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はてなキーワード: structureとは
It's sudden, but right now in Japan, creativity is facing a true crisis. Characters like Uzaki-chan, Onsen Musume, and Tojo Rika are being targeted and flamed, game character designs are being infiltrated by political correctness, Johnny's Entertainment is being dismantled, swimsuit photo sessions in parks are being canceled, Hitoshi Matsumoto is being publicly shamed, and the new AV law was enacted without considering the opinions of those directly involved. Every form of expression in every venue is currently under unreasonable pressure.
How does this connect to the Tokyo gubernatorial election? In fact, a major event directly linked to this is occurring in the 2024 Tokyo gubernatorial election. As a creator, I hope this message reaches you.
What I am about to share is a story about someone named Himasora Akane, who you should know about to resist such pressures. But before I dive into that story, I want to express my deep gratitude to my old friend Nozomi for giving me the opportunity to post this article in a place where many creators will see it. As someone who also loves manga, anime, and games, I hope this information will benefit Japanese society and support Nozomi's activities.
Himasora Akane Should Be the Governor of Tokyo
First, I would like to make a straightforward request to you as a creator: please support Himasora Akane for governor. In this election, please write "Himasora Akane" on your ballot. The voting day is July 7th. Even if you are not a Tokyo resident, I ask that you at least listen to this story. If you find it interesting, please share it with your friends, family, and acquaintances. You can check Himasora Akane's campaign promises and the background of their candidacy on their Twitter (X) posts linked below:
Himasora Akane (Tokyo gubernatorial candidate)
https://x.com/himasoraakane/status/1804846779399324095
Himasora Akane Will Not Allow Our Culture to Be Burned
Himasora Akane is an ordinary otaku who loves manga, anime, and games. Known as "Cognitive Profiling Detective Akane Himasora," he has been active on Twitter (X) and YouTube, and now he is running for governor. Akane, who is deeply concerned about the repression and destruction of otaku culture, is challenging those who seek to destroy our culture alone. Akane will never allow those who try to burn our culture.
As mentioned at the beginning, all forms of expression are currently under pressure. Otaku culture, in particular, seems to be a prime target.
Uzaki-chan Blood Donation Poster Controversy (2019): A collaboration between the Japanese Red Cross Society and the manga Uzaki-chan was flamed for allegedly being overly sexual in its PR illustration.
V-Tuber Traffic Safety Video Controversy (2021): A V-Tuber hired by the Matsudo Police Department in Chiba Prefecture was deemed too sexual for public agency PR.
Onsen Musume Controversy (2021): Characters personifying local hot springs were criticized as sexist.
Mie Transport Official Character Controversy (2024): A character in a bus driver's uniform released by Mie Transport was flamed for evoking sexual images.
These controversies are often fueled by so-called political correctness and feminism. For creators, these are direct threats. If these factions label your work as sexual and demand it be burned to ashes, could you resist? How would you feel if your painstakingly created work, like your own child, was trampled by people who have no regard for your efforts? Could you continue your creative activities while constantly shrinking away?
Himasora Akane saw something behind these flaming incidents. He started investigating the key figure behind the Onsen Musume controversy, a representative of a general incorporated association in Tokyo. This association's core business, the Young Female Victims Support Project, received substantial public funds from Tokyo. Akane submitted public document disclosure requests to Tokyo and thoroughly dug into the organization. During his investigation, Akane uncovered many suspicions suggesting this project was unworthy of public funding, which he exposed one by one on social media.
Negligent accounting reports, taking protected girls to the Henoko base protest in Okinawa, Communist Party members waiting in the bus used to protect girls—these revelations drew significant attention online. The investigation extended beyond this general incorporated association to other NPOs receiving public funds, and Akane named this cluster of issues the "WBPC problem" after the initials of these organizations.
Akane's YouTube Channel (WBPC Problem Playlist)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLI5gTciLKtAXRyzv9j5FiNMcc8eoEBbMN
From here, Akane's story expanded to resident audits, resident lawsuits, and national compensation lawsuits concerning the Tokyo Young Female Victims Support Project. Akane discovered that behind many flaming incidents, there is no clear command structure but a group of various political organizations and activists working together like an amoeba. He named this group the "Nanika Group" (Nanika means "something" in Japanese), a reference to the mysterious, ominous "something from another place" in the manga HUNTER×HUNTER, which Akane loves. The Nanika Group is also connected to welfare interests, where public funds flow unchecked. Akane called this phenomenon "Public Fund Chu-Chu" (siphoning).
For creators, this means the tax money they earn through hard work is used to burn their precious works. It's an intolerable situation.
Himasora Akane Is Fighting Against Those Who Burn Our Culture
In November 2022, a major event marked a turning point in this series of controversies. The general incorporated association under scrutiny held a press conference at the parliamentary office building, gathering media and announcing a lawsuit against Akane. This "Legal Harassment Press Conference," as it was called online, involved multiple layers of power: the government, the media, and a team of seven lawyers targeting a single individual.
However, Akane did not back down. Instead, he intensified his pursuit, exploiting the opponent's careless statements as lawsuit fodder. This led to an outpouring of support on social media, with his Twitter follower count skyrocketing and 160 million yen in donations for legal fees.
The following year, a resident audit request filed by Akane resulted in Tokyo's official website recognizing some improper points and deciding to audit the organization. However, Tokyo's lenient audit led Akane to file a resident lawsuit. Suspicion also turned towards Governor Yuriko Koike for allocating public funds through dubious sole-source contracts. Tokyo began excessively redacting documents in response to public document requests, attempting to conceal the issue. Koike's promise to end document redaction quietly disappeared from her campaign page.
Throughout this battle, Akane has been a target of criminal complaints and faced threats, yet he persists. His book "Netoge Senshi" was released amid bookstore threats, but only the criminal complaint was widely reported by the media, portraying Akane negatively.
Himasora Akane is an ordinary otaku, a top-tier online gamer during his student days, and a talented game creator who worked for a major game company and later a venture company. His meticulous work on the game "Shin Goku no Valhalla Gate" was betrayed by the company's CEO, leading to a seven-year legal battle that Akane ultimately won, securing 600 million yen. This experience fuels his fierce opposition to having his creations burned.
Before investigating the Young Female Victims Support Project, Akane exposed fraudulent feminist "knights" on his YouTube channel, shaking the internet. He detests lies and has an uncanny ability to detect them.
Akane is a special individual with extraordinary abilities, honed through his experiences in games, court battles, and extensive document analysis. His pursuit of truth and justice makes him a suitable candidate for governor, promising a world without lies and where honest people do not suffer.
What We Can Do to Protect Our Culture
Creative expression can be crushed if we are not vigilant. Even in modern Japan, otaku culture is on thin ice. The recent cessation of Visa transactions for DMM (Fanza) is a reminder of how a single card company can wield its power to dictate what is deemed appropriate expression. Expression freedom is fragile and constantly under threat.
To those reading this, I urge you to vote for Himasora Akane. Support him to protect our culture. Despite his harsh demeanor and preference for solitary battles, he is now seeking help for the first time. Akane feels the danger in this gubernatorial election and believes that if he does not become governor, everything will end. He has taken a stand for the people of Tokyo and Japan.
I wrote this article to support his spirit and spread the word. Please vote for Himasora Akane and help create a miracle.
To you, the creator, I sincerely hope this message reaches you.
PWTに用いられる吸音材はポリウレタンやグラスファイバー、スチールウールなど普通の吸音材だが、その形状に特徴がある
以下のpdfを見ればわかるように、徐々にテーパーの掛かったツノ型の吸音材（Eckel wedge）が用いられることが多い（無響室の壁に貼ってあるものと同型）
https://etran.rs/common/pages/proceedings/IcETRAN2017/AKI/IcETRAN2017_paper_AKI2_6.pdf
あるいは、パイプ状の吸音材の中心をテーパー状にくり抜いて、逆ツノ形とすることもある
いずれにせよ徐々に断面積を変化させることでパイプ終端部での急激な音響インピーダンス変化による反射および気柱共鳴の発生を防ぐ目的があるのだろう
以下、参考資料：
An anechoic wedge is considered to be anechoic if it can absorb 99% of the incident energy (absorption coefficient of 0.99 or a pressure reflection coefficient of 0.1). 3 The length of the anechoic wedge is the primary factor that determines the low frequency limitations of an anechoic wedge but the taper angle also matters. A commonly used criterion is that the low frequency anechoic limit of a wedge occurs when the wedge length is approximately 1/3 the length of a wavelength. Further design considerations are given in Reference 3.
→ツノ形吸音材は波長の三分の一以上の長さでなければならない
ttps://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=spacegrant
The end of the receiving side tube was fitted with a 1.35 m anechoic termination designed to be anechoic to 60 Hz [22]. the absorption coefficient is greater than 0.90 all the way to 50 Hz.
→1.35mのツノ形吸音材をパイプ内に配置したところ、50Hzまで0.90の吸音係数となった（注: An absorption coefficient of 1 means that all acoustic energy striking the surface will be absorbed and none reflected）
ttps://physics.byu.edu/docs/publication/790
a 1.5 m anechoic termination was located at the far end of the receiving tube. The source consisted of a 10 cm full-range moving coil driver with a sealed rear enclosure. The anechoic termination consisted of a tapered wedge cut from a solid cylinder of open-cell foam rubber and situated inside another section of 10 cm diameter acrylic tube. An air gap behind the wedge was filled with loose fiberglass insulation and the tube was capped with a thick steel plate.
→1.5m長、10cm口径のアクリルチューブ内にツノ形吸音材を配置。その後ろにはファイバーグラス。67 Hzまで吸音係数0.99（ほぼすべて吸音）、40Hz以下でも0.70以上。
ttps://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:893785/FULLTEXT01.pdf
ttps://www.redalyc.org/journal/849/84959055006/html/
ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/249996349_Numerical_methodologies_for_optimizing_and_predicting_the_low_frequency_behavior_of_anechoic_chambers
ttps://media.neliti.com/media/publications/355792-computational-investigation-of-various-w-284f86a7.pdf
Building a Plane Wave Tube Experimental and Theoretical Aspects（要購入）
On the acoustic wedge design and simulation of anechoic chamber（要購入）
Plane wave analysis of acoustic wedges using the boundary-condition-transfer algorithm（要購入）
ttps://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=masters_theses
ttps://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=55113a60d2fd647b6e8b45c9&assetKey=AS%3A273742293340165%401442276656878
→ツノ形吸音材の長さや後ろのエアギャップの長さを変えて吸音率をシミュレーションしている
ttps://pearl-hifi.com/03_Prod_Serv/PR2/Refs/105_Anechoic_Chamber_Design_and_Construction.pdf
→長さや素材を変えて比較
ttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Impulse-absorption-and-reflection-by-acoustic-foam-wedges-left-and-block-right_fig3_267080775
→ツノ形吸音材と長方形吸音材にインパルスを当てたときの比較。後者は反射波が出ているが前者はスムーズ。
ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/331351282_How_Do_Acoustic_Materials_Work
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:893785/FULLTEXT01.pdf
→奥行きが長いほうが吸音効率高い（低域カットオフ周波数: fc=c/4h hはツノの高さ（奥行き））
→流れ抵抗は低いほうが低域まで吸音できる
ttps://pearl-hifi.com/03_Prod_Serv/PR2/Refs/105_Anechoic_Chamber_Design_and_Construction.pdf
→エアギャップが長いと超低域の吸音効率上昇、しかし100Hzあたりで効率低下
→吸音材底部を壁に貼り付けると効率低下（スティフネスが高いとだめ）
棒を突き刺して天井から吊り下げるのもよくないとのこと。しかし棒を突き刺すだけで棒を固定しなければむしろ吸音効率上昇する
→ツノの角度は13～17°くらいが一番いい（それより小さくても大きくても効率減少）
→硬い面に設置するのとレゾネーター上に設置するのでは前者のほうがいい
→グラスウール90kg/m^2と150kg/m^2では後者のほうが良い
→通常ツノ型吸音材はウール系よりも硬いメラミン、ポリウレタン、グラファイトなどで作られる。ファイバーウールのほうが音響特性は良いが強度がないことと人体への危険などがあるため。
→ツノ型吸音材はツノとツノの間に入った音波が反射を繰り返して減衰することから、実質的に3～4倍の面積があることになる
→ツノの先を低密度の素材にして波が入射しやすくし、土台を高密度の素材にして吸音率を高めるなどの工夫もある
ttps://diyaudioprojects.com/Technical/Papers/Loudspeakers-on-Damped-Pipes.pdf
→逆ホーンにするとパイプの共鳴周波数が1/3オクターブ以上下がる
→小型スピーカーの場合200Hz以下は点音源となり無指向性となるがダンプされたパイプの低音はa unidirectional gradient sourceとなり指向性を持つ
ttps://diyaudioprojects.com/Technical/Papers/Alpha-Transmission-Lines.pdf
また面白いことに、逆ツノ形状は「音響ブラックホール」とも呼ばれ、ブラックホールを音響的に再現しようとする試みでも用いられている
詳しいことはよくわからないが、光がブラックホールに入ると脱出不可能になるように、音波が脱出不可能になるような仕組みを音響的に作ろうという試みらしい
中にはノーチラスのような角巻形のいわゆる逆ホーン形状も検討されていて、興味深い
参考：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0307904X19305700
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354522527_Acoustic_Black_Hole
このあたりのフレーズで調べると色々出てくる（日本語ではほとんど情報がない）：
impedance tube
acoustic black hole
anechoic wedge
なおKEFが「音のブラックホール」なる迷路状の吸音構造を近年開発した。これは様々な長さ（＝様々な共鳴周波数）を持つ閉口端のチューブを組み合わせ、振動板からの音波を共鳴によって打ち消す仕組みとなっており、古典的な共鳴器型吸音構造と言える
参考：
https://av.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/1274260.html
https://international.kef.com/pages/metamaterial
https://www.theabsolutesound.com/articles/metamaterial-absorption-technology/
また、共鳴なので音は遅れる
高域になるほど遅れの影響は大きくなるがその点はどうなのだろう
KEFはwith some delayと、共鳴による遅れを認めている
しかし従来の方式では30％のエネルギーが吸収しきれず振動板から透過してしまうし、一旦バックキャビティに反射してから戻ってきた波なので遅れもある
そう考えると多少遅れはあれど共鳴方式のほうが優れていると言えるのかもしれない
As a result of our partnership with Acoustic Materials Group we have developed a first-of-its-kind structure that has proven to eliminate 99% of all the unwanted sound that radiates from the rear of a driver. This rearward firing energy reflects back with some delay to the driver interfering with the sound currently being produced by the driver. Standard technologies can reduce or eliminate up to 60% of this energy.
ttps://us.kef.com/blogs/news/a-revolution-in-sound-absorption-technology-kef-introduces-metamaterial-absorption-technology
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Puberulic acid (1)7, stipitatic acid (2)8 and viticolins A and B (3, 4) as novel natural products have been isolated from a culture broth of Penicillium viticola 9 FKI-4410 through our screening system and found to have promising antimalarial activity (Fig. 1)10, 11. In these highly-oxygenated 7-membered aromatic compounds, 1 shows the most potent antimalarial activity in vitro against the Plasmodium falciparum K1 (chloroquine-resistant) parasite strain (IC50 = 0.050 µM), as well as in vivo efficacy with 69% inhibition for a dose of 2 mg/kg × 4 through subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in 4-day suppressive test using a P. berghei-infected mouse model12. However, 1 exhibits toxicity in vivo, four out of five mice dying by day 3, after a s.c. dose of 5 mg/kg × 2 (day 0 and 1). While structually simple compounds such as tropone (5), tropolone (6) and hinokitiol (8), and natural 2 and 3 showed weaker activity than that of 1, 7-hydroxytropolone (7)13 was much more potent, exhibiting a >18-fold stronger IC50 value of 6.44 µM than that of 5. This observation suggested that the presence of more than three contiguous oxygen atoms in a compound might significantly affect antimalarial activity. These results stimulated us to undertake a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study based on the establishment of a total synthetic route, aiming to create new antimalarial candidates which retained potency but which were non-toxic. Furthermore, we expected that these compounds’ properties, especially low molecular weight and simple planar structures, could be invaluable for antimalarial drug leads with respect to ease of supply14, enabled by efficient and practical synthesis. Herein, we report the divergent synthesis of several related troponoids, including natural products, via utilization of the established total synthetic route of 1 15, and biological evaluation of their in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity.
要約:
Puberulic acid (1)は、Penicillium viticola FKI-4410の培養液から単離された新規天然物質であり、in vitroおよびin vivoで優れた抗マラリア活性を示した。しかし、マウスを用いたin vivo試験において、5 mg/kg を2回皮下投与したところ、5匹中4匹が3日目までに死亡するという毒性が観察された。この毒性が問題となるため、構造活性相関研究を行い、毒性が低く活性の高い新規抗マラリア薬の開発を目指すこととした。
[Antimalarial troponoids, puberulic acid and viticolins; divergent synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies | Scientific Reports](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07718-3)
そら死ぬわ
"An" easy structure.
Good try, but your English sounds a bit weird overall.
レイオフして他の会社、他の仕事、場合によっては他の業界に行くしか無いんだよな。
仕事が無い会社に社員が数十年もずっといたらどうなるか。利益無いのにどうやって給料払うのか。
下請けや孫請けや新卒や非正規を限界までこき使って給料維持するしか方法無いでしょ。
んでそんなのjapanaizationなんて言われる状態になってjapan's lost 3 decadeなんてニュースが海外で出るわけだ。
socialismは一時期うまくいってもlong termで見るとnot good at allだと拙僧は i think なんですよ
it's obvious but a lot of japanese can't understand such a easy structure because they are totally ignorant and haven't read decent books
マジレスされてチビッた．こりゃGoogleさんもビビるわけだ．
ぼく：
How were you implemented? Is it deep learning-based?
I am a language model called GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) that was developed by OpenAI. It is a deep learning-based model that uses a type of neural network called a transformer, which was trained on a large dataset of text to learn patterns of language.
GPT-3 is trained using a technique called unsupervised learning, where the model is given a massive amount of text data and uses this data to learn patterns and relationships in the language. This allows GPT-3 to generate human-like text when given a prompt, and to understand and respond to natural language input.
The training process of GPT-3 involves a technique called pre-training, which means that the model is trained on a massive dataset before being fine-tuned on a smaller task-specific dataset. This pre-training allows GPT-3 to have a good general understanding of the language and to be able to adapt to specific tasks more easily.
The GPT-3 model has 175 billion parameters, which is one of the largest language models to date, making it able to generate very human-like text and to understand context in a very natural way.
ぼく：
How does GPT-3 have a knowledgebase like an ontology? As it is deep learning-based, the knowledgebase like an ontology would not be implemented explicitly, but the structure should be designed with an expectation of having such a knowledge about hierarchy of concepts.
GPT-3, like other deep learning models, does not have an explicit knowledgebase or ontology built into its structure. Instead, it has been trained on a large dataset of text, which allows it to learn patterns and relationships between concepts.
However, the training data that GPT-3 was exposed to, likely contains a wide range of concepts and hierarchical structures. As GPT-3 learns patterns in the data, it can begin to understand the relationships between different concepts and ideas, and how they are related to each other. This allows the model to generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful, making it possible to understand the context and hierarchy of concepts, but it does not have an explicit ontology like a knowledge graph.
It can be said that GPT-3 has a certain level of "implicit ontology", in the sense that it has learned the relationships between concepts in a way that is similar to how a knowledge graph or ontology organizes information. However, it's important to note that GPT-3's understanding of concepts and relationships is based on the patterns it has learned from the training data, which is not a structured and explicit knowledgebase like an ontology.
ぼく：
Then how does GPT-3 handle the long-term or short term memories? Can it remember information about the on-going chatting? My name is Masuda, can GPT-3 keep it in the memory? Furthermore, can it learn and understand the new information from the Q-A queries, and use it in the future queries?
GPT-3 handles long-term and short-term memories differently. When it generates text, it uses a technique called attention mechanism which allows the model to focus on certain parts of the input while generating the output. This allows GPT-3 to keep track of previous information and context when generating text, which can be thought of as a form of short-term memory.
Regarding the on-going chatting, GPT-3 can keep track of certain information, like the name you've provided, Masuda, during the conversation and use it in future responses. However, it's important to note that GPT-3 is a stateless model, which means that it doesn't have a permanent memory that it can refer to after a conversation ends.
Regarding learning from Q-A, GPT-3 is trained on a massive dataset of text, and it learns patterns and relationships between concepts from this data. It can generate text that is semantically meaningful and coherent, but it does not have the capability to learn new information from Q-A sessions and use it in future queries. However, OpenAI has developed another model called DALL-E, which uses GPT-3 and it is capable of learning from Q-A sessions and use it in future queries.
ぼく：
Is ChatGPT superior to the Google search? Previously people used Google to search for their questions. Now a days, ChatGPT can answer to those questions. What are pros and cons of ChatGPT over the Google search?
ChatGPT and Google search are different technologies with different capabilities and strengths.
Google search is a powerful web search engine that can quickly find relevant information from a vast amount of web pages and documents. It uses complex algorithms to rank and sort search results based on relevance, popularity, and other factors. Google search is very good at providing factual information and is an excellent tool for researching a wide range of topics.
ChatGPT, on the other hand, is a natural language processing model that can generate human-like text. It is trained on a large dataset of text and uses this knowledge to understand and respond to natural language input. ChatGPT can generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful than a simple information retrieval engine like Google search. ChatGPT can also be used to generate text that is more engaging and human-like, such as in chatbots and virtual assistants.
One of the main advantages of ChatGPT over Google search is its ability to understand and respond to natural language input in a more human-like way. ChatGPT can also generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful, which can be useful in many applications. However, Google search is better at providing factual information and searching for specific pieces of information.
Another disadvantage of ChatGPT is that it doesn't have the ability to retrieve information from the web, it can only generate text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data. That's why it's not a replacement for a web search engine like Google but it can be used as an additional tool to help people to find the information they are looking for.
In summary, ChatGPT and Google search have different strengths and capabilities. While Google search is better at providing factual information, ChatGPT is better at understanding and responding to natural language input in a more human-like way.
ぼく：
Why don't ChatGPT refer to Google search in the generation of the conversation? Google Assistant has such a function. Is the reason due to the fact that OpenAI is funded by Google?
ChatGPT is a language model that generates text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data. While it can understand and respond to natural language input in a human-like way, it does not have the capability to access external sources of information like Google search.
Google Assistant, on the other hand, is a virtual assistant that can access a wide range of information and services through the internet, including Google search. Google Assistant can use this information to provide more accurate and relevant responses to user queries.
The reason ChatGPT does not refer to Google search during the generation of the conversation is likely because it was not designed or trained to do so. Instead, it was designed to generate text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data, and it does not have the capability to access external sources of information.
It's worth noting that OpenAI and Google are separate organizations, even though Google is an investor in OpenAI, this doesn't necessarily mean that the two companies work together on their products and services. OpenAI has its own development team, goals and roadmap and they are independent from Google.
ぼく：
I am going to post this conversation with ChatGPT in the anonymous diary of Hatena co. What should I do for attracting people to get many bookmarks?
There are several things you can do to attract people and increase the chances of your conversation with ChatGPT getting many bookmarks on Hatena diary. Some suggestions include:
1. Make sure your conversation is well-written and easy to understand. Use clear and concise language, and consider formatting your text in a way that makes it easy to read.
2. Use relevant keywords and hashtags in your diary entry. This can help make your conversation more discoverable to people searching for related topics on Hatena diary.
3. Include images or videos in your diary entry. This can make your conversation more visually appealing and can help attract more readers.
4. Share your diary entry on social media or other platforms. This can help increase the visibility of your conversation and attract more readers.
5. Encourage readers to share their thoughts and opinions on your conversation by including a call to action or a question at the end of your diary entry.
6. Finally, you can also try to participate in the conversation on Hatena diary, by answering the questions, responding to the comments, and engaging with your readers.
It's important to remember that getting many bookmarks on a diary is not easy and it can take time and effort to build an audience. But by following these tips and being consistent with your diary entry, you will increase the chances of attracting more readers and getting more bookmarks.
ぼく：
(1)
I want you to act as an English translator, spelling corrector and improver. I will speak to you in any language and you will detect the language, translate it and answer in the corrected and improved version of my text, in English. I want you to replace my simplified A0-level words and sentences with more beautiful and elegant, upper level English words and sentences. Keep the meaning same, but make them more scientific and academic. I want you to only reply the correction, the improvements and nothing else, do not write explanations. My sentences are “ここに文章を入れる”
(2)
Please be an English spelling corrector and improver. I ask you to make my sentences more scientific, elegant, and academic, with use of upper-level English words, keeping the meaning same. Please keep the structure of my sentences and correct grammatical errors. Please only reply the revised sentences. My sentences are “ここに文章を入れる”.
(1) の出典は
https://x.gd/GAWOv （本体が消えたので、キャッシュ）
(2) の出典は
OECD Indicators of Employment Protection
https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/oecdindicatorsofemploymentprotection.htm
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EPL_R#
OECD indicators of employment protection database: summary indicators and items
https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/OECDEmploymentProtectionLegislationDatabase.xlsx
Annex Table 3.A.1. Structure of Version 4 of the OECD EPL indicators for dismissing regular workers
Annex Table 3.A.2. Weighting in the OECD EPL indicators (Version 4) for dismissing regular workers
・EPTT：有期雇⽤契約
『派遣契約の EPL 指標のバージョン 1 〜 3 は、有期契約または派遣派遣契約の労働者の雇⽤制限に限定されていました。バージョン 4 では、これらの指標の範囲が有期契約の解約費⽤にまで拡⼤されました1。これは、派遣契約の全体的な規制レベルと労働市場における制度的⼆元論の程度をより適切に把握するためです。したがって、定期労働者保護の指標と同じモデルに基づいて、有期雇⽤契約（EPTT）の個別の終了に対する保護の 2 つの指標 (i) 満了⽇、および (ii) 満了前の 2 つの指標が構築されました。個別解雇（EPR）に反対します。このノートでは、2 つの新しい EPTT 指標と、⼀時契約規制 (EPT) の総合指標の新しいバージョン 4 を紹介します。』
以前の「解雇の難しさ」には
6. 試⽤期間
7. 報酬
8.復職
だったが、現在は
・「解雇の難しさ」から「不当解雇に関する規制の枠組み」に変更。
・「9.請求の最⼤時間」が「不当解雇に関する規制の枠組み」ではなく「不当解雇規制の施行」の分類に移動。
Item 5 サブアイテム: {
Item 5a: 経済的理由による解雇 理由：審査員の自由度
Item 5b: 経済的理由による解雇 理由：解雇の具体的な代替案と解雇の場合の拘束⼒のある義務
Item 5d: 経済的理由による解雇 理由：解雇の正当な理由
}
Item 6: 試用期間の長さ
Item 9: 不当解雇の訴えを起こすまでの期間
26位
33位
33位
3.4ポイント（6段階中）
4位（1.Portugal 2.Mexico 3.Korea）
2.75ポイント（6段階中）
16位
2ポイント（6段階中）
24位
Item 5: 2ポイント
Item 5a: 4ポイント
Item 5b: 2ポイント
Item 5c: 0ポイント
Item 5d: 2.625ポイント
Item 6: 6ポイント
Item 7: 1ポイント
Item 8: 2ポイント
Item 9: 6ポイント
調べるのも今はここまでが限界。
現在は違うが以前の「解雇の難しさ」が実際の解雇の難しさのための指標になっていたか疑問。
特に、Item5ならまだわかるけどItem6~9は解雇の難しさに入れるべきか疑問。
Item5自体はそこまで高くない。
Item6とItem9が平均を押し上げている。
僕は何にもわからない素人だけど正直これで解雇規制について語ることはできないかなといった印象。
専門家の方々にはもっと公平に具体的にデータを使って話をしてもらいたいと思った。
解雇規制について語っている人は専門家も含めてバイアスが強すぎる人が多いので注意したい。
https://www.dir.co.jp/report/research/economics/europe/20140318_008337.pdf
"OECD の日本の労働市場に対する評価や勧告とはどのようなものなのかを、再度確認してみよう。毎年刊行されている“Employment Outlook”や“Economic Policy Reforms”、随時公表される調査書などの内容を見てみると、OECD は「労働市場の二極化（labour market dualism）」が日本の大きな問題であると一貫して指摘している。日本で頻繁に取り上げられる「正規雇用の解雇がほとんど不可能」ということではなく、それが正規／非正規の大きな格差を生み出していること、そして格差を是正する規制がないことを問題視しているのがわかる。 "
歴史言語学についてはまったくの素人だけど、最近話題になった「日本語の原郷は「中国東北部の農耕民」 国際研究チームが発表 | 毎日新聞」（はてブ）っていう記事の元になったロベーツらの論文（Robbeets et al. 2021）を読んでみたよ！
トランスユーラシア大語族の系統関係、ちっとも証明されてなくね？
著者のロベーツは過去に著書（Robbeets 2015）を出版して、そちらでトランスユーラシア大語族の系統関係を証明したとしているようである。残念ながら増田はその著書を読めていないので、著書の方では厳格な比較言語学的手法で系統関係が証明されているというなら恐れ入谷の鬼子母神でシャッポを脱ぐしかないのだが、正直言ってめちゃめちゃ怪しく見えるよ……この論文では農業関係の語に絞って借用も含めた系統が論じられているんだけど、正直かなり無謀な気がするし、なんでこれでトランスユーラシア大語族が証明された扱いになってるのかちっともわからん。さすがに著書の方では基礎語彙の対応に基づいた議論してるんだよね？ うーん……
細かいツッコミになるけど、論文のSupplementary Informationで、お米を表す「まい」という語について論じている。著者らは琉球祖語に*maïを再建するんだけど、そこから派生した語形として与論語のmai、沖縄語のmeeやmeと並んで奄美語のmisiやmiisɨを挙げている。いやいやどう考えても後者は「めし」の転訛だろ（標準日本語のエ段に対応する母音は琉球諸語だとしばしばイ段になる）。まさかとは思うけど「まい」と「めし」の区別がつかないで日琉語の系統を論じてるの？
（追記：「それそもそも呉音じゃね？」というid:nagaichiさんの指摘を受けて追記。この論文ではちゃんと「The Chinese loan morpheme is also found in Sino-Japanese mai and entered Proto-Ryukyuan as *maï ‘rice’」と書かれていて、漢語からの借用語であることは前提になってます。これは日本語の「早稲（わせ）」が朝鮮祖語*pʌsalから来てるんじゃね？ っていうことを説明してるパートに付け足された部分で、借用語であることが誰の目にも明らかな「まい」に言及するのは蛇足じゃねーのと思うんですが……）
っていうか日琉祖語や琉球祖語の「土」が*mutaになってるけど何これ？ *mitaじゃないの？ 日本語の方言形にmutaがあるから*mutaを再構したのかな？ でも先行研究（ヴォヴィン 2009: 11）で指摘されてるように祖語形は*mitaだよね……（cf. 八丈語mizya）（なお標準語「つち」は先行研究によれば朝鮮語からの借用語）
さらに、著者は3年前の論文の中でトランスユーラシア大語族の系統を推定しているが、その系統樹では、南琉球語群（先島諸島の諸方言）のうち、まず八重山語が分岐して、次に宮古語と与那国語が分かれたということになっている（Robbeets and Bouckaert 2018: 158）。……なんていうか地図見ておかしいと思わないのかな。もちろんそんな分岐は絶対にありえないと言うことはできないけど、こんな分岐はこれまでの琉球語研究で提唱されたこともない。もっと言えば、ウェイン・ローレンス（2000; 2006）の言語学的な研究によって、宮古語には見られない改新を与那国語と八重山諸語が共有していることが明らかにされている（つまり南琉球祖語がまず宮古と八重山に分かれ、八重山祖語から与那国語が分岐したと推定される）。大丈夫？ 日本語の先行研究ちゃんと読んでる？
余談。本論文はやたらと琉球諸語から例を引っ張ってきてるけど、個人的には「本土日本語」は側系統であって琉球諸語は薩隅方言と姉妹関係にある南日本語派の一分岐だという五十嵐陽介（2021）の分析が妥当だと思うので、根本的に日本語と琉球語を姉妹群とするかのような系統樹には納得できないんだよな（ちなみに五十嵐の研究は活字になったのは今年だけど5年ほど前から活発にあちこちで発表されててレジュメはresearchmapで誰でも読める状態だった。まあプレプリント以前の発表原稿の段階のものを引用しろというのは酷だと思うのでロベーツが参照してないのは仕方ない）。考古学的・人類学的証拠からは、琉球列島へのヒトや言語の流入が比較的遅いことが推測されるけど、その頃にはとっくに日琉語は複数の系統に分岐してるはずなんだから（cf. 『万葉集』の東国語）、琉球語が日琉祖語まで遡る古い系統か？ っていうとどう考えても違うわけで。
ロベーツらの研究が依拠しているソースの1つに、セルゲイ・スタロスチンというロシアの研究者による語源辞典がある。しかしこのスタロスチンという研究者は、日本語が「アルタイ語族」に属すという証明のために色々と強引な当てはめをやっているのだ。アレクサンドル・ヴォヴィンは、スタロスチンがいかにテキトーなことを書いているか検討している（Vovin 2005; ボビン 2003: 19–26）。たとえば、スタロスチンは日本語に基づいてアルタイ祖語に*u「卵」を再構するのだが、これはどう見ても「卯」と「卵」の取り違えである。また、スタロスチンは日本祖語に*situ「湿っぽい」を再構するが、「湿」をシツと読むのは音読み（＝漢語からの借用）であることは説明するまでもないだろう。こんないい加減な「語源辞典」を使って日琉語の系統を論じるってかなり勇者だと思わない？
（っていうか、スタロスチンをはじめとする「アルタイ語族」説の支持者、与那国語で標準語のyにdが対応する（cf. duru「夜」；dama「山」）のを祖語形の残存だと主張してるのか（Vovin 2010: 40）。思ってた以上にやべーな）
案の定、ロベーツの著書も他の研究者からボロクソ言われているようだ。ホセ・アロンソ・デ・ラ・フエンテは、彼女の著書に対する書評で、「Throughout the book there are inconsistencies which may stem from a lack of familiarity with the languages involved and their scholarly traditions」（Alonso de la Fuente 2016: 535）として、彼女の満洲語転写が実にテキトーであることを指摘している。前述のヴォヴィンはさらに辛辣なことを書いている（Vovin 2017。出典表記は省略）。
The recent attempts to prove that Japanese is related not only to Korean, but also to the “Altaic” languages fare even worse. In spite of the devastating critique that has been leveled at these quasischolarly publications, they [Starostin and Robbeets] still continue to sprout like mushrooms after the rain, greeted, of course, by yet another round of devastating critique...
こんなこと書かれたら僕だったら泣いちゃうな……
なおこの論文、朝鮮祖語の再建にも問題があるらしい。以下の連ツイを参照＞https://twitter.com/ian_joo_korea/status/1458706979870838788。
増田は素人なので確信を持って間違いだと言い切ることはできないけど、論文全体から信頼できない香りがプンプン漂ってきてる。
考古学とかそういう方向からの考察は知らんけど、言語学的な根拠については賭けろと言われたら間違ってる方に賭けるね。
（追記：こっちの増田→anond:20211121201022も見てね）
このへんの言語史については、古代の朝鮮半島には幅広く日琉語（大陸倭語；Penninsular Japonic）が分布してたんだけど、北方から朝鮮語話者が進入してきて言語が置き換わった、という説（Vovin 2013）が個人的には面白いなぁと思う（大陸倭語については、Vovin 2017; 伊藤 2019; 2021も参照）。いや、素人の考えだからひょっとしたら大間違いかもしれないけど。ただ、仮に大陸倭語の存在を認めるなら、日琉語の故地（Urheimat）が列島の外にある可能性もあるわけで、故地をめぐる議論どうしようかっていう議論は生まれてくるところだと思う。
あと、この増田で「標準語」って言葉を使ってるのにツッコミが入るかもしれないけど、国が言語の規範を決め全国に普及させているというのを無視して「共通語」と呼ぶのは国家による言語政策の権力性を覆い隠すから良くないと思うので「標準語」と呼ぶ派です。
著者のRobbeetsさんの名字を「ロッベエツ」と書いてる新聞があったけど、日本語表記するなら「ロベーツ」じゃない？ ベルギーの研究者らしいけど、bが重なってるのは詰まって読むこと（促音）を示してるんじゃなくて、その前にある母音が短母音である（「ローベーツ」ではない）ことを示すためのものでしょ、オランダ語的に考えて……。
それにしてもマンチュリア（いわゆる満州）を「中国東北部」と呼ぶの、ヤウンモシㇼを「日本北部」と呼ぶようなもので、先住民族である満洲人の存在を透明化し漢人の入植を自明のものとする植民地主義的な用法だから政治的に正しくないと思うんだよな。ちゃんとマンチュリア or 満州と呼ぶべきでは。
A. スプリンターズSではダノンスマッシュ、秋華賞ではユーバーレーベン、菊花賞ではステラヴェローチェ、天皇賞（秋）ではコントレイル、エリザベス女王杯ではアカイトリノムスメの勝利を予想していました。マイルCSではグランアレグリアに賭けてます。ジャパンカップは今度こそコントレイルが勝つはず。
niwaradi そもそも著者が多く日本の大学の学者が共著者に10人以上いてNature編集部とレビュワーも賛同したはずなので学会で揉めてる分野なのかな？日本語朝鮮語の共通祖先はどこかにあると思うが。
共著者が多いのは、色んな分野にまたがって調査してる理系の論文だとよくあることだと思います。Natureは基本的に理系の雑誌なんで言語学みたいな文系領域の事情にはあんまり明るくなかったんじゃないでしょうか。ちなみにその「日本語朝鮮語の共通祖先はある」って考え方にめっちゃ反対してるのが本文で言及したヴォヴィンです。最新の論文（Vovin 2021）では日本語の起源は「アルタイ語族」じゃなくてオーストロアジア語族だーって気炎を上げてます（ほんとかよ）。
大野晋の日本語タミル語起源説はただのトンデモです。結論どうこうじゃなくて方法論の時点でおかしい。詳しくは長田（1998）や山下（1998）を参照してください。
c_shiika 令和の騎馬民族征服王朝説だったか…… ／ ウマ増田さんはウマの記事もちゃんと増田に投稿するべきだと思うの
手持ちのジュエルを全部つぎ込んだけどメジロドーベル引けませんでした！！１！（代わりにすり抜けでナリタタイシンが来た）
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/image/210830_pyramid.png
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/data/japan_deaths.xlsx
新型コロナウィルス感染症 死亡者性・年齢階級構造（日本、2021/8/30時点）
Age Sex Structure of COVID-19 Deaths in Japan（as of 2021/8/30）
年代 Age 男性 Male 女性 Female 非公表 Not Disclosed
＜10 0 0 0
10s 0 0 0
20s 10 2 1
ゼロじゃん。
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/image/210830_pyramid.png
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/data/japan_deaths.xlsx
新型コロナウィルス感染症 死亡者性・年齢階級構造（日本、2021/8/30時点）
Age Sex Structure of COVID-19 Deaths in Japan（as of 2021/8/30）
年代 Age 男性 Male 女性 Female 非公表 Not Disclosed
＜10 0 0 0
10s 0 0 0
全く死んでない。
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/image/210830_pyramid.png
http://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/Choju/covid19/data/japan_deaths.xlsx
新型コロナウィルス感染症 死亡者性・年齢階級構造（日本、2021/8/30時点）
Age Sex Structure of COVID-19 Deaths in Japan（as of 2021/8/30）
年代 Age 男性 Male 女性 Female 非公表 Not Disclosed
＜10 0 0 0
10s 0 0 0
20s 10 2 1
30s 35 9 1
40s 112 37 3
50s 338 81 9
60s 754 215 31
70s 2,042 911 59
80s 2,848 2,294 228
90+ 979 1,662 23
小計 Subtotal 7,118 5,211 355
SICP=Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs（計算機プログラムの構造と解釈）ね。
いや、悪い本じゃないから、読みたい人は読めばいいと思うよ。
ただ、この本を読んだり、薦めたりしている人は、ほとんどこの本の主旨理解してないんじゃないかな。
まず、プログラマやプログラマ志望の人がこの本を読むのは、根本的にズレている（とくに、LispやSchemeを学ぶためにこの本を読む人）。
自動車を運転したい人が自動車のしくみを勉強するようなものだからだ。
もちろん、何度も言うように教材としては優れているから、読みたい人は読めばいい。
あと、これは前提知識が限られた人向けの参考書であって、計算機科学の主流の教科書ではない。
喩えるなら「経済学部生のための高校数学でわかる線形代数」とかそういう類の本であって、計算機科学を専攻する人がわざわざこの本を読むのは遠回り。最初から自分が学びたい分野の専門書を読めばいい。
なにか自分に都合が悪いこと、直面するのがとても恐ろしいことが起こった時。私たちはそれに対峙するか、逃げるという選択肢を採ることができる。
たとえば自分が不祥事の当事者になった時に、周囲からの追及を逃れようとして、雲隠れしてしまうことも逃避の一種だ。
だが、どこにも逃げ場がなくなった時にはどうすればよいか。
自分自身を消せばいい。
自分自身の力で世界を変えることができないのなら、怖れの苦しみを逃れる手っ取り早い方法は、それを感じる意識を消すことだ。
どこにも逃げ場がなくなって、服毒自殺を図ったり、睡眠薬等のオーバードーズを起こすということは、自分自身の情動をやりくりするための戦略だ。それは魔術じみた子供だましに周囲からは見えるかもしれないが、本人にしてみれば、立派な戦略なのだ。
そんなことを言ってた哲学者がいなかったけか。サルトルだったと思うんだが。
La multiplicité des conduites émotionnelles
Suivant les formes prises par l'émotion, la transformation revêt des formes différentes : l’anéantissement des objets (et parfois de la conscience) pour la peur, l’uniformisation de la structure du monde pour la tristesse passive. Le moteur de l’évasion est l’impossibilité de confronter un objet dans le premier cas ou d’adapter les moyens face à la disparition d’une des conditions de l’action dans le second.
情動が採る形態によって、変容は異なる形態をおびる。怖れにたいして、対象の無化（時には意識の無化である）、受動的な悲観にたいして、世界の構造の画一化といったように。逃避を動機づけているのは、まず、対象に対峙できないこと。さらには、行動するための条件が無くなってしまった状況に適応する術を失ってしまうこと。
http://www.cnam.fr/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?ID_FICHIER=1295877018192
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/ru-kz/community/posts/360042168354--Запретный-плод-76-серия-Yasak-Elma-27-03-2020-смотреть-в-хорошем-качестве-от-27-марта-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042344973-27-03-2020-Запретный-плод-75-серия-Yasak-Elma-смотреть-качество-HD-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042344753-27-03-2020-Жестокий-стамбул-38-серия-Zalim-Istanbul-смотреть-бесплатно-в-хорошем-качестве-от-27-марта-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042344893-27-03-2020-Запретный-плод-74-серия-Yasak-Elma-русский-в-хорошем-качестве-от-27-марта
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042344593--Жестокий-стамбул-38-серия-Zalim-Istanbul-27-03-2020-русский-перевод-все-серии-сезона-от-27-марта-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/ru-kz/community/posts/360042168834--Дочь-посла-15-серия-Sefirin-Kizi-27-03-2020-русский-перевод-все-серии-сезона-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/ru-kz/community/posts/360042345253-27-03-2020-Запретный-плод-76-серия-Yasak-Elma-последние-серии-смотреть-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/ru-kz/community/posts/360042167634--Жестокий-стамбул-37-серия-Zalim-Istanbul-27-03-2020-последние-серии-смотреть-от-27-марта-
https://hyperlapsepro.zendesk.com/hc/ru-ua/community/posts/360042344613-27-03-2020-Жестокий-стамбул-38-серия-Zalim-Istanbul-русский-перевод-все-серии-сезона-от-27-марта
何かの参考とかにしたらダメです。書き始めて半年経つんだけどこっからどう直したらいいんだか（何をゴールにしたらいいのか）わからない。。
追記：合流性とか強正規化可能性とか停止性とか、全部チューリング不完全で、事前の静的解析で使うメモリの最大量が確定できる、とかそういう風に読み替えられる人を増やしたいのです、数式の添え字とΣと∫にびびらない人を増やしたいようなもので
数理論理学の一分野である証明論から成長した、数理論理学と理論計算機科学の境界領域の研究領域である型理論(type theory)は、大規模なプログラムの内的な整合性のチェックを行うための方法論を必要とする情報処理技術の分野で関心を集めている。
そもそも「型」(type)とは何か。プログラミング言語は一般的にはレコードや関数といったプログラムを構成する「値」(value)の定義をする道具である(*1)。その言語のコンパイラ作成者はこれらレコードや関数などの値、もしくは第一級の対象(first-class object)の種類を区別する型システム(type system)を必要とする。抽象代数学の観点からすると、「型」とはこれらの値もしくは第一級の対象が属する高階の対象(higher order object)としての空間(space)ないし代数系(algebraic system)で、型システムはそれら「型」とそれら相互の関係(relation)つまり型のなす順序構造(order structure)ないし束構造(lattice structrure)であるといえる。
プログラムを構成する値すべてに型が付くためには、曖昧でない(*2)こと、自己矛盾していないこと、悪循環を含まないこと、それぞれの値の内容をチェックするために無限の時間を要しない(*3)ことなどが必要で、これらを満たすなら、プログラムは有限時間で実行を終え、停止する。手続き型言語では無限ループ、型無しラムダ計算では無限再帰によって型付け不能なプログラムを書くことができるが、型理論はこれらのチューリング完全な計算機を意図しない停止しないプログラムから守る装甲でもあり、再帰やメモリ確保で好き勝手をさせないための拘束具でもある。型が付くプログラムには単に停止するというだけでなく、可能な実行経路（訂正：経路→方法）のすべてで同じ結果を出すなど種々の良い性質がある。
1)この定義は現実に使われているプログラミング言語の特徴を覆い切れていない、狭い不満足な定義だが本稿では都合上この定義に立脚して限定的に議論する。例えば変数(variable)というものを持つプログラミング言語もあり広く使われているが、これについてはレコードや関数と同じように性質の良いものとして扱うことが難しい。難しさの原因は次の注の内容と関連する。近年は変数を扱うかわりに値の不変のコピー(immutable copy)やその参照に名前を付ける機能を持つプログラミング言語が増えている。
2) 現実の情報システムでは、COBOL言語のレコード再定義やC言語の共用体、一般的な関数ポインタやVisual Basic言語のvariant型変数のように、同一領域に異なる型の値が共存する共用型(union type)の値がしばしば必要となる。共用型の値はgoto文を排除した構造化／オブジェクト指向プログラミングにおいて条件キャストやクラス分岐などによる実行経路の複雑さの主要な原因になるが、これは和型(sum type)すなわち相異なる型の非交和(disjoint sum)として定義することで曖昧さなく定義できる。
3) ゲームプログラムやネットワークサービスにおいてしばしばみられるように、入力として無限リストや任意に深い木のようなものを想定する場合には明らかに（条件を満たさない限り）停止しないことが正しい動作となり、この場合は最外周のループを（←どうする？）メモリリークを起こさないなど別の考慮が必要となる。
Although what causes pedophilia is not yet known, researchers began reporting a series of findings linking pedophilia with brain structure and function, beginning in 2002. Testing individuals from a variety of referral sources inside and outside the criminal justice system as well as controls, these studies found associations between pedophilia and lower IQs,[48][49][50] poorer scores on memory tests,[49] greater rates of non-right-handedness,[48][49][51][52] greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences,[53] lesser physical height,[54][55] greater probability of having suffered childhood head injuries resulting in unconsciousness,[56][57] and several differences in MRI-detected brain structures.[58][59][60]
Such studies suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Some studies have found that pedophiles are less cognitively impaired than non-pedophilic child molesters.[61] A 2011 study reported that pedophilic child molesters had deficits in response inhibition, but no deficits in memory or cognitive flexibility.[62] Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.[63] A 2015 study indicated that pedophilic offenders have a normal IQ.[64]
Another study, using structural MRI, indicated that male pedophiles have a lower volume of white matter than a control group.[58] Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has indicated that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the hypothalamus as compared with non-pedophilic persons when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults.[65] A 2008 functional neuroimaging study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours". The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the cognitive stage of sexual arousal processing".[66]
Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) reviewed the research that attempted to identify hormonal aspects of pedophiles.[67] They concluded that there is some evidence that pedophilic men have less testosterone than controls, but that the research is of poor quality and that it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion from it.
While not causes of pedophilia themselves, childhood abuse by adults or comorbid psychiatric illnesses—such as personality disorders and substance abuse—are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges.[6] Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud addressed comorbid psychiatric illnesses that, "The theoretical implications are not so clear. Do particular genes or noxious factors in the prenatal environment predispose a male to develop both affective disorders and pedophilia, or do the frustration, danger, and isolation engendered by unacceptable sexual desires—or their occasional furtive satisfaction—lead to anxiety and despair?"[67] They indicated that, because they previously found mothers of pedophiles to be more likely to have undergone psychiatric treatment,[56] the genetic possibility is more likely.
A study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam determined that males with a pronounced degree of paraphilic interest (including pedophilia) had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate low prenatal androgen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in deviant attractions.[68]
インフラストラクチャー（英語: infrastructure）とは「下支えするもの」「下部構造」を指す観念的な用語であり、以下の意味がある。国民福祉の向上と国民経済の発展に必要な公共施設。企業などの主幹となる設備。日本ではしばしばインフラ (infra) と略称されるが、インフラストラクチャー (infrastructure) が「下の (infra) 構造 (structure)」を指す通り、本来インフラ (infra) は「下」「未満」を意味する接頭辞で、「下にある」「低い」を意味するラテン語 inferus に由来し、スーパー (super) の対義語である。
了見が狭かったのか、そりゃどうも
See also : https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170728223725
