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はてなキーワード: whyとは
論文を引っ張ってくるのが面倒なのぜ
引っ張ってこないでも書ける一般的なことだけ
1. ダーウィニズムとネオダーウィニズムがあるよ。特に何も指定しない時はたぶんネオの方だよ
2. (ネオ)ダーウィニズムについては、「そうはならんやろ」「なっとるやろがい」で今も面倒だよ。ソース持ってこないでもざっくり断定で書けるのは、
人類を含めた9割くらいの生物は10万年から20万年前にほぼ同時期に現れた可能性(誤字ではない) がワンチャンあるよ
学術誌Human Evolutionに掲載された内容は下記から確認が出来るよ
”Why should mitochondria define species?”
https://phe.rockefeller.edu/news/2018/05/21/mark-stoeckle-mitochondria-paper-in-human-evilution/
面倒になったのでやめたけどいつか気が向いたら
いや、やっぱ書かねぇわ
If you still don't understand why this isn't okay, please, I can try and educate you cause I know POC/black cosplayers are tired trying to educate you. You clearly don't listen to them so maybe you might listen to the "popular" white/asian guy.
「お前をeducateしてやるよ」だって
すげー
BLMで絶賛パブリックエネミーになってる警察の側にポムポムプリンがついたからだよ
Police are an inherently violent entity. There are no good cops just like there are no good murderers. I agree that pompom is not corrupt and that's why they should not disgrace him by putting him in a police uniform.
(´∩｡• ᵕ •｡∩`)
https://twitter.com/Brainlord_/status/1273087697469370368
機械翻訳：警察は本質的に暴力的な存在です。良い殺人者がいないのと同じように、良い警官もいない。私はポンポンが腐敗していないことに同意します、そしてそれが彼らが彼を警察のユニフォームに入れて彼を恥をかかせるべきではない理由です。
（ ´ ∩ ｡•ᵕ•｡ ∩ `）
昨今の米国でのプロテストに世界が刮目する中、"Black Lives Matter" というフレーズをご存知の方も増えてきたことと思う。
文字通り訳せば、"黒人の命は大切である"ということなのだが、これに対し"黒人だけじゃなくて、白人も、アジア人も、みんなの命が大切なのでは？"と純粋に思われる方もいるだろう。
その通りである。
米国では、"Black Lives Matter"に対し"All Lives Matter" (="みんなの命は大切である") という発言を様々な場所で読む、又は耳にする機会が多数存在する。
日本でも、この運動やその根底にある人種差別問題への関心が少しずつ高まっている中で、"All Lives Matter"という、（恐らく多くの日本人にとって）一見自明で無害のように見える一文の意味するところを、とあるRedditでの投稿を引用する形で紹介しようと思う。
以下引用及び拙訳 (r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3du1qm/eli5_why_is_it_so_controversial_when_someone_says/ より)
Imagine that you're sitting down to dinner with your family, and while everyone else gets a serving of the meal, you don't get any. So you say "I should get my fair share." And as a direct response to this, your dad corrects you, saying, "everyone should get their fair share." Now, that's a wonderful sentiment -- indeed, everyone should, and that was kinda your point in the first place: that you should be a part of everyone, and you should get your fair share also. However, dad's smart-ass comment just dismissed you and didn't solve the problem that you still haven't gotten any!
以下のような状況を想像してみてください。あなたは今、家族とディナーの席にいます。あなた以外には食事が配膳されていく中、あなたの前には何もありません。そこであなたは、”フェアな分量の食事が私に配膳されるべきだ”、と父親に伝えたところ、彼は以下のように応えました。”家族みんながそれぞれのフェアな分量を配膳されるべきだね”、と。確かに、彼の発言そのものは、当然のことであり、素晴らしいですが、この返答には齟齬があります。というのも、ディナーを取り囲んでいる家族のメンバー各自が、（彼の言う様に）フェアな分量を配膳されるべきだからこそ、その一員であるあなたは自分の分量を主張しているのです。従って、彼の返事はあなたの前に食事がないという現実問題に対して無関心であり、何の解決策も提示していません。そして何より、依然としてあなたの前には食事がありません。
The problem is that the statement "I should get my fair share" had an implicit "too" at the end: "I should get my fair share, too, just like everyone else." But your dad's response treated your statement as though you meant "only I should get my fair share", which clearly was not your intention. As a result, his statement that "everyone should get their fair share," while true, only served to ignore the problem you were trying to point out.
ここでの問題は、あなたの”フェアな分量の食事が私に配膳されるべきだ”という発言の真意が、"(他のみんなと同じように、私にも）フェアな分量の食事が配膳されるべきだ"という括弧内の部分を前提に含んでいるにもかかわらず、”フェアな分量の食事が私（だけに）配膳されるべきだ”とあなたが発言したかのように、父親が（あなたの意図に反して）受け取った、という点にあります。従って、彼の発言そのものが真実であることに変わりはないものの、あなたには食事がないという問題は看過されてしまっているのです。
That's the situation of the "black lives matter" movement. Culture, laws, the arts, religion, and everyone else repeatedly suggest that all lives should matter. Clearly, that message already abounds in our society.
これこそが、"Black Lives Matter" 運動の対峙している状況なのです。文化、法律、芸術作品や宗教、その他全てが繰り返し、みんなの命が大切であるべきだ、と主張しています。米国社会においては、このメッセージは至る所で目にすることでしょう。
The problem is that, in practice, the world doesn't work the way. You see the film Nightcrawler? You know the part where Renee Russo tells Jake Gyllenhal that she doesn't want footage of a black or latino person dying, she wants news stories about affluent white people being killed? That's not made up out of whole cloth -- there is a news bias toward stories that the majority of the audience (who are white) can identify with. So when a young black man gets killed (prior to the recent police shootings), it's generally not considered "news", while a middle-aged white woman being killed is treated as news. And to a large degree, that is accurate -- young black men are killed in significantly disproportionate numbers, which is why we don't treat it as anything new. But the result is that, societally, we don't pay as much attention to certain people's deaths as we do to others. So, currently, we don't treat all lives as though they matter equally.
しかしながら、現実社会においては決してその通りではなく、命の重みは平等ではありません。あなたは、Nightcrawlerという映画を見ましたか？その映画の中で、Renee RussoがJake Gyllenhalに対して、黒人もしくはラテン系アメリカ人が命を落とすような映像ではなく、裕福な白人が殺害されたといったようなニュースが欲しい、と伝えるシーンがあります。実はこのシーンは、ニュースの大部分の受け手である白人層が共感できるような報道を重視するというような、現実に即したメディアのバイアスを如実に反映しています。現実として、若い黒人男性が殺害されることはニュースにならない一方で、中年白女性の殺害事件はニュースとして世間に扱われます。さらに言えば、統計上有意に多数の若い黒人男性が日々命を落としてしまっているという現状において、そういった死のニュース性が少ないということは単なるバイアスとして存在するわけではなく、ほとんどの場合事実なのです。その結果、一部のグループの人々の死に対しては他のグループの人々の死ほどに、私たちは社会全体として注目しません。人の命は本来全て平等であるにも関わらず、現実として私たちはそれらを平等に扱っていないのです。
Just like asking dad for your fair share, the phrase "black lives matter" also has an implicit "too" at the end: it's saying that black lives should also matter. But responding to this by saying "all lives matter" is willfully going back to ignoring the problem. It's a way of dismissing the statement by falsely suggesting that it means "only black lives matter," when that is obviously not the case. And so saying "all lives matter" as a direct response to "black lives matter" is essentially saying that we should just go back to ignoring the problem.
あなたが父親に自分の分の食事を求めた時のように、"Black Lives Matter"というフレーズにも"too"、すなわち黒人の命”も”大切であるという前提があります。他の人種の人々の命と同様、黒人の命も大切に扱われるべきだ、というメッセージがそこにはあるのです。これに対して"All Lives Matter"と応えることは、その根底にある（黒人の命が他の命と同様に大切に扱われていないという）問題を恣意的に無視していることになるのです。そのような問題の共通認識が前提として明らかに存在しているにも関わらず、さも"黒人の命だけが大切だ"という主張であると曲解することで、"Black Lives Matter"という本来の主張を退けてしまっています。"Black Lives Matter"というメッセージに対して、"All Lives Matter"と応えることは、黒人の日々対峙するそのような問題を無視し、そのままの現状を維持しよう、と主張する事と本質的に変わりはないのです。
Shouldn't "white people" be correctly discriminated against in corona?
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Discrimination and persecution related to coronaviruses is now widespread worldwide.
There is a concrete and wide-ranging summary of the situation.
―――
"List of Incidents of Foreign Fear and Racism Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic"
―――
That is the English version of Wikipedia article.
With Google Chrome, right-click → Translate to Japanese, but the translation is a bit rough, but anyone can read it in Japanese.
―――
>> In France, after the new coronavirus was confirmed on January 24, 2020, a lot of harassment and discrimination against Asians occurred [41]. It is aimed at Asians such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino [42], and taxis and trains that refuse to board Chinese, Korean, Japanese have appeared [41] [43] ].
>> French newspaper Le Courrier Picard featured an Asian woman in a mask on the top page on January 26, 2020 with the heading "Yellow Alert".
>> On March 8, 2020, a Japanese restaurant in Rivoli, Turin, Piedmont, was targeted for arson by a teenager who teased his owner and called him an epidemic carrier. [191]
―――
Not limited to the above, Wuhan and Africans in China, Chinese and infected people in Japan.
Discrimination, whether in the United States, Egypt, Africa or anywhere in the world, exists at all.
In a sense, it's almost equal. Under extreme circumstances, it is not uncommon for "weak" people to be able to keep themselves without creating enemies.
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However, what I want to say is not a used phrase such as "Let's live kindly with philanthropy."
There is no objection to it. If the world can eliminate discrimination and prejudice, I naturally want it.
But what I felt was a big question before that. It can be called academic interest.
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Chinese discriminate against Wuhan natives, Japanese discriminate against Chinese, and Europeans discriminate against Asians.
I see, there is a reason to that, considering the spread of coronavirus infection. "From what you see, what's dangerous is that area".
Roughly, it may be the result of thinking about "weak" people.
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But here's the strange thing. Asians, Africans, yellows and blacks, they are discriminated against in many places around the world.
Frankly speaking, it's safe to say that blacks have little to do with the coronavirus. It's just that the original sense of discrimination has surfaced.
These ethnic groups and regions are equally discriminated against. It is a sense of discrimination that is based on fear but is incorrect but makes sense.
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However. Then why isn't "white people" discriminated against?
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From April to May, the coronavirus showed an explosive spread in the West.
In the ranking of the number of infected people in the world, the United States is alone, with 1.34 million people, accounting for more than a quarter of the total infected people of 402 million people as of May 10.
After the second place, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Brazil and France are followed, and each has more than 100,000 domestic cases.
Excluding Brazil, everything from 2nd to 7th is Europe. The word "Western Europe" is clearly the most dangerous coronavirus-contaminated area / infectious zone in the world.
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However. Strangely enough, there is little talk that "white people, Europeans, and Americans are discriminated against in the world."
Of course it is not zero, but while looking for one "white discrimination", it is possible to find "Asian discrimination", "Black discrimination" and "Yellow discrimination".
It is said that what is currently expanding in the world is not the first wave from China, but the second wave from Europe, which is the pandemic.
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With this, it is still understandable that the "white man" continues to do the right thing cleanly and correctly and has succeeded in corona countermeasures.
However, white people have continued to discriminate among Asians since the beginning of the spread.
In January and February, it was not uncommon to hear that Asians were already walking around in the country, calling them "Corona Corona."
By all means, white people are the incarnation of evil. It's not a good thing.
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Regardless of the early stages of the epidemic, now that the "hotbed of corona infection" has moved there, it should be possible for white people to hate it.
Otherwise, it cannot be called "equal discrimination". As a result, it is wrong.
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If you think about the reason here, after all, "targets are races / objects that originally had hostility",
The hypothesis may be that "there are restrictions on mobility and there are white Asian societies, but few non-white societies are white."
It must be interesting to study the area academically.
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However, historically, I've seen that "white people" crusade various places with the Crusades and do all they can to the contrary.
I think that the trilingual diplomacy of Britain has created the situation in the Middle East, where terrorism is frequent nowadays, and has repeatedly carried out wrongdoing by repeatedly discriminating against blacks, Indians, and yellow races.
So, isn't it right here to try to discriminate against white people correctly?
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Non-white society is a little too kind to "white people".
It was around this time today when I was thinking about that.
Coronavirus: speranze dalla scoperta di Sandro Giannini, 10 Aprile, 2020
https://buongiornonews.it/coronavirus-una-speranza-dalla-scoperta-del-prof-giannini/
1) 英訳（Google translate を利用させて頂きました）
Coronavirus: hopes from the discovery of Sandro Giannini
Bologna - From social media comes good news about the Coronavirus, perhaps decisive, which has scientific foundations and is disseminated by an authoritative doctor from Rizzoli of Bologna, Sandro Giannini. His is a highly qualified curriculum: Full Professor of Orthopedics and Traumatology and of Physical Medicine at the University of Bologna since 1989, director of Clinic I at the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute and of the Gait Analysis Laboratory, partner in European projects and in national and international research programs, author of more than 600 presentations at national and international conferences and more than 400 articles in Science Citation Index journals. His message gives great hope. Let's read:
“I don't want to seem overwhelming to you, but I think I've demonstrated the cause of coronavirus lethality. Only at Blessed Matthew are there 2 cardiologists who turn over 150 beds to do echocardium with enormous effort and one is me. Terrible fatigue! However, of what some supposed, but could not be sure, we now have the first data. People go to resuscitation for generalized venous thromboembolism, especially pulmonary. If this were the case, resuscitations and intubations are of no use because first of all you have to dissolve, indeed prevent these thromboembolisms. If you ventilate a lung where blood does not reach, it is not needed! In fact 9 out of 10 die. Because the problem is cardiovascular, not respiratory! It is venous microthrombosis, not pneumonia that determines fatality!
And why are thrombi formed? Because inflammation, as per school text, induces thrombosis through a complex but well-known pathophysiological mechanism. Then? Contrary to what scientific literature, especially Chinese, said until mid-March, it was that anti-inflammatories should not be used. Now in Italy anti-inflammatories and antibiotics are used (as in the influences) and the number of inpatients collapses. Many deaths, even 40 years old, had a history of high fever for 10-15 days that was not treated properly. Here inflammation has destroyed everything and prepared the ground for thrombi formation. Because the main problem is not the virus, but the immune reaction that destroys the cells where the virus enters. In fact, our COVID departments have never entered patients with rheumatoid arthritis! Because they make cortisone, a powerful anti-inflammatory!
Therefore, hospitalizations in Italy are decreasing and it is becoming a disease that is treated at home. By taking care of it well at home, you avoid not only hospitalization, but also the thrombotic risk. It was not easy to understand it because the signs of microembolism have faded, even at the echocardium. But this weekend I compared the data of the first 50 patients between those who breathe badly and those who don't and the situation appeared very clear. For me you can go back to playing and reopen the business. Quarantine street. Not now. But time to publish this data. Vaccine can arrive calmly. In America and other states that follow the scientific literature that calls for NOT to use anti-inflammatories is a disaster! Worse than in Italy. And they are old and cheap drugs. " (Associated Medias - Red / Giut)
———
2) 原文：イタリア語
Coronavirus: speranze dalla scoperta di Sandro Giannini
Bologna – Dai social arriva una buona notizia sul Coronavirus, forse risolutiva, che ha fondamenta scientifiche ed è diffusa da un medico autorevole del Rizzoli di Bologna, Sandro Giannini. Il suo è un curriculum molto qualificato: Professore ordinario di Ortopedia e Traumatologia e di Medicina Fisica presso l’Università di Bologna dal 1989, direttore della Clinica I presso l’Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli e del Laboratorio di Gait Analysis, partner in progetti europei e in programmi di ricerca nazionali e internazionali, autore di più di 600 presentazioni a congressi nazionali ed internazionali e più di 400 articoli in riviste Science Citation Index. Il suo messaggio dà grande speranza. Leggiamolo:
“Non vorrei sembrarvi eccessivo ma credo di aver dimostrato la causa della letalità del coronavirus. Solo al Beato Matteo ci sono 2 cardiologi che girano su 150 letti a fare ecocardio con enorme fatica e uno sono io. Fatica terribile! Però, di quello che alcuni supponevano, ma non ne riuscivano a essere sicuri, ora abbiamo i primi dati. La gente va in rianimazione per tromboembolia venosa generalizzata, soprattutto polmonare. Se così fosse, non servono a niente le rianimazioni e le intubazioni perché innanzitutto devi sciogliere, anzi prevenire queste tromboembolie. Se ventili un polmone dove il sangue non arriva, non serve! Infatti muoiono 9 su 10. Perche il problema è cardiovascolare, non respiratorio! Sono le microtrombosi venose, non la polmonite a determinare la fatalità!
E perché si formano trombi? Perche l’infiammazione come da testo scolastico, induce trombosi attraverso un meccanismo fisiopatologico complesso ma ben noto. Allora? Contrariamente a quello che la letteratura scientifica, soprattutto cinese, diceva fino a metà marzo era che non bisognava usare antinfiammatori. Ora in Italia si usano antinfiammatori e antibiotici (come nelle influenze) e il numero dei ricoverati crolla. Molti morti, anche di 40 anni, avevano una storia di febbre alta per 10-15 giorni non curata adeguatamente. Qui l’infiammazione ha distrutto tutto e preparato il terreno alla formazione dei trombi. Perche il problema principale non è il virus, ma la reazione immunitaria che distrugge le cellule dove il virus entra. Infatti nei nostri reparti COVID non sono mai entrati malati di artrite reumatoide! Perche fanno il cortisone, un potente antinfiammatorio!
Pertanto, in Italia ospedalizzazioni si riducono e sta diventando una malattia che si cura a casa. Curandola bene a casa eviti non solo ospedalizzazione, ma anche il rischio trombotico. Non era facile capirlo perché i segni della microembolia sono sfumati, anche all’ecocardio. Ma questo week end ho confrontato i dati dei primi 50 pazienti tra chi respira male e chi no e la situazione è apparsa molto chiara. Per me si può tornare a giocare e riaprire l’attività commerciali. Via quarantena. Non subito. Ma il tempo di pubblicare questi dati. Vaccino può arrivare con calma. In America e altri stati che seguono la letteratura scientifica che invita a NON usare antinfiammatori e’ un disastro! Peggio che in Italia. E sono farmaci vecchi e che costano pochi euro.”
(Associated Medias – Red/Giut)
———
3) 追記
これ↓はどうも違う、ということのようです。
FDAが、COVID-19への非ステロイド性抗炎症薬（NSAIDs）使用について助言, 2020年4月1日
本当にいいですね 原点回帰っぽさと4〜5枚目あたりの路線の複合って感じがあってサイコー
わりと静か目に始まる一曲目。静かとはいえシットリ系ではなく、むしろテンポはかなり早め。抑えた歌い方をしてる。
サビのリズム感は2ndの”I can’t win”を彷彿とさせる(わざと？)。あの曲すげえ好きなんだよなあ〜〜
正直まだあんまり良さがわかってないけど、ストロークスは聴いてるうちに分かることが多いので期待！
まず曲名がカッコいいよね
ネットリ系の暗い曲。全体に音は高めで4th以降の路線っぽい。
中盤以降の歌い上げ→yeah-eahの流れが気持ちいい！
その後にくる低音パートもいいっすね〜ジュリアンさんの声の良さがすごい
“No lessons learned“みたいな英語好きなんだよなあ カッコいい構文…
最後にイェーって二回言って終わるのもイイ！
明るいし音圧もあるしで結構華やかな感じの曲
“One shot is never enough”って歌い出しが印象的でいいですねえ
“Break”って言って本当にブレイク(音が消えるやつ)が入るのもケレン味あっていいゾ〜
サビのギターもいい ギターとボーカルの絡みはストロークス最大の魅力だからな
途中で入る”on and on and…"もいい フックがある
先行配信もされていた名曲(PVが意味不明ですごい https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5fbZTnZDvPA)
それこそ往時のストロークスを思わせる原点回帰型の曲で本当にいい
ドラムとギターのイントロを聴いただけでワクワク感がすごい これは凄いですよ
2フレーズめの"Moscow, 1972”からしてシビれるね 英語は年号を歌うだけでカッコいいからずるいんだよな 「せんきゅうひゃくななじゅうにねん」と"Nineteen seventy-two"の差よ…
サビのわかりやすさもいい メイキンバッディシジョーンを繰り返すもんだから数回聞けば耳に残る しかも繰り返すだけじゃなくてyeahとかah-ohみたいなのを細かく混ぜて飽きさせない工夫もある この70〜80年代みたいな茶目っ気がいいんだよなあマジ ジュリアンさん………
Cメロはギターの絡みがいいっすねえ 左と右で違うギターにボーカルも加わってもう最高や
最後の方、わりとボソボソ歌った後突然でかい声でイェーイって繰り返す部分もいい
ラストのラストでギターのアルペジオ(？)だけになって終わるのもいいですね
夏、日本人にとってはクソ暑い最悪の季節ってイメージの方がでかい(偏見)けど、欧米人は最高のサマーシーズンみたいに感じてそう(偏見)でムカつく
この曲もそういう欧米の夏って感じのチル感みたいなのがある ムカつく！お前も40度・湿度70%↑のサマーを体験してみろ 二度とエターナルサマーなんて言えなくなるぞ
曲としては箸休め的な感じなのかな ゆったりしていますね 高音のギターが印象的 でもこういう曲こそ後から一番好きになったりするので怖い
これも先行配信されてた！相変わらず全く意味不明のPVですごい
これはわりとスローテンポで5thとか、あるいはソロプロジェクトとかのノリっぽい 壮大な感じですね
パイプオルガン的な音とか加工バリバリのコーラスとかが入ってて面白い
この曲が暫定1位！
なんと言っても中盤以降のギターとボーカルの絡みが本当にいい メロウな感じの歌とピロピロしたギターの相性が最高
ナナナナ…みたいな部分もあってナナナが好きな俺歓喜 ラララよりナナナのほうがテンション上がるよね
ラストにかけてのI stay hungry連呼がカッコ良すぎる そこからのギターもまた良く、繰り返しのようでちょいちょい変化を入れてくるそのバランスが最高
あと締め方もいい！曲の良さの5割は締め方で決まるからな フェードアウトで晩節を汚しウンコ曲となることも多い中この締め方は本当にいい 不自然さ・唐突さがないのにサッパリ感もある最高の終わり方 100点
また暗い感じだ
ゆっくり歌いながらだんだんテンションを上げていく感じの曲で、各番のラストあたりはジュリアンさんのデカい声が堪能できる ええ声してんなあ！
渋い曲です
イントロが変！
またゆっくりした感じの曲 ストロークスも歳とって落ち着いたということか
メロウで心地よい感じでラストにいいですね とは言いつつもけっこう力の入ったボーカルでもあり素敵
a PDF cropper (and a fork of the original Briss project) that can rearrange two-column documents, trim excessive margins and other similar feats. The classic use case is converting two-column to single-column documents; this is a "1/2-up" conversion, i.e. the opposite of the familiar "two pages per sheet" (or 2-up) layout for printing. Cutting up columns, however, yields tall and narrow portrait documents that are even harder than normal portrains on many devices. That's why I favour a 1/4-up conversion (tear apart the columns, and also divide each column vertically), possibly followed by 2-up multiplexing (the end result being a landscape document with a single original column per page — the top half of the original on the left and the bottom half on the right). Another good layout is cutting a portrait document's pages into 3 landscape strips (e.g. for devices with low resolution).
so I created a fork on Github called briss2. Besides fixing a few annoying problems, this version adds tools for partitioning the page into crop rectangles more easily (with optional overlap — to handle split lines), as well as creating reproducible layouts. The current version scratches most of my itches (I also had an undo/redo implementation that was unfortunately lost in a crash) — which is why patches (or pull requests) are welcome.
その１https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20200327214055
12 Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura is one of the few professionals of mathematical models of infectious diseases in Japan, and it is well known that his ability is outstanding. However, many people don't understand mathematical models themselves (I must confess that I can't say that I understand all of the findings because I'm not a professional of mathematical models either), so his findings and comments are easily deified. Because the contents of the mathematical model are a complete black box to many people, it makes it seem like the oracle is coming out like a shrine's oracle. Much of Japan's infection control policy relies on the Nishiura theory. So there is nothing wrong with that, but one of the problems in Japan is that there is no plan B in case plan A goes bust. Dr. Nishiura is an excellent scholar. It is not God. Hence the need to have that Plan B with the possibility of making a mistake. I am greatly concerned that bureaucrats and politicians who are prone to infallibilism will mistake science for an oracle. It is only when falsifiability is assured that science can continue to be scientific.
感想：おみくじと神託が同じoracleだったので変な文章になったが直していない。
13 数理モデルは演繹法の活用産物である。演繹法は帰納法やアブダクションで補完するのが、学問の基本であり、臨床医学の常識である。演繹法的にどんなに正しく見えても実はそれは違っていた、ということはこの業界ではよくあることなのだ。ヘーゲルやマルクスのような巨大な知性でも演繹法オンリーでは間違うのである。
Mathematical models are the product of deductive methods. The deductive method is complemented by the inductive or abduction method, which is the basis of scholarship and the common sense of clinical medicine. It's a common occurrence in this industry that no matter how deducibly correct it may seem, it's actually not true. Even a huge intellect like Hegel or Marx can make a mistake by deduction alone.
感想：「蓋を開けてみれば」を「実はそれは」に変更した。
14 モデルを使うな、といっているのでは決してない。ぼく自身、モデルを用いて論文を書く。しかし、モデルは無謬ではなく、そこには前提である仮定があり、仮定はしばしば間違っている。グラム染色を活用するとは、グラム染色にできないこと、分からないことを知悉していることであり、グラム染色万能論者にグラム染色は使えない。同じことだ。英国でも数理モデルは活用されているが、だからこそ英国人はその結語には非常に懐疑的で、常に反論、異論が起きている。健全で科学的な態度である。
I'm not saying don't use the model at all. I myself write a paper using a model. However, the model is not infallible, there are assumptions that are assumptions, and the assumptions are often wrong. Making use of Gram's stain means having full knowledge of what Gram's stain cannot do and does not understand, and Gram's stain cannot be used by Gram's stain universalists. It's the same thing. Mathematical models are also utilized in the UK, which is why Brits are very sceptical of their conclusions, and there are always counter-arguments and objections. It is a sound and scientific attitude.
感想：「前提たる仮定」がうまく訳せていなかったので「前提である仮定」にしたが、assumptions that are assumptionsになってしまった。
「英国人は」がないと主語がIになってしまったので追加した。しかしBritsじゃ意味違うよ。もっと正しく訳してくれない？
15 Japan's "now" is a well-controlled state of infection, which is much better than Wuhan at its worst, or Italy, Spain, France, England, or New York at the present time. The problem is that it doesn't guarantee that it will "always work".
16 懸念されるのは東京だ。感染報告が増えたことだけが問題なのではない。クラスターを形成できない、トレースできない感染者が増えているのが問題である。そして、その陽性患者数に比べて検査数がずっと少ない。47人の感染者を捕捉するために100人未満（陽性者の検査日が不明だが、おそらくこのへんだろう）しか検査していないのは少なすぎる。
It is Tokyo that is of concern. The increase in reports of infection is not the only problem. The problem is that more and more infected people are unable to form clusters and cannot be traced. And the number of tests is much lower than that number of positive cases; it's too little that they only tested less than 100 people (the date of testing for the positives is unknown, but it's probably around here) to capture 47 infected people.
Again, it's not necessary to figure out all the infected people. However, it is troubling that the flow of infection, movement and clusters are out of sight. Therefore, the threshold for testing must be lowered in Tokyo. The threshold for testing varies with the circumstances. That's what I explained with the Korean example. Sticking to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's "standards" will lead to a misunderstanding of the phenomenon itself. Already in the Kansai region, infected people have been found with taste and smell abnormalities, and clusters have been detected from there. I would like to make more use of the athletic sensibilities of these clinicians. I'm not sure "where" in Tokyo is the barrier to lowering the number of inspections, but that barrier needs to be removed immediately.
感想：「捕捉するのに」を「捕捉するために」に変更した。多分これでいいと思う。思いたい。
アスチュートがathleticになっているのはどう反応したらいいかわからない。
17 This conceptual diagram that everyone is looking at - lowering the peak of the infection and shifting it to the side. This is all a product of deduction, and I don't know if it's really true. As mentioned above, the UK estimates already suggest that this is not enough. It is possible that the damage that was shifted to the side could simply be "extra-long damage".
18 そして、ここが肝心なのだが、ピークを下げるという理念が、「ピークを下げなければいけない」という観念になり、「ピークは下がっているはずだ」という確信になり、「ピークは起きていないんだ」という自己暗示に転じてはいけないということだ。プランAに固執する日本あるあるの失敗のパターンで、ダイヤモンド・プリンセスでは「二次感染が起きてはいけない」が「起きているはずがない」に転じてノーガード下船を許してしまった。「ピークが起きてはいけない」が「ピークなんて見たくない」にならないように現実を見据える必要がある。たとえ、それが我々の見たくない不都合な真実であったとしても。
And this is the key point: the idea of lowering the peak should not become the notion that the peak must be lowered, or the belief that the peak must be lowered, or the self-implication that the peak is not happening. In a pattern of Japanese failure to stick to Plan A, Diamond Princess allowed no-guard disembarkation by changing "secondary infection should not occur" to "it can't have happened". We need to keep our eyes on reality so that "peak shouldn't happen" doesn't become "I don't want to see a peak. Even if it is an inconvenient truth that we don't want to see.
感想：mustが違う文脈で二回出てきている。よくわかるように変更したいものだ。
カギカッコがないとうまく訳せなかったので追加しているが、なぜかカッコ閉じるがいくつか抜けている。この箇所以外にも抜けがある。
19 Repeatedly. It's common knowledge in this industry that deductive methods are complemented by inductive methods. Nevertheless, PCR is often false-negative and has little power to determine the status of infection. That's why "testing everything" is so wrong. However, a serum test measuring immunoglobulin IgM and IgG would provide a more accurate picture of the "status of infection in the population. This, however, is not infallible. It is difficult to use for individual cases because it misses early infection, which is why it misses early HIV infection.Whether antibody testing is useful in individual cases remains to be tested, but it is well suited for epidemiological studies on a population basis. Roughly speaking, we can confirm whether the "infection is rampant" in Tokyo right now, or whether it's just an unfounded fear.
前例としては、ロンドンの血清検査で09年パンデミックインフルエンザが従来予測の10倍起きていたことが血清検査でわかっている。抗体検査はアウトブレイクのあとで事後的に行うことが多いが、慢性的パンデミックになりつつあるCOVID-19については、「今」こそが検証のポイントといって良い。
As a precedent, serology tests in London showed that the 2009 pandemic flu was 10 times more likely than previously predicted. Antibody testing is often performed after an outbreak, but now is a good time to examine COVID-19, which is becoming a chronic pandemic.
感想：「前例はあって」を「前例としては」に変えた。「前例はある。なおかつロンドンで〜１０倍起きていた」になってしまったからだ。
20 英国はさらにアグレッシブだ。家庭で抗体検査を行い、「感染者である」とわかればそれを自宅での自己隔離の根拠に使おうというのだ。ロックダウンが起きている中で、検査陰性は「自己隔離不要」を意味しないため、その戦略に欠陥はある。が、考え方としては「感染全体を抑え込みたい」というもので、検討の価値はあると思う。
The UK is even more aggressive. The idea is to test for antibodies at home, and if they are found to be infected, they will use it as a basis for self-isolation at home. That strategy is flawed because with the lockdown in place, a negative test does not mean "no self-sequestration". However, the idea is that we want to control the infection as a whole, and I think it is worth considering.
21 東京でどのくらいの感染が起きているか、帰納法的確認は必要であり、有用だ。その結果がどうなるかは預言者ではないぼくには分からない。が、どんな結果が出てきても、それを受け入れ、場合によっては自説を変えて、プランBに移行することにも躊躇しない態度が科学者には必要だ。科学者は、首尾一貫していないことにかけて、首尾一貫していなければならないのだ。形式においては首尾一貫していなくても、プリンシプルやプロフェッショナリズムにおいて一貫しなければならないのだ。事実に誠意を。
Inductive legal confirmation of how many infections are occurring in Tokyo is necessary and useful. I'm not a prophet, so I don't know what the outcome will be.However, no matter what the outcome, scientists need to accept it and not hesitate to change their thesis and move on to Plan B in some cases. Scientists have to be coherent in their inconsistencies.They may not be coherent in form, but they must be coherent in principles and professionalism. Good faith in the facts.
感想：首尾一貫という言葉を使いすぎて文章をアホっぽくしてしまったが他にいい方法が思いつかない。朝三暮四は理解してくれなかった。「自説を曲げ」は「自説を変えて」に変更した。
文章はもう少し整形できると思うがとりあえずこれで。
みなさんこんにちは。
過去1週間で、COVID-19のケースが急速にエスカレートしました。
現在、中国よりも他の地域で多くの症例と死亡が報告されています。
また、学校を閉鎖したり、スポーツイベントやその他の集会をキャンセルしたりするなど、社会的距離の測定が急速に拡大していることも確認しています。
しかし、テスト、隔離、および連絡先の追跡における緊急の十分なエスカレーションは確認されていません。これは、応答のバックボーンです。
社会的距離測定は、伝播を減らし、医療システムが対処できるようにするのに役立ちます。
ひじに手を洗って咳をすることで、あなた自身や他の人のリスクを減らすことができます。
しかし、彼らだけでは、このパンデミックを消すのに十分ではありません。違いを生むのは組み合わせです。
私が言い続けているように、すべての国は包括的なアプローチをとらなければなりません。
しかし、感染を防ぎ、命を救う最も効果的な方法は、感染の連鎖を断ち切ることです。そして、それを行うには、テストして分離する必要があります。
目隠しされた火と戦うことはできません。そして、誰が感染しているかわからなければ、このパンデミックを止めることはできません。
テスト、テスト、テスト：すべての国に簡単なメッセージがあります。
検査結果が陽性の場合、それらを隔離し、症状が発現する2日前までに密接に接触していた人を見つけ、それらの人も検査します。[注：WHOは、COVID-19の症状を示す場合にのみ、確認されたケースの連絡先をテストすることを推奨しています]
毎日、世界的な需要を満たすために、より多くのテストが作成されています。
WHOは120か国にほぼ150万のテストを出荷しています。私たちは企業と協力して、最も困っている人のためにテストの可用性を高めています。
WHOは、感染を予防し、適切なケアを提供するために、確認されたすべての症例は、軽度の症例であっても、医療施設で隔離されるべきだと助言しています。
しかし、多くの国がすでに専用の医療施設で軽度の症例をケアする能力を超えていることを認識しています。
そのような状況では、国々は高齢の患者と基礎疾患のある患者を優先すべきです。
いくつかの国では、スタジアムとジムを使用して軽度の症例をケアし、重症で重大な症例を病院でケアすることで能力を拡大しています。
別の選択肢は、軽度の病気の患者を自宅で隔離して世話をすることです。
感染した人を自宅でケアすることは、他の人を同じ家庭に危険にさらす可能性があります。そのため、できる限り安全にケアを提供する方法について、介護者がWHOのガイダンスに従うことが重要です。
たとえば、患者と介護者の両方が同じ部屋にいるときは、医療用マスクを着用する必要があります。
患者は、他の人とは別の寝室で寝て、別の浴室を使用する必要があります。
一人の患者、理想的には健康で基礎疾患のない人をケアする人を割り当てます。
介護者は、患者またはその身近な環境に触れた後、手を洗う必要があります。
COVID-19に感染した人は、気分が悪くなった後でも他の人に感染する可能性があるため、これらの対策は症状が消えてから少なくとも2週間は継続する必要があります。
===
繰り返しますが、重要なメッセージは、テスト、テスト、テストです。
これは深刻な病気です。私たちが持っている証拠は、60歳以上の人が最も危険にさらされていることを示唆していますが、子供を含む若者は死にました。
WHOは、子供、高齢者、妊婦のケア方法に関する具体的な詳細を含む新しい臨床ガイダンスを発行しました。
これまでのところ、先進的な医療システムを備えた国で流行が見られました。しかし、彼らも対処するのに苦労しています。
ウイルスが低所得国に移動するにつれて、HIV感染率の高い人口や栄養失調の子供たちにウイルスが与える影響について深く懸念しています。
だからこそ、私たちはすべての国とすべての人に、感染を止めるためにできる限りのことをするよう呼びかけています。
手を洗うことは、感染のリスクを減らすのに役立ちます。しかし、それは連帯の行為でもあります。なぜなら、あなたのコミュニティや世界中の人々に感染するリスクを減らすからです。自分のために、他の人のために。
また、医薬品などの不可欠なアイテムを買いだめすることを控えることにより、連帯を表現するよう人々に求めます。
買いだめは薬や他の必須製品の不足を引き起こし、苦痛を悪化させる可能性があります。
COVID-19連帯対応基金に貢献したすべての人に感謝します。
金曜日にローンチして以来、110,000人を超える人々が約1,900万米ドルを寄付しました。
これらの資金は、診断テスト、医療従事者向けの消耗品の購入、研究開発の支援に役立ちます。
貢献したい場合は、who.intにアクセスして、ページ上部のオレンジ色の「寄付」ボタンをクリックしてください。
また、社会のさまざまな部門が集まっていることにも感謝しています。
これはSafeHands Challengeから始まりました。このチャレンジは、有名人、世界のリーダー、そしてあらゆる場所で手を洗う方法を示す人々を魅了しました。
今日の午後、WHOと国際商工会議所は、グローバルなビジネスコミュニティに共同で行動を呼びかけました。ICCは、従業員、顧客、地域社会を保護し、不可欠な物資の生産と流通をサポートするために、4500万を超える企業のネットワークに定期的なアドバイスを送信します。
ポールポルマン、アジャイバンガ、ジョンデントンのサポートとコラボレーションに感謝します。
また、WHOはGlobal Citizenと協力して、世界中の主要なミュージシャンとの一連のバーチャルコンサートであるSolidarity Sessionsを立ち上げています。
===
今後数日、数週間、数か月は、私たちの決意のテスト、科学への信頼のテスト、そして連帯のテストになります。
このような危機は、人類に最高と最悪をもたらす傾向があります。
私と同じように、バルコニーから医療従事者を称賛する人々のビデオや、地域の高齢者のために食料品の買い物をすることを申し出ている人々の物語に感動したと確信しています。
人間の連帯というこの驚くべき精神は、ウイルス自体よりもさらに感染力を高めなければなりません。しばらくは物理的に離れていなければならないかもしれませんが、これまでにない方法で一緒に集まることができます。
私たちは皆一緒にいます。そして、私たちは一緒にしか成功できません。
ありがとうございました。
WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 16 March 2020
16 March 2020
In the past week, we have seen a rapid escalation of cases of COVID-19.
More cases and deaths have now been reported in the rest of the world than in China.
We have also seen a rapid escalation in social distancing measures, like closing schools and cancelling sporting events and other gatherings.
But we have not seen an urgent enough escalation in testing, isolation and contact tracing – which is the backbone of the response.
Social distancing measures can help to reduce transmission and enable health systems to cope.
Handwashing and coughing into your elbow can reduce the risk for yourself and others.
But on their own, they are not enough to extinguish this pandemic. It’s the combination that makes the difference.
As I keep saying, all countries must take a comprehensive approach.
But the most effective way to prevent infections and save lives is breaking the chains of transmission. And to do that, you must test and isolate.
You cannot fight a fire blindfolded. And we cannot stop this pandemic if we don’t know who is infected.
We have a simple message for all countries: test, test, test.
If they test positive, isolate them and find out who they have been in close contact with up to 2 days before they developed symptoms, and test those people too. [NOTE: WHO recommends testing contacts of confirmed cases only if they show symptoms of COVID-19]
Every day, more tests are being produced to meet the global demand.
WHO has shipped almost 1.5 million tests to 120 countries. We’re working with companies to increase the availability of tests for those most in need.
WHO advises that all confirmed cases, even mild cases, should be isolated in health facilities, to prevent transmission and provide adequate care.
But we recognize that many countries have already exceeded their capacity to care for mild cases in dedicated health facilities.
In that situation, countries should prioritize older patients and those with underlying conditions.
Some countries have expanded their capacity by using stadiums and gyms to care for mild cases, with severe and critical cases cared for in hospitals.
Another option is for patients with mild disease to be isolated and cared for at home.
Caring for infected people at home may put others in the same household at risk, so it’s critical that care-givers follow WHO’s guidance on how to provide care as safely as possible.
For example, both the patient and their care-giver should wear a medical mask when they are together in the same room.
The patient should sleep in a separate bedroom to others and use a different bathroom.
Assign one person to care for the patient, ideally someone who is in good health and has no underlying conditions.
The care-giver should wash their hands after any contact with the patient or their immediate environment.
People infected with COVID-19 can still infect others after they stop feeling sick, so these measures should continue for at least two weeks after symptoms disappear.
Visitors should not be allowed until the end of this period.
There are more details in WHO’s guidance.
===
Once again, our key message is: test, test, test.
This is a serious disease. Although the evidence we have suggests that those over 60 are at highest risk, young people, including children, have died.
WHO has issued new clinical guidance, with specific details on how to care for children, older people and pregnant women.
So far, we have seen epidemics in countries with advanced health systems. But even they have struggled to cope.
As the virus moves to low-income countries, we're deeply concerned about the impact it could have among populations with high HIV prevalence, or among malnourished children.
That’s why we’re calling on every country and every individual to do everything they can to stop transmission.
Washing your hands will help to reduce your risk of infection. But it’s also an act of solidarity because it reduces the risk you will infect others in your community and around the world. Do it for yourself, do it for others.
We also ask people to express their solidarity by refraining from hoarding essential items, including medicines.
Hoarding can create shortages of medicines and other essential products, which can exacerbate suffering.
We’re grateful to everyone who has contributed to the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund.
Since we launched it on Friday, more than 110,000 people have contributed almost 19 million U.S. dollars.
These funds will help to buy diagnostic tests, supplies for health workers and support research and development.
If you would like to contribute, please go to who.int and click on the orange “Donate” button at the top of the page.
We’re also grateful for the way different sectors of society are coming together.
This started with the SafeHands Challenge, which has attracted celebrities, world leaders and people everywhere demonstrating how to wash their hands.
This afternoon WHO and the International Chamber of Commerce issued a joint call to action to the global business community. The ICC will send regular advice to its network of more than 45 million businesses, to protect their workers, customers and local communities, and to support the production and distribution of essential supplies.
I’d like to thank Paul Polman, Ajay Banga and John Denton for their support and collaboration.
WHO is also working with Global Citizen to launch the Solidarity Sessions, a series of virtual concerts with leading musicians from around the world.
===
This is the defining global health crisis of our time.
The days, weeks and months ahead will be a test of our resolve, a test of our trust in science, and a test of solidarity.
Crises like this tend to bring out the best and worst in humanity.
Like me, I’m sure you have been touched by the videos of people applauding health workers from their balconies, or the stories of people offering to do grocery shopping for older people in their community.
This amazing spirit of human solidarity must become even more infectious than the virus itself. Although we may have to be physically apart from each other for a while, we can come together in ways we never have before.
We’re all in this together. And we can only succeed together.
So the rule of the game is: together.
Thank you.
単純に言えば、どんなリョナなやレイプものを作っても見ても、犯罪者にならない人は元からならないし、
こういう生きるためにパンを盗んだとは明らかに違う問題(生まれつきの性質)に対しては
これからは逃げないでしっかりと向き合っていかなければいけない。特性大事
サイコパスだって巷で言われていることが「やっべ、ちゃんと再調査したら違ったわ、てへぺろ」って日常だからな
例
↓
［適当な訳］
アスリートでもないのに心拍数が低いのはサイコパスの傾向があるよ
脳と自律神経の働き方に特徴があり、恐怖や興奮などの刺激が感じにくいのではと考えられているよ
Am I a psychopath? You asked Google – here’s the answer
If you’re not an athlete, and your heart rate is lower than average, you may be interested to discover that bradycardia, as it’s known, is more strongly correlated with psychopathy than smoking is with lung cancer.
That doesn’t mean everyone with a slow heart rate is a psychopath, but a very high percentage of psychopaths have slow heart rates.Why on earth would that be the case?
It turns out that there are a number of physiological traits strongly linked to psychopathy, including tell-tale patterns of activation in the brain and autonomic nervous system.
One theory is that psychopaths inherit a set of genes that make it harder to experience fear or excitement.
↓
［適当な訳］
今までの研究のサンプル数が少ないのでやり直してみたら、サイコパス は特別に心拍数が低い とか無かったよ
Resting heart rate and psychopathy: Findings from the Add Health Survey
引用元：
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205005v3
Despite the prior linkages of low resting heart rate to antisocial behavior broadly defined, less work has been done examining possible associations between heart rate to psychopathic traits.
(中略)
No significant relationship between heart rate and psychopathic traits, or heart rate and a measure of cold heartedness, was found after controlling for age, sex, and race.
岩田さんがCCJの記者会見で主張していたCDCに必要なものと、日本の官僚組織との差異を書く。まずは下記が記者会見における記者からの質問と岩田さんの答えである。
質問: Do you think of the problem that you saw on the ship originated from was it because of the bad examples of a scientific decision making in terms of the crisis management that was happening on the ship?
答え: The simple answer is the lack of CDC as I said before. Why the situation inside that cruise ship had an inadequate infection prevention? I think (this) is because of the lack of principle. The infection prevention is a principle, and the principle will lead to the procedure not the other way around.
The principle will never be given by the bureaucrats, because they never had infection prevention training, they don't have an experience, and they don't have a system. CDC has should have all of these.
質問：You have argued Japan need something like a CDC. Could you elaborate more about your argument? What shortcoming do you see in the current system in Japan?
答え：For CDC, you need to have a concrete, separate, independent system among experts who can make a dicision in responding to these infectious disease epidemics. This has to be proffesional, they need to have an authority, they need to have an autonomy, and they need to have a clear independence. There should not be any cross-cutting from anybody from the backyard, because I've seen many things that are decided behind the scene.
この会見から、いまの官僚組織の問題点は下記が含まれる可能性がある。
CDCに官僚が入ると何がダメなのか。官僚の持つ悪い特徴は下記のとおりである。
上記の特徴から、官僚が組織に入った瞬間に非科学的な、空気を読んだ、防御的な、ただしもっともらしい類の行動が実施される。今回のクルーズ船対応はまさにその通りである。下記にいくつか非科学的な判断が官僚によってなされた例をあげる。
何度か繰り返していますが治癒証明や退院基準に検査陰性２回のルールは今すぐ改め、退院後の自宅療養期間など時間を根拠にしたほうがいいです。検査はウイルスの非存在を証明しませんし検査キットや人員を枯渇させます。皆の納得安心ではなく論理、合理、科学、そしてサステイナビリティを根拠にすべき— 岩田健太郎 Kentaro Iwata (@georgebest1969) February 21, 2020
次に言ってきそうなのは空間的ゾーニングは出来てないけど時間で分けてたというやや苦しい意見ですがちょうど写真にあつた空間にPPE来た人とマスクのクルー（感染してるかも）と背広の方が同時に同居してました。それで気絶しそうなショックを覚えたのです。— 岩田健太郎 Kentaro Iwata (@georgebest1969) February 20, 2020
消毒スペースがきれいか汚いかの区別がついていないから、防護衣が意味があるのかないのかも分からない。レッドなら意味があり、レッドから防護衣着てグリーンに入ると防護衣が感染を広めてしまう。自衛隊の落ち度ではありません。こういうのはプロが教えてあげないと。 https://t.co/kcO0X7fYCj— 岩田健太郎 Kentaro Iwata (@georgebest1969) February 18, 2020
今日、厚労省のSBさんに言ったこと。「無症候者のPCRは検査の無駄遣いです。すぐに止めるべきです」SBさん「でも、周囲が納得しない」。周囲の納得を科学に優先させるから子宮頸がんも無視状態になったのです。そして誤ったPCR解釈を根拠にCOVID感染は更に広がる。誰も責任を取らない。— 岩田健太郎 Kentaro Iwata (@georgebest1969) February 18, 2020
いくらCDCがないとはいえ、もうすこしマシかと思っていました。気を失いそうになるくらい愕然とし、２０年以上の医者人生でこれくらい自分の感染リスクを強烈に感じたことはありません。アフリカのエボラ対策でも北京でSARSに立ち向かってたときもここまで恐くはありませんでした。DMAT気の毒です。— 岩田健太郎 Kentaro Iwata (@georgebest1969) February 18, 2020
https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20200219071929
コピペありがとう。英文として読めるように、文字起こし完成の作業をしている。終わったらここに貼りつけるね。→作業完了したから、この下に貼りつける。
英語版 文字起こし (自動生成）のコピペを、英語として読める文章にした。いくつか聞き取れていないところがあるので、わかる人がいたらトラバで教えてほしい。聞き取れていないところは「(inaudible01)」みたいに番号をふって記載してあるので、その番号を書いてトラバしてもらえると嬉しい。→20日朝、元動画がユーザーにより削除されていることを確認。よって、聞き取れなかった数か所はそのまま放置となります。あいすみません。
あと、増田って脚注使えないんだっけ((脚注のテスト))? いくつか注入れたいところがあるのだが、無理っぽいのでアナログな手法を取ることにした。若干読みづらいかもしれないが堪忍してほしい。
追記: Twitterで書いたんだけど、わざわざ時間を割いて（2時間くらいかかった）この作業をしたのは、YouTubeの自動生成字幕の、8割くらいは合ってるんだけどあとはめちゃくちゃという文面が善意で拡散されることを防ぎたかったため。元の主張を拡散したかったのではなく、誤った情報（変な英語）が拡散されるのを防ぎたかったのです。その点、ご理解をよろしくお願いします。
ソース動画: ※ユーザーにより削除済み（2020年2月20日朝確認）
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtHYZkLuKcI
Diamond Princess is COVID-19 mill. How I got in the ship and was removed from it within one day. - 2020/02/18, kentaro iwata
Hello. My name is Professor Kentaro Iwata. I am a specialist of infectious diseases at Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
Today I entered into[sic]*1 the cruise ship the Diamond Princess, which is, erm, bombarded by a lot of COVID-19 infeciton right now.
And I was removed from the ship on the same day and I'm gonna talk to you why this happened.
I was very concerned of the number of the people who got infected with the COVID-19 disease infections. Then I was wondering why this is[sic](was)*2 happening. I wanted to enter into the cruise ship and wanted to be useful in helping to containing infection there.
I spoke with several people and finally one officer at working for Ministry of Health and Labor called me yesterday, saying that well you can come and enter into a cruise ship and do the infection control works.
And I said fine then I prepared my stuff and I did all the paperworks and arrangement and got onto the Shinkansen from Kobe to Yokohama.
On the way to go to Yokohama I got another call from the same officer, saying, "Somebody didn't like me. So you can't get into the cruise ship." He was not able to say who, and he was not able to say why, but certainly some power over him affected his decision and I was blocked from entering into the ship.
Then after several discussions he found another way that if you could come as a DMAT member, you can come into the the cruise ship. DMAT is the disaster management medical team in Japan and usually deals with a disaster not infectious diseases, but because of the lack of the people who could help people inside a cruise ship to get out of the ship, or the managing of people, and so on, DMAT was requested to enter into the cruise ship.
Because my specialty is not disaster management, so I was not very happy about that, but because we had no other way I said, "Fine, I'll do that."
Additionally, I got another call that some people didn't like me getting into the cruise ship present even as a DMAT member. So another discussion happened then the I waited about one hour in Shin Yokohama Station, and finally the officer find a way. [He said] that "If you work for DMAT not as an infection prevention specialist but as an ordinary routine DMAT officer working under (inaudible01) DMAT doctor doing a routine job, then you could come into the cruise ship."
I was not very happy with that decision, but because there's no other way, so I said, "Fine, I'll get into the ship."
I entered the ship. Then I found the chief officer of the DMAT and spoke with him. I said, "Well I was assigned to the DMAT members (inaudible02) out whatever you want to say." Then he said, "Well, you don't have to work DMAT work because that's not your specialty. You are an infection prevention specialist, so why don't you do the infection control." Then I said, "Fine, I spoke with the superior of him who is[sic](was) in charge of the all the DMAT operations, and he also said, "You are an infection control person, so you should do infection control." I said, "Fine." But he said, "Well, you shouldn't be here as a DMAT member. You should come as (inaudible03) infection control specialist." He was not very happy about that while I was inside the DMAT. But because that was not my decision, there was no other way. So I said, "Well I have to do it."
I looked into the several places inside the ship and it turned out that the cruise ship was completely inadequate in terms of infection control.
There was no distinction between the Green Zone, which is free of infection, and the Red Zone, which is potentially contaminated by the virus.
So the people could come and go, (inaudible04) a PPE, off PPE. Crews were just walking around, the officers of the Ministry Health and Labor were walking around, DMAT people were walking around, psychiatrists were walking around.
And people were eating on the one plate. People were wearing PPE and off PPE, and eating lunch with their gloves on, and just dealing with the smartphone with full PPE, so it was completely chaotic.
And some crews had a fever. They went to the medical center while wearing N95 masks. But he didn't have any protection between his room and a medical room.
And the medical officer was not protecting herself. And she was very unhappy, saying that well she was already infected. I'm sure about that. She was completely giving up protecting herself.
Anyways I (have) dealt with a lots of infections (for) more than twenty years. I was in Africa dealing with the Ebola outbreak. I was in another country dealing with the cholera outbreak. I was in China in 2003 to deal with the SARS, and I saw many febrile patients there. I never had fear of getting infection myself for Ebola, SARS, (and) cholera, because I know[sic](knew) how to protect myself and how to protect others, and how the infection control should be. So I could do the adequate infection control; protect myself, and protect others.
But inside (the) Princess Diamond, I was so scared. I was so scared of getting COVID-19 because there was no way to tell where the virus is. No Green Zone, no Red Zone. Everywhere could have the virus and everybody was not careful about it.
There was no single professional infection control person inside the ship. And there was nobody in charge of infection prevention as a professional. The bureaucrats were in charge of everything.
I spoke with the head officer of the Ministry of Health and Labor and he was very unhappy with my suggestion of protecting DMAT people and other staffs so that no other secondary transmission would occur.
Then after several hours of talking to people and finding problems, I found a lot of issues there. For example, informed consent of getting a PCR from the people in the ship whereas(? inaudible05) on a paper, and that paper was going back and forth, back and forth with the room of the infection from the paper, by touching there[sic](it). So I suggested that maybe it's better to abandon the paper-type informed consent but rather getting the informed consent verbally would be more protective, and so on and so on.
I think I was reasonable. I never yell at anybody, I never criticize anybody personally, but I was trying to be constructive that we try to seek the constructive but immediate improvement to protect everybody inside the ship.
※このあたりから、独自に聞き取っておいてから字幕と照らし合わせるという方法に切り替えたので、ことばとことばの間のandなどを書かない頻度が増えます。
Then about five o'clock, the person from the quarantine office came in and approaced. (He) said, "Well you have to be out because you'll not be allowed inside the ship." Because I was inside the ship as a temporary officer of the quarantine. Apparently my bank(? inaudible06) was removed by somebody, and nobody said who, and then I was out.
The officer who offered me the job of infection control said he was sorry. Then I asked him, "So what do you wanna do? Do you want to infect everybody in the ship? It will be thousands of people who could potentially get COVID-19.
I don't criticize DMAT people. They were infection control specialists. Society of Infection Prevention entered, a lot of specialists came in, but they spent only a few days and they left. And they said they were fearful of getting infections themwelves.
I share the same fear. Because I'm in the same room now, and I separated from my family, I'm very scared of getting infection myself and I'm very scared of infecting my family too.
I'll be out of my medical services at Kobe University Hospital for maybe next two weeks to avoid further infections to occur. That is very likely to occur if you keep zero infection control inside the ship, the Diamond Princess, like this.
You might know that there is no CDC*3 in Japan, but I thought there must be some specialists called on and was[sic](were) in charge of infection control in ship. It's not expecting[sic](expected) (that) nobody was a professional infection control specialist, and (that) only the bureaucrats were doing the jobs, completely layman's work, violatiing all the infection control principles and risking people inside (of*4) further infections, so I'm not very surprised to see many new positive PCR to be broadcasted every day.
Hundreds of people got infected and a lot of people from outside Japan decided to take the people away from the ship and bring them to their home countries by airplane and offered them another 14 days of quarantine. I hope this will be an opportunity to raise a question (about) what is happening inside the ship.
I wish all the international bodies to request Japan to change. I wish everybody to call for the protection of people inside the Diamond Princess. Otherwise there'll be far more infections for passengers, for crews, for DMAT members, for psychiatrists, for officer(s) of the Ministry of Health and Labor. DMAT members consist of nurses and doctors and that they will go back to the hospital they work routinely and they might infect their patients further to spread the disease. I can't bear with it. I can't bear with it.
I think we have to change. We have to do something about these crews and we have to help people inside the ship, their safety and their life.
Again, I am Professor Kentaro Iwata, infectious disease specialist. Thank you for listening.
【注】
＊1: enterは他動詞なので本来はintoは不要。クソリプのような語注だが、英語教材屋なのでそこはすまん。今回は、原文尊重（編集を加えないこと）の観点からそのままintoをつけておくことにした。
＊2: 時制の一致でwasにしたほうがよいところ。これ系の文法ミスはほかにもごく少数含まれているが、原文尊重（編集を加えないこと）の観点から、そのまま文字起こしして、より望ましいと思われる語形をカッコで書き添えるようにした。本来、何も書かずにサクッと直すようなところだが、今回は編集者の処理が見えるようにすることが重要と考えた。
＊3: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 米国の政府機関。
＊4: risk ～ of ... という構文はたぶんないと思うが、書かれた言葉としてはここに何かないと文意が成立しないと思うので、便宜上ofを補っておく。
BBCが岩田教授にインタビューして、日本語記事を英語に先行して出しているので見るとよいと思う。このYouTube動画で説明されていなかった具体的なことも記者との質疑応答で説明されている。映像3分17秒。
感染症の専門家、客船内の感染対策を批判 BBCが取材: https://www.bbc.com/japanese/video-51556982
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtHYZkLuKcI
Diamond Princess is COVID-19 mill. How I got in the ship and was removed from it within one day.
kentaro iwata
00:00
hello my name is professor control yatta
00:04
I am a specialist of infectious diseases
00:07
at Kobe University Hospital kobe japan
00:11
today i entered into the guruship
00:16
diamond princess which is bombarded by a
00:21
lot of copied 19 infection right now and
00:24
I was removed from the ship on the same
00:27
day and I'm gonna talk to you why this
00:31
happened I was very concerned of the
00:34
number of the people who got infected
00:36
with copy 19 disease infections then the
00:40
I was wondering why this is happening I
00:43
wanted to enter into the cruise ship and
00:46
wanted to be useful in helping to
00:49
containing infection there I spoke with
00:53
several people and finally the one
00:55
officer at working for Ministry of
00:59
Health and Labor called me yesterday
01:02
saying that well you can come and enter
01:04
into a cruise ship and do the infection
01:06
control works and I said fine then I
01:08
prepared my stuff and II did all the
01:12
paperwork's and arrangement and they got
01:16
in onto the Shinkansen from Kobe to
01:18
Yokohama all the way to go to Yokohama I
01:20
got another call from the same officer
01:21
say that somebody didn't like me
01:25
so do you can't get into the cruise ship
01:28
the he was not able to say who and he
01:32
was not able to say why but certainly
01:35
01:37
affected his decision and I was blocked
01:41
from entering into the shape then after
01:44
several discussions he found another way
01:46
that if you could come as a woman
01:48
team-up member you can come in at into
01:51
the cruise ship Jima is the disaster
01:53
management medical team in Japan and
01:55
usually deals with disaster not
01:58
infectious diseases but because of the
02:00
lack of the people who could help people
02:02
inside a cruise ship to get out of the
02:05
ship or the managing of people and the
02:08
swansong limit was requested to enter in
02:12
the cruise ship because my specialty is
02:16
not a disaster management so I was not
02:18
very happy about that but because we
02:20
have no other way I said fine I'll do
02:22
that
02:23
additionally I got another call that
02:26
some people didn't like me getting into
02:28
the cruise ship present even as a team
02:30
at members ODI another discussion
02:33
happened then the I rated about our one
02:38
hour in shin-yokohama sessions and
02:40
finally the officer find a way that if
02:42
you work for Team act not as an
02:45
infection prevention specialist but as
02:47
the ordinary routine diamond officer
02:51
working under wounded team at doctor
02:53
doing a routine job then you could come
02:56
into the cruise ship I was not very
02:59
happy with that decision but because
03:02
there's no other way so I said finding
03:04
out get into the ship I entered the ship
03:07
then I found the chief officer of the
03:11
d-mat and spoke with him I said well I
03:15
was assigned to the d-mat members or the
03:17
out whatever you want to say they he
03:19
said well you don't have to work team at
03:22
work because that's not your specialty
03:23
and you are an infection prevention
03:26
specialist so why don't you do the
03:27
infection control then I said fine I
03:29
spoke with the superior of him who is in
03:33
charge of the ultimate operations and he
03:36
also said that you are infection control
03:38
person so you should do infection
03:39
control I said fine but he said well you
03:42
shouldn't be here as a d'emic member you
03:46
should come as the along to infection
03:47
control specialist he was not very happy
03:49
about while I was inside a demon but
03:54
because that was not my decision there
03:56
was no other way Sophie I said well I
03:58
have to do it
03:59
I looked into the several places inside
04:03
the ship and the turned out that the
04:07
cruise ship was completely inadequate in
04:10
terms of the infection control there was
04:15
no distinction between the Green Zone
04:18
which is the free of infection and the
04:20
04:22
contaminated by Paris so the people
04:25
could come
04:26
and go welding a PPE of PPE crews were
04:32
just walking around and the officers of
04:36
ministry the house and the labor was
04:38
walking around d-mat people are walking
04:40
around psychiatrists are walking around
04:42
and people were eating on the one
04:45
players people were wearing PPE and off
04:49
PPE and eating lunch with a club song
04:52
and just dealing with the smartphone
04:56
with full PPE so it was completely
04:59
chaotic and some crews had a fever they
05:06
went to the medical center while wearing
05:08
and nike5 masks but he didn't have any
05:11
protection between his room and a
05:14
medical room and the medical officer was
05:17
not protecting herself and that she was
05:20
very happy saying that well she was
05:24
already infected I'm sure about that
05:26
so the she was completely giving up
05:30
protecting herself
05:32
anyways I dealt with a lots of
05:36
infections more than twenty years and I
05:39
was in Africa dealing with the Ebola
05:41
outbreak I was in another country is
05:44
dealing with the kalila outbreak I was
05:48
in China in 2003 to deal with the sauce
05:52
and I saw many febrile patient there I
05:55
never had fear of getting infection
06:00
myself for Ebola SARS cholera because I
06:07
know how to protect myself and how to
06:12
protect others and how the infection
06:15
control should be SOT I could do the
06:18
adequate infection control protect
06:21
myself and protect others but inside
06:24
princess diamond I was so scared I was
06:29
so scared of getting copied 19 because
06:33
there was no way to tell where the virus
06:36
06:39
everywhere could have Barris and
06:41
everybody was not careful about it there
06:45
was no single professional infection
06:47
control person inside the ship and that
06:49
there was nobody in charge of infection
06:52
prevention as a professional the
06:53
bureaucrats were in charge of everything
06:55
and I spoke with the head officer of the
06:59
Ministry of Health on labor and he was
07:01
very happy with my suggestion of
07:04
protecting Deemer people and other
07:06
staffs so that no other secondary
07:09
transmission to occur then after several
07:13
hours of talking to people and finding
07:16
problems I found a lot of issues there
07:19
for example informed consent of getting
07:23
a pcr from the people in the ship
07:26
whereas on a paper and that paper was
07:30
going back and forth back and forth with
07:34
the room of the infection from the paper
07:36
by touching there so I suggested that
07:38
maybe it's better to abandon the paper
07:42
type informed consent but resolutely
07:44
07:46
probably would be more protective so on
07:49
so on so yeah I I think I was reasonable
07:53
and I never yell at anybody and I never
07:56
criticize anybody personally but I was
07:59
trying to be constructive but we try to
08:01
seek the constructive but immediate
08:05
improvement to protect everybody inside
08:09
the ship then about five o'clock the
08:13
person from the quarantine of his came
08:15
in and approached said well you have to
08:17
be out because you will not be allowed
08:20
to insert a shape because I was inside
08:23
ship as the temporary officer of the
08:26
crown quarantine that he apparently my
08:31
my bank was removed by somebody and then
08:35
nobody said who that the I was out and
08:39
the officer who offered me the job of
08:43
infection control said he was sorry then
08:45
I asked him so what do you want to do
08:48
then do you want to infect everybody in
08:49
the ship it will be your thousands of
08:52
people who could
08:53
potentially get Kovac 19 i don't
08:58
criticize diamond people they were not
09:00
infection control specialists Society of
09:04
infection prevention entered the a lot
09:12
of specialists came in but they spend
09:16
only a few days and to left and they
09:19
said they were fearful of getting
09:20
infections and cells I share the same
09:23
fear because I'm in the same room now
09:26
and I separated from my family I'm very
09:31
scared of getting infection myself and
09:34
I'm very scared of infecting my family
09:37
too I'll be out of my medical services
09:41
at Culver University Hospital for maybe
09:44
next two weeks to avoid further
09:47
infections to occur that is very likely
09:51
09:55
infection control inside the ship that
09:58
brings us like this you might know that
10:02
there is no CDC in Japan but I thought
10:05
there must be some specialists called
10:08
on and was in charge of infection
control in ship it's not expecting
10:14
nobody was professional infection
control specialist and the only the
10:21
bureaucrats were doing the jobs
completely layman's work in the bio
10:27
letting all the infection control
10:29
principles and the risking people inside
further infections so I'm not very
10:36
surprised to see many new positive PCR
10:41
to be broadcasted every day hundreds of
10:44
people got infected and the lot of
10:47
people from outside Japan decided to
10:49
take the people away from the ship and
10:53
bring them to their home countries by
10:56
airplane and offered them another 14
10:59
days of current I I hope this will be
11:04
the opportunity to
11:07
raise a question what is happening
11:08
inside ship I wish all the international
bodies to request Japan to change I wish
11:16
everybody to call for protection of
people inside the diamond princess
11:26
otherwise though we far more infections
for passengers for clues for demon
11:34
members for psychiatrist for officer of
11:37
the Ministry of Health and labor d-mat
11:40
member consists of nurses and doctors
11:43
and that they will go back to the
11:44
hospital they work routinely and it's a
11:47
much infected their patients further to
11:50
11:53
I can't bear with it I can't bear with
11:56
it I think we have to change we have to
12:00
do something about these crews and we
12:05
have to help people inside the ship
12:08
their safety and the life again I am
12:15
professor can't order an infection this
12:18
infectious disease specialist thank you
12:21
for listening
ICEは効率の点ではEVに遥かに及ばないよ。印象だけでは語るとデマになるので、少し計算した方が良い。
原油⇒精製(90%)⇒輸送(98%)⇒エンジン(30-40%)⇒変速機(80-90%)
=20%-35%程度
一番の問題は、熱機関は最良でもカルノーサイクルの壁を超えられないこと。つまり入力と出力の温度差による限界が来るわけ。
エンジンの素材は金属なので、良くても数百度とかにしかできないわけで、予算度外視でどんなに効率をよくしても量産車で60%に至ることはありえない。
エンジンはアルミか鉄なわけで、そこまで高温にできない。それで30-40%止まりと言うわけ。最近50%近いエンジンができたーとか言うニュースもあるが、もう熱力学上、天井は見え始めている。これは物理学なので、どうしようもならない。
(ちなみに、燃焼温度を上げると今度はNOxなどの問題が顕在化してくる。そのため、むしろEGRなどにより温度を下げるのがトレンド。エンジン開発はいろいろなトレードオフなのだ。)
ディーゼルエンジンは効率が比較的高く、CO2の排出もガソリンエンジンよりも少ないとされるが、NOx/PMなどの排出が多い問題がある。NOxについてはマツダが頑張って尿素SCRなしのエンジン作ったけど、結局、PMについては、DPFを用いて微粒子を捕獲している。そのDPFの煤焼き運転必要だったりするので、その分の燃料は無駄になるわけだよね。
で、エンジン車の問題として、トルクバンドが上のほうにあるので、クラッチ、トルクコンバーター等と変速機が必ず必要となる。その際にロスが出てしまう。AT/MT/DCTは段数が少ないとパワーバンドを生かしきれない。段数が多いと重い。CVTは滑るし、CVTフルードは温まるまで粘度が高くてロスになる（ダイハツはCVTサーモコントローラーとかで頑張ってるけど）。
エンジンの熱効率が50%に達したという記事（JSTの「革新的燃焼技術」）で反論する方がいらっしゃるが、そのエンジンは実験室の563cc単気筒エンジンだ。もちろん単気筒なんて自動車では振動などで使い物にならないから、最低でも3気筒からとなる。そうしたときに、気筒が増えて動弁系などのフリクションの発生によって効率は下がるはずなので、そのまま量産車に適用することは難しい。実用車では気筒数増加による動弁系の負荷、オルタネーターなど補機系の負荷などもかかってくることも頭に入れておきたい。
日産が45%のエンジンを開発しているとの記事もあるが、これはe-Powerの「発電専用」エンジンだ。ハイブリッドなので、こういう芸当が可能だ。
45%からは数%上げるだけでも相当血のにじみ出るような開発の労力がいるだろう。
燃焼温度はアルミや鋳鉄の融点よりも遥かに高いと言う指摘があった。その通りです。
しかし、熱力学を説明したかっただけで、例えば入口・出口の温度差を数万度にしたならば、熱効率はかなりのものとなるが、そんなものは物性的に不可能ということを示したかった。
原油⇒火力発電(超臨界発電) 50-60%⇒送電 (95%) ⇒バッテリへ充電(90%)⇒変換(96%)⇒モーター(95%)
=39-45%
PHEV, BEVの場合、上に示したうちで一番効率の悪い「火力発電」の部分を再生エネルギーや水力に転嫁することで、CO2削減を目指せる。もちろん、原発にしてもCO2は減らせる。
なお日本の火力発電所のSOx/NOx排出は海外に比べてもとても少なく、優秀である。
発電所の部分では、現状でも50-60%の効率は稼げる。なぜ熱機関なのにここまで効率が出せるかと言うと、巨大なプラントで高温に耐えるコストの高いタービンを回してるから。
それによって熱機関の効率が高められるから。車のエンジンは小さくてスケールメリットが働かないよね。でも発電所レベルなら巨大で、コストも充分かけられるのでこう言う芸当ができる。
で、電気の輸送に関しては送電線なので一度つなげたらしばらくはCO2を出さない。送電の効率も超高圧送電(100万ボルト以上)によって高まっている。
また、インバーターとかモーターに電気を流す部分はパワーデバイス(GaN等)の発展によってどんどん効率が上がっている。
なお、モーターのトルク特性としてエンジン車のように変速は不要のため、クラッチ・トルコン・変速機などによるロスはない。将来、インホイールモーターが実用化されれば、モーター→タイヤへの伝達効率はさらに上昇する。
ちなみに、xEVは回生充電もできるために、ブレーキ時に運動エネルギーがICEほど熱に変わらない。
（一方ICEはエンジンブレーキを使ったとしてもエネルギーに変えているわけではないので（多少オルタネータの充電制御は入るが）、ブレーキ時には運動エネルギーを熱にしてしまう。せっかく石油を燃やして運動エネルギーを得たのに、そのエネルギーを回収しないで熱に変えるわけ。）
まあxEVが回生できるとはいえ回生時にパワーデバイスとかの充電ロスがあるから、実はコースティング（回生も何もしない）で空走した方が距離を稼げる。なので、前の信号が赤にかわったとき、EVに関していえば、ブレーキも何も踏まないで空走状態を維持し、空気抵抗だけで0kmにするのが一番効率が高い。まあ、そんなことしていたらノロノロすぎてウザがられるので、妥協点として回生ブレーキを使ってちょっとはロスするけど、エネルギーを回収しながら止まるってことだね。
（ICEだと、エンジンブレーキを積極的に使って、ブレーキを踏まない運転を心がければ良い。やってはいけないのは、Nに入れて空走すること。Nに入れるとエンジンはアイドリングを維持するために燃料を消費する。ギアを入れたままエンジンブレーキをかけると、その間は燃料噴射をやめても回転が維持できるので、エンジンは燃料噴射をやめて、実質消費はゼロとなる。）
バッテリーの製造時の負荷は確かに高い。しかし、製造には電気を使っているので、電力構成によりCO2の排出は変わる。つまりグリーンなエネルギーを使えば問題なくCO2を減らせると言うこと。
なお id:poko_pen がマツダのWell-to-Wheel理論を持ち出しているが、あれば古い時代のバッテリー製造時のCO2データを使っていて、CO2排出を過大評価している。最近のテスラのLi-ion電池工場では、再エネを利用して製造しているのでCO2は少なくできる。こうした、製造時のCO2排出の問題は工場や電源構成をアップデートしていけば減らせる問題だ。
（マツダはBEVよりもICE派で、SPCCI（圧縮着火）とかで頑張ってるから、バイアスがかかってるのは仕方ないと思うね。私は内燃機関とデザイン周りで頑張るマツダは大好きだけど、SKYACTIV-Xが思ったよりも微妙だったから株売っちゃったわ。）
Li-ion電池に10%含まれるリチウムは、採掘時に水を大量に使ったりする問題はある。ただ、これは「製造時」に限った話であり、内燃機関を使うたび、原油のために油田をあちこち掘り返したり、オイルタンカーが座礁して原油を撒き散らしたりするのに比べれば遥かにマシというものだろう。
xEVには必要となる貴金属類には依然として供給リスクとか採掘時の「児童労働」とかの問題を孕んでいる。ここら辺は全世界的に解決するしかなさそう。需要が増えれば、世界の目がこう言う問題に向くはずなので、我々技術者はそれを期待するしかない。
例えば沖縄は石炭火力の比率が高いため、EVの効率を持ってしてもCO2の排出がHVとかより高くなる。しかし、それ以外の都道府県ではICEよりBEVの方がCO2が低い。原発が動いていない現時点でもね。
PHEVはもちろんICEより遥かにCO2を出さないが、BEVには勝てない。ただ、電力構成によっては逆転もありうるが、ほとんどの都道府県ではBEVの方がCO2を出さない。
(追記: anond:20200211034316 に FCEV vs BEV の効率比較を書いた)
燃料電池車に関していえば、無用の長物と言える。水素を製造する場合にも電力が必要だが、まあこれを再エネで行ったとしても、水素の輸送とタンクに注入する際の水素の圧縮時のロスは非常に大きい。その圧縮の際に再エネを使ったとしても、結局そのエネルギーでBEVを充電した方が効率がいいのだ。
そもそもBEVならば、送電線さえあればいいわけで、わざわざ水素のように輸送する必要がない。
また燃料電池は化学反応なので、アクセルレスポンスが遅いと言う欠点があり、反応のラグを補うために燃料電池車には結局バッテリーが積まれている。
ただ、航続距離は長いために、俺は現代におけるタクシーとかのLPG車みたいに細々と残るとは思う。航続距離が重要なトラックやバス、タクシーなどには燃料電池が使われるかもしれない。
効率以外にも、めんどくさい高圧タンクの法定点検とか、割と問題は多い。水素ステーションは可燃性の水素を貯蔵するわけだから、EVの充電スタンドよりも法的なめんどくささがあるのも確か。
これは燃料電池車より論外。カルノーサイクルに縛られてしまうので、電気分解よりも効率が悪くなる。水素の使い方としては燃料電池よりも悪い。
再エネは不安定と言われる。確かに自然相手なので、予測も難しい。しかし将来的にEVが普及すれば、EVをバッファとして利用することで、不安定さを吸収しグリッドを安定させられる。
これは再エネを導入する動機にもなる。職場に着いたらEVにCHAdeMOを挿しておいて、電力の需給バランスに応じて充電開始、とかが普通になるかもね。
BEVは寒さに弱い。リチウムイオン電池の特性上、寒くなると容量が可逆的ではあるが減る。そのためテスラにはバッテリーヒーターが搭載されている。（ちなみに、寒いノルウェーでもテスラが爆売れしているし、なんと新車の半分くらいの売り上げがBEVという。もはや寒さは問題ではないのかも？（まぁ優遇政策があるからだけどね））
FCEVも寒いと反応が弱まって出力が減るので、そこらへんは考慮されている。
一方ICEも、冬になると燃費が悪化するとされる。US DoEによると、理由は、オイルの粘度低下、温度上昇までの暖機、ガソリンの配合が夏と違う（日本でも同じかは謎）など。他には空気密度によるエアロダイナミクスの悪化とかがあるがこれはEVでも同じだ。オイルなどが原因となって燃費が悪化するのはICE特有だろう。
BEVはまた暑さにも弱い。Li-ionは熱によって不可逆的なダメージを受けて、寿命が縮む。そのためテスラにはエアコンを利用する水冷バッテリークーラーが搭載されている。リーフは空冷で、これが問題だったのか、劣化の問題でざわついていたリーフオーナーも多かった。今は改善されているらしい。
URLを多く貼るとスパム認定されるから貼れないけど、US DoEとかCARB、日本だと日本自動車研究所あたりの公開資料を見ればソースに当たれる。
一つだけ、EV vs ICEの効率について、13分程度で詳説してある動画のURLを貼っておく。英語で字幕もないが、割と平易なので、見てみてほしい。論文ソースは動画の中でよく書かれている。
「製造時の負荷」「化石燃料の発電でEVを使うのは利点あるのか？」「リチウム採掘の負荷」の3つで説明されている。簡単に箇条書きにすると：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RhtiPefVzM
前述のようにマツダはEVと自社のICEについて、Well-to-Wheelでライフサイクルアセスメントで比較している。その比較におけるLi-ion製造時のCO2排出量のデータだが、2010年〜2013年のデータとなっており古い。しかも、Li-ion製造時のCO2の排出量は研究によってばらつきが大きく、いろいろな見方があり正確性があまりないのが現状。また現状を反映していないと考えられる。例えばテスラ「ギガファクトリー」のように太陽電池をのせた自社工場の場合などについては考慮されていないのが問題だ（写真を見ると良い、広大な敷地がほとんど太陽光で埋まっている）。
また、マツダの研究はバッテリー寿命を短く見積りすぎている点で、EVのライフサイクルコストが大きく見える原因となっている。テスラのようにバッテリーマネジメントシステム（BMS）がしっかりとしたEVは寿命が長く、またLi-ionの発展によって将来は寿命を伸ばすことは可能だろう。事実、今まで電極や電解質の改善によってサイクル寿命は伸びてきた。
テスラは現時点で最も売れているわけだし、このことを考慮しないのは少々ズルいと言える。
"Why Hydrogen Engines Are A Bad Idea" でYouTube検索したらわかりやすいが、噛み砕くと
あと補足すると「エンジン」は爆発によるエネルギーを使っているが、全てを使い切れていないこと。十分に長いシリンダーを使って、大気圧まで膨張させるならエネルギーをかなり取り出せるが、そんなものは実用上存在できないので、爆発の「圧力」を内包したまま、排気バルブを開けることになる。この圧力をターボチャージャーで利用することも可能ではあるが、全て使い切れるわけではない。
あーでも、水素エンジンのメリットが1つあった。燃料電池(PEFC)は白金を必要とするため Permalink | 記事への反応(7) | 01:34
宗教の自由は保証しつつも宗教的考えは排していくのが現代人やろ？
Wait, isn't most religion cool with asexuality?
(略)
Anyone conservative, whether secular or otherwise, is bound to oppress anything new and different. I don't think religions in themselves oppress asexuals, but religions very often, and very happily, oppress new and alien ideas. Not all, of course, which is why I'd say the biggest problem comes from right-wing Conservatives, and generally Conservative people.
(略)
Traditionally, people marry, have sex, and produce offspring. So asexuality is alien and therefore not traditional. Conservatives often don't much like it when people leave tradition behind, I have noticed.
https://www.asexuality.org/en/topic/114234-wait-isnt-most-religion-cool-with-asexuality/
