったりしているのを見るとドン引きするし。\n\
#theme#で感銘を受ける幼い心を持ち続けることができる幼稚な大人もいていいとは思うけど、やっぱり#border#後世間ずれしちゃうと、#theme#の#desc2#何もかも胡散臭くてやってられなくなるのが普通。\n\
いい加減大人になれよ。";
var theme = window.prompt("何についての話？(ex.エロゲ)", "アンパンマン");
var desc1 = window.prompt("テーマを端的に示す、できれば否定的な文を一つ。(ex.中二的な話とかくだらんギャグとか恋愛（爆笑）とかハーレムとか)", "アーンパーンチ(笑)だとかアーンキーック(爆笑)だとか");
var desc2 = window.prompt("テーマを端的に示す、できれば否定的な文をもう一つ。(ex.嘘っぽさとかファンタジーとか学園とか恋愛とか陵辱とか)", "現実味のなさとか正義がどうとか愛と勇気だけが友達とか");
var age = window.prompt("何歳ごろまで許される？(ex.１８)(point:全角推奨)", "６");
var generation = window.prompt("その世代を示す適切なキーワードを。(ex.中高大学生)", "幼稚園児");
var border = window.prompt("その境目を示すそれっぽいキーワードを。(ex.社会に出る)", "義務教育入り");
var genover = window.prompt("その世代を過ぎた人はどう説明される？(ex.大学生とか専門、就職もしてる)", "幼稚園とか小学校にも行ってる");
var my1stgen = window.prompt("筆者がそれを最初に体験した世代を。(ex.中３)", "１歳");
var result = base.replace(/#theme#/g,theme).replace(/#desc1#/g,desc1).replace(/#desc2#/g,desc2).replace(/#age#/g,age).replace(/#generation#/g,generation).replace(/#border#/g,border).replace(/#genover#/g,genover).replace(/#my1stgen#/g,my1stgen);
alert(result);
サンプルとして、話題の記事を引き合いに出そう。
iOS 7: ここ10年で最大の悪夢 | Ticking Point
こう書かれている。
（中略）
しかし、そこで「ユーザビリティの低下」の根拠として挙げられているのは“Slide to Unlock”の問題だけだ。
いちおう線が多いだとかフォントが嫌いだとか書かれているが具体性に欠けている。
曰く「オシャレなだけ」「流行を追いかけただけ」「目新しさだけ」。
やはり具体性に欠ける。
フラットデザインには実用性がある（「メリットを上回るデメリットがあるのだ」というなら分かる）。
「オシャレなだけ」「流行を追いかけただけ」「目新しさだけ」といった批判はまったくの的外れだ。
そもそも、シンプルなデザインの代名詞とさえ言えるサー・ジョナサン・アイヴが、ソフトウェアをシンプルにデザインすることは「流行の後追い」なのか？
あるいは、Appleは目新しさのためだけに功臣スコット・フォーストールを追放したとでも言うのか？
まったく馬鹿げたことだ。
個別の使いづらさについては批判されるべきだ。
フラットデザインというだけで使いやすいわけではないのは当然だ。
“Slide to Unlock”への批判については確かに一理ある。
だが、その一事でフラットデザインそのものを否定するのは、いかがなものだろうか。
"Hacker News"のコメント欄から気になるものがあったので全訳してみた。
文系からプログラマーの道に入った自分的に、琴線に触れたので。
ニューヨーク証券取引所のとある一企業の株式売買の様子を0.5秒だけ映像化した動画を見た人の感想です。
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5678116
いつだったか、ソースコードを全部印刷したことがあるよ。その時のソースコードはASP、HTML、CSS、Javascriptで、僕の雇い主の最も重要なWebサイトのホームページを1ページ読み込んで出力したんだ。僕は紙を一枚一枚テープで繋いで壁に吊り下げた。
同僚と貴重な意見を交わすことができたね。技術に明るくなかったみんなは（大半はそうだったけど）凄く驚いてたよ。彼らが毎回ホームページをロードするごとに（1秒以内の短い時間で）こんなにも多くのテキストが読み込まれ、実行されることにね。
そんなことをしてどんな意味があったって？プリントアウトしたことが僕たちの会話に一定した感情的な緊張をもたらすのに役立ったんだ。1ページを読む裏で行われてる複雑なことに直に対面したことで"今すぐにやって、簡単でしょう"とプロジェクトに要求することが困難だってわかったんだよ。
同様に、高頻度で取引を行う果てしないスピードと複雑さに焦点をあてたこの話(注: HNのトピックです)も、疎外感や恐怖といった感情的な緊張をもたらすのを助けてるね。"誰もコントロールできない技術の暴力を解き放ったかもしれない"と、反射的にフランケンシュタインやターミネーターと争ったのと同様の契機になるかもしれない。
でも、テクノロジーに対して思慮と公正さをもって対峙すれば、もちろん、そんな気持ちは起きないのだけど。僕らのくだんないパンフレットのようなウェブサイトが行き着く先はそんなに複雑じゃないと思ったよ。
One time I printed out all the code--at that time ASP, HTML, CSS, and Javascript--that got executed for one page load of the homepage of my employer's primary website. I taped the pieces of paper end-to-end and hung them on my wall.
It made a great conversation piece with my coworkers. Non-technical folks (most of them) were astounded that so much text was being interpretted and executed every single time they loaded the homepage (in less than a second).
What was the point? It helped set a certain emotional tone to our conversations. Folks found it a lot harder to demand their project be done "right now, it's easy" when directly confronted with the complexity behind a single page load.
Likewise, stories that highlight the immense speed and complexity of high frequency trading help set an emotional tone of alienation and fear. It helps trigger the same reflex Frankenstein and The Terminator played off of: "maybe we're unleashing technological forces that no one can control."
But of course if you are well and truly versed in a technology, that feeling goes away. I knew that our crappy brochure website was not very complicated as websites go.
後半になるほど、訳が拙くなっていくのは大目にみてください。
たぶん多々あるはずの間違っている箇所、ニュアンス違いは突っ込み大歓迎です。
インフォグラフィックス、なんて言葉ができて久しいけど(今じゃこんなサイトまであるんだね)、
僕が初めてこの言葉を知ったのはウェブではなく、生物学だった。
バイオインフォマティクスについて、東大のサイエンスカフェに聞きに行った時、
この学問は「生物」と「情報」が融合した学問だけど、さらに美術と融合させるような試みも
欧米ではあるんですよ、みたいな話を聞いて、美しく染め上げられた生体写真や幾何学的な何かのノードの写真に
研究成果をこうやって示す方法があるのだと衝撃をうけたのをよく覚えている(...内容は忘れました、すみません)。
そんなインフォグラフィックスは、美術的なセンスと才能と技量が要求されるけど、
ただ単にプリントアウトして見せるだけでも、クライアントを説得するには十分だと
このコメントを読んで、その素朴さにはっとなった。
試しにTwitterのホーム画面でソースコードを見たら、2200行あった。
これにロードされるjavascriptのライブラリやCSSを加えたらどうなってしまうんだろう。
僕は今、テクノロジーの詳細がわけ分からないという普通の人の感覚を抱きながら一方で、
ティム・バーナーズ＝リーがWWWを考案してから積み上げられてきた技術的資産を前に途方に暮れている。
おそらく技術屋として中途半端だから、こんなないまぜな気持ちなのだけど、
今日もIDEが示すままに分け分からないAPIを叩き続けて仕事をしているわけで。
俺は今中国に留学している。ところで、今日は香港人の友達から、日本人にインタビューをしたい友達がいるから紹介させてくれと言われた。
その香港人の友達が俺に英語で送ってきた質問が以下。それに対する俺の答えも載せてる。
まあ、中国にはこんな一面もあるのですよという報告です。よかったら見てけよ。
こんにちは^_^
Thank you for accepting my interview. These are my question.
1. How long have you been to China?
2. What's your impression of China and Chinese people before? Have your impression of China or Chinese people changed a lot since you came to China for study?
3. As you know, China-Japan relationship is not quite good in recent days because of the SENKAKU ISLANDS(DIAOYU ISLANDS) dispute. How do you think about it?
4. Few weeks ago, there are many anti-Janpan protests over China. And I know that Japan doesn't have this kind of protest. As you are a Janpanese, how doyou think bout the protest in China by comparing your country?
That's all my questions. Hope that none of them would make annoy. Thank you for your time and kindness again.
以下は俺からの返事。
hi kit!
1. How long have you been to China?
a.
1 year. from 2012.2~2013.1
2. What's your impression of China and Chinese people before? Have your impression of China or Chinese people changed a lot since you came to China for study?
a.
My impression before i coming shanghai has never changed....in fact, some people is noisy, no manner, and there are garbage on streets. but my image that chinese people is honest and they are good at merchandise is also true actually.
The changed point is ....fact that chinese elite is not so smart. I mean they are good at studying and getting a good score on the paper test but they dont have mind of creation. Deeply thinking, there are nothing good product originated in china...many are made in america or japan. Basement of economic of china is rehash...? and that have not still changed? that culture make chinese elite boring? anyway, i can meet earnest guy easily, but it is difficult to find guy beyond my mind. their opinion tend to be like newspapers, just there is little different from which newspaper they choose as their opinion.
more or less, i have some prejudice. what do u think about it?
3. As you know, China-Japan relationship is not quite good in recent days because of the SENKAKU ISLANDS(DIAOYU ISLANDS) dispute. How do you think about it?
a.
As many japanese, i also think diaoyudao is japanese. also historically...lol
And i wanna present u two mistakes made by both country.
from japanese side..... goverment shouldnt buy that island. buying is too radical and they dont know chinese calture...讲究面子.
after that, chinese goverment cant go back.....for thier mianzi and national interest.
from chinese side... chinese goverment always choose radical way especially in territory problem and always depends on their force... not only with japan but also with vietnam, philipine...
4. Few weeks ago, there are many anti-Janpan protests over China. And I know that Japan doesn't have this kind of protest. As you are a Janpanese, how doyou think bout the protest in China by comparing your country?
the people taking part in is no manner and selfish...i think.
thank u kit, anyway i love china, and i wanna live in chinese world( shanghai ,hongkong, singapole if i can!) after graduating university.
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アグリコラのWMデッキについては、Table Games in the Worldで和訳が公開されている（ http://www.tgiw.info/2012/03/wm5.html から辿れる。）。WMデッキについては公式の和訳が存在しないことから、このような有志による和訳の公開は貴重であり、アグリコラファンの1人として最大の感謝の意を示したい。
しかしながら、公開されている英語版のテキストとつき合わせて見たときに、上記和訳にはいくつかの点で致命的な誤訳があり、また、いくつかのカードについては補足が必要であることに気づいた。
そのため、上記和訳には感謝を示しつつも、日本のアグリコラファンがより適切なプレイングを楽しめるよう、誤訳の指摘と補足を執筆することにした。なお、筆者がブログを持ち合わせていないために、このような匿名ダイアリーで指摘をさせていただくことになった非礼をお詫びしたい。
原文：「At the end of the game, you receive 1 Bonus point for each of the 5 columns of your farmyard that is either all rooms, all fields or all in the same pasture.」
誤「得点計算のとき、自分の農場の縦5マスの列を見て、5マス全てが部屋か、5マス全てが畑か、5マスのうち3マスが同じ牧場に属していたら、1列につき1点を得る」
↓
正「得点計算のとき、自分の農場の各列（縦3マス）を見て、3マス全てが部屋か、3マス全てが畑か、3マス全てが同じ牧場に属していたら、1列につき1点を得る。」
【補足】縦1列は3マスである。3マス全てが部屋か、畑か、同じ牧場に属していれば、そのような列1つにつき1点（最大で5点になる）ということ。
【補足】増改築、大進歩のコストとして支払うべき資材のうち最大1つを食料で代用できるという意味。コストと無関係の手元の資材をこの機会に食料1に代えておける、ということではない。
原文：「Whenever you use an Action space orthogonally adjacent to an occupied "Family growth" Action space from stage 2 or stage 5, you receive 1 Grain immediately before.」
【補足】occupiedとあるので、「家族を増やす」のアクションスペースが既に埋まっている場合に限定されるようである。
【補足】厩は「逆さま」ではなく横向けに倒して置く。というかあのコマを逆さまには置けない（笑）
原文：「Once any player has built an Oven, place 1 Food on the remaining Round spaces. At the start of these rounds, you receive the Food. (If an Oven has already been built, place the Food immediately. If multiple Ovens are built, you only receive the Food once.)」
誤：「次にかまどを作ったら、残っているラウンドスペース全てに食料1ずつ置く。各ラウンドのはじめに、この食料を得る（すでにかまどをもっていたら、かまどがいくつあってもすぐに食料1ずつ置く。「かまど」とは○○かまどという名前の、パンを焼く進歩カード）」
↓
正：「誰かが暖炉を作ったら、それ以降のラウンドスペース全てに1つずつ食料を置く。各ラウンドのはじめに、この食料を得る（すでに暖炉ができていたらすぐに食料を並べる。複数の暖炉が作られても、食料を置くのは一度だけ）」
【補足】Ovenは「かまど（Fireplace）」ではなく「暖炉」である（大きい進歩としては「レンガの暖炉（Clay Oven）」と「石の暖炉（Stone Oven）」がある）。また、暖炉を作るプレイヤーは誰でもよい。井戸で起動する「水運び」（I262）の暖炉版である。
【補足】直後にそのアクションスペースを使ったプレイヤーが回収しなかった場合には、置かれた資材はそのままそこに残る。誰かが回収するまで、そこを使ったプレイヤーに購入権が与えられる。
（参照：http://play-agricola.com/Agricola/Cards/index.php?id=1068 ）
【補足】この職業自体には、資材が累積するスペースに複数ある資材のうちの1つだけを取って他を残しておく、という能力はない。あくまでも、1つしか累積がなかった場合の救済措置である。もっとも、キノコ探し（I196）やかご（E34）のように資材の一部を残しておく能力が別にあって、その効果で結局1つしか資材を取らなかった、という場合には、この職業の効果は発動する。
なお、5人プレイ時に葦が累積する葦石木のアクションスペースについては、葦の累積個数にかかわらず、全体で最低3つの資材を取ることとなるから、この職業の効果は発動しない。
（参照：http://play-agricola.com/Agricola/Cards/index.php?id=1885 ）
【補足】追加で繁殖するのは、6,8,10,12ラウンドの「終了時」である。
原文：「Whenever you build a Baking Improvement with the bread symbol, you receive 1 Grain before building the Improvement. Whenever you build an Oven, pay 1 Building resource less of your choice. (An Oven is a Baking Improvement with "Oven" in the name.)」
誤：「すべての暖炉を資材どれか1つ少なく作ることができる。パンを焼くアクションのたびに、その直前に小麦1をストックから手に入れる。（パンを焼くアクションにはパンのマークが付いています。暖炉（「○○暖炉」という名前の進歩カード）を使うのもパンを焼くアクションです）」
↓
正：「あなたがパンのマークのついた進歩をプレイするたびに、その直前に小麦1を共通のストックから手に入れる。すべての暖炉を、好きな資材1つ少なく作ることができる」
【補足】パンを焼く進歩カードをプレイ（・購入）するたびに起動する。「炭焼き」（E182）と同じ。
原文：「Each round, instead of placing your first Family member on an Action space, you may place it on this card and receive 2 Food and 1 Guest token to place that round. (You may not do this if you will be placing more people after your first without another player placing in between.)」
誤：「～（最初の家族を置いた直後にこのカードを使うことはできない）」
↓
【補足】最後の括弧は、「遅寝（Late Sleeper）」（G037）のように、他の全プレイヤーの手番が終了するまで自分の手番がスキップされる状況でこの効果が使えると強すぎるため、それを回避する趣旨で設けられたルールである。
（参照：http://play-agricola.com/Agricola/Cards/index.php?id=505 ）
原文：「Immediately place a person that is not already placed on an Action space on the "After Family Growth also 1 Minor Improvement" Action space even if it is occupied by you or another player and take that action.」
誤：「～ほかのプレイヤーがそのアクションスペースに家族を置いていてもよい。～」
↓
【補足】自分自身が既にそのアクションスペースを使っている場合にも使える。
【補足】「得点計算の直前に葦をボーナス点に換えられる」ということの意味は、かご製作所のボーナス点を計算する前にこれらの葦を消費してしまうことにある。
【補足】誤：「子孫」→正：「新生児」
【補足】収穫「の開始時」のたびに
【補足】「労働から帰宅の間に」に相当する原文は「between the Work and Returning home phase」であり、労働フェイズと帰宅フェイズの間、すなわち「全員が家族を置いた後」を意味する。「曲芸師」（I269）や「営農家」（K289）と同様。
【補足】捨ててもよい物乞いカードは、直前の食糧供給フェイズに受け取ったものに限らない（以前の収穫の食糧供給フェイズに受け取ったものでもよい。）。
【補足】誤：「柵」→正：「厩」（stable）
【補足】「厩作り」という名前のカードは他に存在する（E208）。「厩務員」という名前はどうだろうか。
原文：「At any time, you may convert all the printed Victory points (if any) of an Improvement in front of you to 3 Food per point. After, you may not return or remove the Improvement and you no longer receive its Victory points. If Pawnbroker gets turned face down or discarded, you still lose the points.」
誤：「～食料を取ったカードは戻したり取り除いたりしない～」
↓
【補足】例えば「かまど」を3食糧に変換したら、その「かまど」を返して「調理場」にアップグレードすることができなくなる。
【補足】「木こり」という名前のカードは他に存在する（E176）。「木工職人」という名前はどうだろうか。
【補足】「この木材はいつでも共通のストックに戻すことができ、戻したラウンドが終わるまでの間に家畜を何頭でも食料にできる」というのは、戻したラウンドに限り（その終了時までは）家畜を食料に変換できる、という意味である。
【補足】たとえば次の盤面なら「ほかの畑1ヵ所のみと接している畑」が3つで2点。
畑 畑 畑 牧 牧 家 畑 空 牧 牧 家 家 家 牧 牧
5点（「ほかの畑1ヵ所のみと接している畑」が5以上）取るためにはこういった配置が必要。
家 牧 畑 空 畑 家 畑 畑 畑 畑 家 家 畑 空 畑
（参照：http://play-agricola.com/Agricola/Cards/index.php?id=637 ）
原文：「Clockwork Man counts as 1 Occupation and 1 Minor Improvement.」
↓
【補足】1枚目の職業を出す前にこのカードをプレイすると、「職業」のアクションスペースでの食料の支払いが無料ではなくなることに注意。
原文：「Whenever you use the "Plow 1 Field" Action space, you may Plow 2 fields if they are not diagonally or orthogonally adjacent to each other instead of 1.」
誤：「家族コマで「畑1を耕す」のアクションを行い、実際に畑1だけを耕すたびに、すぐさらに畑2を耕せる。～」
↓
正：「「畑1を耕す」のアクションを行うたびに、畑1の代わりに畑2を耕すことができる。～」
【補足】追加は畑1
自分はこれから何をしようとしているのか、何をしたいのか、それが世の中にどう繋がっていくのか、どれほど価値があるのか、自信を持って取り組んでいきたいですよね。仕事に手をつける前あるいは頑張っている途中でもちょっと立ち止まって、問い直してみませんか。
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端的かつ精確に、的を絞ったゴールが設定できているか
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苦労しそうな点を理解しているか、計画に見落としはないか、リスクやトラブルを予想しているか、そしてトラブルに代案を準備しているか
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より大きなビジョンを持って仕事に臨んでいるか、プロジェクトの将来性を見据えているか、自分自身の成長に繋がるか、より多くの人を巻き込んでいく魅力が生み出せるか
卒研生へといいつつ、本当は自分自身に問う為に書き出しているもので、過不足あり未消化あり、完成には遠い。でも、答えることよりも、どこに注意を向けるべきかが重要と考えていて、それを整理する為の覚え書きです。いずれ自分が学生の卒業研究を指導する立場になるまでには、使用に耐えるよう仕上げたい。この質問表を埋めていくプロセスを通じて、自分の研究に対するスタンスや熱意を学生さんやラボチームへうまく伝えることができれば、という狙い。それを受けたチームメイトのモチベーションを少しでも促進できるならば、価値はあると考えます。その為に、まず自分自身が自らの仕事に対し答えを用意していること、またこの質問がいつでもどんな場面でも適切に取り出せるようになっていること、を今から自分に課していくところ。
The green environmental protection battery is to point to in recent years has been put into use or are development, the development of kind of high performance, no pollution batteries. At present already use large nickel metal hydride battery, the lithium ion battery and is expanded use of mercury free alkaline battery manganese zinc and rechargeable batteries and is research and development of lithium or lithium ion plastic pack and fuel cells belong to this category. In addition, it is widely used and use of solar energy for photoelectric convert solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.
Nickel metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) and nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd) have the same working voltage (1.2 V), due to the adoption of rare earth alloy or TiNi alloy anode materials for the activity of hydrogen storage material, replacing the carcinogen cadmium, which not only makes this battery became a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery of energy than increased nearly 40%, to 80-60 Wh/kg and 210-240 Wh/L. The battery is 90 s gradually realize industrialization PANASONIC VW-VBK360 Battery , and the first to use in the cell phone battery. At present although it on their dominance of the gradually be lithium ion battery replaced, but mobile phone applications in Europe and America, and its market share is still at about 50%.
The lithium ion battery (Li-ion) is by can make the lithium ion embedding and take off the carbon embedded as negative, reversible intercalated-li metal oxide as the positive (LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMn2O4) and organic electrolyte constitute, the working voltage of 3.6 V, so a lithium-ion battery is equivalent to three cadmium nickel metal hydride battery or nickel. Thus the batteries than energy is the over 100 Wh/kg and 280 Wh/L, and considerably more than the nickel metal hydride battery than energy. In view of the above advantages, since the 1993-2000 in just a few years, its production and usage with extremely high speed growth.
Alkaline manganese zinc dry (alkaline) compared with ordinary dry cell size has higher capacity PANASONIC CGA-S005E Battery, and have high discharge current ability. In recent years has been used on mercury zinc powder, therefore make the battery become a green battery, and become the mainstream battery products, at present the alkaline xinmeng dry cell is still BP machine use most power supply. At the same time, the world is the battery charged on the sex, an American company has launched a charged battery alkali manganese, product and application of slow growth. Such batteries keep the battery discharge characteristics, but also can be recharged using a dozen times to hundreds of times (deep recharge cycles life of about 25 times).
Lithium plastic battery (LIP) is for lithium metal anode, conductive polymers of electrolyte for new battery, the energy than has reached 170 Wh/kg and 350 Wh/L. The lithium ion battery is will present plastic of organic lithium ion battery electrolyte stored in a polymer membrane, or use conductive polymer as electrolyte, make a battery in no free the electrolyte. Such batteries can use aluminum plastic composite membrane realize hot pressing encapsulation, with light weight, shape can be arbitrary change, safety better characteristics.
Fuel cells (FC) is a kind of use of fuel (such as hydrogen or contain fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) for power generation device directly, because avoided the carnot cycle limit, this power unit is not only high efficiency (electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can be as high as 40% or more), and no pollution discharge gas, so is the future of efficient and clean power generation method. Many companies at home and abroad are engaged in development for mobile phones, notebook computers, the PEM fuel cell, once put into application, and its economy benefit greatly.
Seal lead-acid battery is a kind of lead-acid batteries.
The following new green battery technology and related industry development is rapid.
1. Hydrogen storage material and nickel metal hydride Battery-the nimh batteries (PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery)
2. Lithium ion embedded material and liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
3. Polymer electrolyte of lithium battery or lithium ion battery
4. Zinc air battery and PEM fuel cell
In addition to the above, in view of the communication industry growth, China's battery industry is with extremely high speed to promote environmental protection mercury-free alkali manganese zinc original pool and rechargeable batteries and seal lead-acid battery technology development and application expansion market.
When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.
Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera
Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.
The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:
1. Shutter Full speed
step 2. Aperture
3. ISO
A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.
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Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.
Shutter Pace
In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.
Any sort of ISO adjustments a fabulous tenderness of the "film". Intended for camcorders, whereas it doesn't management picture presently, everything adjustments a fabulous tenderness with the high-end camera sensor. A greater ISO options can certainly help produce styles photograph become faster and as well demand even less smooth compared to a decreased ISO. Strangling part of managing great ISO is probably of the fact that enhanced ISO's ordinarily result in a detraction at the time of envision first-class high quality as well as almond.
At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.
The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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Digital camera battery is the key for the key, second in importance only lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph in your heart, a powerful battery to provide power as a follow-up is essential. But even the best battery time, if not properly carry out maintenance and maintenance, will not take long to lose the strong power, so battery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section) digital camera battery for the duration of use, not just its quality, power on, in fact, the use of operations with the user also has great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the camera on the camera bag inside, or on the cupboard, took out the battery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive to battery protection.
If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451
For a long time, I am in a dark box.
According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.
When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.
I must say, how terrible the situation is.
It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.
Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.
Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.
Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.
Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.
As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.
No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.
The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!
Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?
I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.
There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.
Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.
Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.
I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.
In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.
I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.
About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.
I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.
If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.
My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!
At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.
Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.
No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.
In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.
Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.
I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.
The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.
The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.
Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.
I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.
任天堂によるニンテンドー3DSの大幅値下げとそれに伴う「アンバサダー・プログラム」の発表を受け、ユーザーからはVCタイトルの無償配信ではなく相応のポイント還元を求める声も出ているが、これに対しニンテンドーeショップの決済単位は“円”つまり“金券”扱いだから無闇に配布(還元)すると法律上問題があるとの説があるようだ。
果たしてそれは本当なのだろうか？
まず、実例としてハンゲームではBitCashからハンコインにチャージした場合にその10～15%に相当する額をハンコイン商品券として配布(還元)するというキャンペーンを数回実施していることを指摘しておきたい(現在も実施中)。
確かに昨年の前払式証票の規制等に関する法律(プリペイドカード法)の廃止と資金決済に関する法律(資金決済法)の施行に伴い、電磁的方法で記録された金額情報(仮想通貨)が前払式支払手段として規制対象に追加されたのは事実だ。それにより未使用残高の合計が1000万円を超える場合は前払式支払手段発行者として金融庁長官に届け出たり、その1/2以上の額を供託金として積み立てる等の義務を負うこととなった。
同法では業務廃止等の場合を除き原則として前払式支払手段の返金・換金を行うことを禁止している(第20条第2項)が、ポイントの還元や無償発行を禁止するというような規定はない。当然ながら任天堂は(自家型)前払式支払手段発行者の届出を行っているので、有償・無償に関わらず、発行すること自体に何ら違法性はないはずである。
そもそも“前払式”支払手段という名の通り、何らかの対価を得て発行された支払手段が適用対象となる(第3条第1項)。そのため金融庁のガイドラインでは、無償発行した前払式支払手段について表示上及び帳簿上明確に区別することができる場合に限り、未使用残高として計上しないことを認めている[p.7]。つまり、例えば新たに無償発行するポイントを「アンバサダー・ポイント」として別途管理して供託義務を免れることも法律上は可能なのである。
いやそれは値引き額相当の対価を得て発行されたものだと解釈する場合でも、法的義務を遵守している限り何の問題も生じない。
また、決済単位が“円”なら“金券”でそれ以外は“非金券”扱いというのも誤りである。例えばテレホンカードは度数単位だが当然“金券”扱いだし、WebMoneyはPOINT、BitCashはクレジット単位だがやはり“金券”扱いである。同様にニンテンドープリペイドカードが“金券”であることに異論はないと思われるが、それをポイント制のWiiやDSiのショップにチャージした瞬間、当該サーバ上の電磁的記録が“非金券”に変わる(前払式支払手段ではなくなる)というのは不合理である。法の要件は発行の対価を得ているかどうかあって決済単位が何であるかではない。故に、仮にニンテンドーポイントの仕組みが現在も継続されていたとすれば、それは当然ながら前払式支払手段の適用対象となっていたはずである。
余談ながら、巷で言われている以下のような話も法的根拠が疑わしい。
これらはいずれも、特定の企業が取っている方針と法に基づく要請とを混同したことから生じた都市伝説ではないだろうか。
したくなってきた。なんかこう、例の「バグ放置なだけで犯罪騒動」で。
#include <stdio.h> int main(int *argc[]){ double a=1; double b=0; printf("print %f * %f = %f",a, b, a/b); return 0; }
だが俺には才能がないのでなげやり。なんというヘタレ。というかc言語文法チェックをcodepadでやろうと思ったらサイトにつながんない…。たぶんどっかでヘタこいててコンパイラ通らないと思う。
追記：Floating point exception食らってたので修正。
誤字脱字は勘弁な。
I was at home the other night inth middle of my dinner when the phone rang.
ME:Hello.
ME:Thie is AT&T,
ME:Is this AT&T.?
AT&T:Yes! This is AT&T, may I speak to Mr.Byron, please?
ME:OK, hold on.
At this point I put the phone down for a solid 5 minutes thinking that, surely, this person would have hung up the phone. I ate my salad. Much to my surprise, when I picked up the receiver, they were still waiting,
ME:Hello?
ME:May I ask who is calling, please?
ME:This is AT&T?
ME:The phone company.
ME:I thought you said this was AT&T.
AT&T:Yes, sir, we are phone company.
ME:I already have a phone.
AT&T:We aren't selling phones today, Mr.Byron. We world like to offer you 10 cents a minute, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.
ME:Now, that's 10 cents a minute, 24 hours a day?
AT&T:(getting a little excited at this point by my interest) Yes, sir, that's right! 24 hours a day!
ME:7 days a week?
ME:I am definitely interested in that! Wow!! That's amazing!
AT&T:We think so!
ME:That's quite a sum of money!
AT&TYes, sir, it's amazing how it adds up.
ME:OK, so will you send me checks weekly, monthly or just one big one at the end of the year for the full $52,560; and if you send an annual check, can I get a cash advance?
AT&T:Excuse me?
ME:You know, the 10 cents a minute.
AT&T:What are you talking about?
ME:You said you'd give me 10 cents a minute, 24 horus a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Thats comes to $144 per day, $1008 per week and $52,560 per year, I'm just interested in knowing how you will be making payment.
AT&T:Oh, no sir. I didn't mean we'd be peying you, You pay us 10 cents a minute.
ME:Wait a minutes. how do you figure that by saying that you'll give me 10 cents a minute, that I'll give YOU 10 cents a minute? Is this some kind of subliminal telemarketing scheme? I've read about things like this in the Enquirer, you know.
AT&T:No, sur, we are offering 10 cents a minute for
ME:THERE YOU GO AGAIN! Can I speak to supervisor please?
AT&T:Sir, I don't think that necessary.
ME:I insist on speaking to supervisor!
AT&T:Yes, Mr.Byron. Pleas hold.
At this point, I begin trying to finish my dinner.
ME:Yeah.
SUPERVISOR:I understand you are not quite understanding our 10 cents a minute program.
ME:is This AT&T?
SUPERVISOR:Yes, sir, it sure is.
ME:(I had to swallow before I choked on my food, It was all I could do to suppress my laughter and I had to be Careful not to produce a snort.) No, actually, I was just waiting for someone to get back to me so that I could sign up fo the plan.
SUPERVISOR:Ok, no problem, I'll transfer you back to the person who was helping you.
ME:Thank you.
I was on hold once again and managed a few more monthfuls. I need to end this conversation. Suddenly, there was an aggravated but polite voice at the other end of the phone.
AT&T:Hello, Mr.Byron, I understand that you are interested in sighning up for our plan?
ME:No, but I was wondering - do you have that "Friend and Family" thing because I'm an only child and I'd really like to have a little brother...
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
へ続く
http://okajima.air-nifty.com/b/2011/01/2011-ffac.html
ぷよぷよを解く問題をやってみた
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { StringBuilder[] blocks = { new StringBuilder("**GYRR"), new StringBuilder("RYYGYG"), new StringBuilder("GYGYRR"), new StringBuilder("RYGYRG"), new StringBuilder("YGYRYG"), new StringBuilder("GYRYRG"), new StringBuilder("YGYRYR"), new StringBuilder("YGYRYR"), new StringBuilder("YRRGRG"), new StringBuilder("RYGYGG"), new StringBuilder("GRYGYR"), new StringBuilder("GRYGYR"), new StringBuilder("GRYGYR") }; bool updated = true; while (updated) { breaked: DumpBlock(blocks); for (int i = 0; i < blocks.Length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < blocks[i].Length; j++) { char c = blocks[i][j]; if (c == '*') continue; updated = false; if (KillBlocks(blocks, i, j)) { updated = true; goto breaked; } } } } DumpBlock(blocks); Console.Read(); } struct Point { public int x, y; public Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } } static bool KillBlocks(StringBuilder[] blocks, int x, int y) { bool[,] visted = new bool[blocks.Length,blocks[0].Length]; MarkBlock(visted, blocks, x, y); Queue<Point> queque = new Queue<Point>(); for (int i = x; i < blocks.Length; i++) for (int j = y; j < blocks[i].Length; j++) if(visted[i,j] == true) queque.Enqueue(new Point(j,i)); if (queque.Count < 4) return false; while (queque.Count > 0) { Point p = queque.Dequeue(); RemoveBlock(blocks, p.x, p.y); } return true; } static void MarkBlock(bool[,] visted, StringBuilder[] blocks, int x, int y) { if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= blocks.Length || y >= blocks[0].Length || visted[x, y] == true) return; char c = blocks[x][y]; visted[x, y] = true; if (x + 1 < blocks.Length && blocks[x + 1][y] == c) MarkBlock(visted, blocks, x + 1, y); if (y + 1 < blocks[0].Length && blocks[x][y + 1] == c) MarkBlock(visted, blocks, x, y + 1); if (x > 0 && blocks[x - 1][y] == c) MarkBlock(visted, blocks, x - 1, y); if (y > 0 && blocks[x][y - 1] == c) MarkBlock(visted, blocks, x, y - 1); } static void DumpBlock(StringBuilder[] blocks) { foreach (StringBuilder s in blocks) Console.WriteLine(s); Console.WriteLine(); } static void RemoveBlock(StringBuilder[] blocks,int x,int y) { int i; if (y == 0) { blocks[y][x] = '*'; return; } for (i = y; i > 0; i--) { blocks[i][x] = blocks[i - 1][x]; } blocks[i][x] = '*'; } } }
http://okajima.air-nifty.com/b/2010/01/post-abc6.html
迷路の最短経路を求める問題が出たので解いてみた
幅優先探索を使えばいいのがわかっていたのですんなりかけたのだが、無限ループになる個所があったので動くようになるまで時間がかかった
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Linq; namespace MazeFind { class Point { public int x; public int y; public Point before; public Point(int x, int y,Point before) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.before = before; } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { const char BreakChar = 'B'; const char GoalChar = 'G'; const char WallChar = '*'; const char BeforeChar = '.'; StringBuilder[] maze = new StringBuilder[]{ new StringBuilder("**************************"), new StringBuilder("*S* * *"), new StringBuilder("* * * * ************* *"), new StringBuilder("* * * ************ *"), new StringBuilder("* * *"), new StringBuilder("************** ***********"), new StringBuilder("* *"), new StringBuilder("** ***********************"), new StringBuilder("* * G *"), new StringBuilder("* * *********** * *"), new StringBuilder("* * ******* * *"), new StringBuilder("* * *"), new StringBuilder("**************************"), }; Point start = new Point(1, 1,null); //最短経路を探索する Queue<Point> queque = new Queue<Point>(); queque.Enqueue(start); while (queque.Count > 0) { Point now = queque.Dequeue(); if (maze[now.y][now.x] == BreakChar) Console.WriteLine("break"); if (maze[now.y][now.x] == WallChar || maze[now.y][now.x] == BeforeChar) continue; else if (maze[now.y][now.x] == GoalChar) { Point p = now.before; while (p != null) { maze[p.y][p.x] = '@'; p = p.before; } break; } if (maze[now.y - 1][now.x] != '#') { queque.Enqueue(new Point(now.x, now.y - 1, now)); maze[now.y][now.x] = '.'; } if (maze[now.y][now.x + 1] != '#') { queque.Enqueue(new Point(now.x + 1, now.y, now)); maze[now.y][now.x] = '.'; } if (maze[now.y + 1][now.x] != '#') { queque.Enqueue(new Point(now.x, now.y + 1, now)); maze[now.y][now.x] = '.'; } if (maze[now.y][now.x - 1] != '#') { queque.Enqueue(new Point(now.x - 1, now.y, now)); maze[now.y][now.x] = '.'; } } //結果を出力する foreach (StringBuilder s in maze) Console.WriteLine(s.ToString().Replace(BeforeChar,' ')); Console.ReadLine(); } } } <||
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