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はてなキーワード: veryとは
結構前に使った時は意味不明な文章になっている事が多くてあまり使えるものじゃ無かったが
今使ってみると逃げろを走れと訳すなどややニュアンスが違う部分もあるけど全体としては日本語としてそれほど不自然ではなく
ニュースの自動翻訳などではその内容が割りと分かるくらいのレベルにまでなってて驚いた
バベルの塔の完成は近いのかも知れない
Automatic translation function installed on Youtube
When I used it quite a while ago, the sentences were often incomprehensible, so it wasn't very useful.
When I try to use it now, there are some parts where the nuances are slightly different, such as when I translate "run away" as "run," but overall it's not that unnatural as a Japanese word.
I was surprised that the automatic translation of news has reached a level where I can easily understand the content.
かなり前に使ったときは文章が意味不明なことが多くてあまり役に立ちませんでした。
今使ってみると、「runaway」を「逃げる」と訳すなど、若干ニュアンスが異なる部分もありますが、全体的には日本語としてはそれほど不自然ではありません。
ニュースの自動翻訳が内容を容易に理解できるレベルに達していることに驚きました。
バベルの塔も完成に近づいているのかもしれない。
フラナリーやマーカス、スコットらに倣えば、最近まですべての階級社会における中心的な政治闘争は、誰が土地を耕し、誰が食料を手に入れるかをめぐるものだった。グレーバーとウェングローの見方は異なる。彼らにとって中心的な問題は権力であり、中心的な敵は国家である。そのため、彼らはいくつかの点で階級を無視している。これは彼らがアナーキストだからではない。ほとんどのアナーキストは、常に階級と権力を同時に重視することができる。
しかし、『万物の黎明』における省略は重要である。グレーバーとウェングローは、合意的で参加型の集会を支持する議論を推し進めようと躍起になっているように見えるが、そのために私たちに一連の謎を残している。4つの簡単な例を挙げれば、その問題がよくわかるだろう。
著者たちは、都市における国家に先行することが多い、村落における階級格差の拡大には関心がなく、その文献を否定している。また、小王国、領主、爵位にも興味がない。中央集権的な大国家が存在しなければそれでいいのだ。私たちは、複雑な採集民に関する彼らの説明の中に、このような紆余曲折をいくつか見てきた。このようなことは、他の多くの例にも現れている。
インダス川沿いの古代都市モヘンジョ＝ダロでは、約4万人が階級的不平等も国家もなく暮らしていた。
そして彼らは、ヒンドゥトヴァ派の歴史家たちと同様に、モヘンジョ＝ダロは実際に南アジアのカーストに沿って組織されていたと示唆する。しかし、グレーバーとウェングローは、これは平等主義的なカーストであったと言う。最初は驚かされるが、彼らが言いたいのは、王のいないカーストの不平等は容認できるということである[11]。
彼らは一貫して伝統的な王権の力を最小限に抑えている。ミシシッピ川流域のナチェズ王国がその好例である。グレーバーとウェングローは、太陽王の権力と凶悪な残虐性は彼の村の外には及ばなかったと言う。しかし実際には、ナチェズは白人のプランターに奉仕する奴隷貿易における主要な地域勢力であった[12]。
グレーバーとウェングローは、残酷な人身御供の祭りが世界中の初期の州で見られるという重要な事実を正しく強調している。数十人から数百人が生け贄にされ、その多くは戦争捕虜や若い女性、貧しい人々であった。
彼らは当然憤慨している。しかし、これらの生け贄の目的は、敵である他国の人々を恐怖に陥れることであったとも感じている。それとは対照的に、私たちは、流血の主な目的は、流血の実際の聴衆である、残酷な地方国家の臣民を恐怖に陥れることだったと考えている。
実際、このような残酷さが、それぞれの国家の初期の歴史に特徴的なのはそのためだろう。国家の正当性がまだ弱く、恐怖が最も必要とされていた時代である。国家権力が強化されるにつれて、戦乱や敵対は続くものの、壮大な犠牲が消えていくのもそのためだろう。
集会そのものも重要な最後の例である。グレーバーとウェングローは、古代メソポタミアの王国や国家における都市集会の力を極めて正しく指摘している。彼らは、これは王がすべての権力を持っていたわけではないという証拠だと言う。これは正しい。これらの王国で階級闘争が止まっていたと考えるのは、よほどナイーブでなければならないだろう。
しかし、グレイバーとウェングローは飛躍する。彼らは、これらの都市議会は、参加型民主主義を掲げる「占拠せよ！」やその他の社会正義運動の集会に似ていると指摘する。
古代メソポタミアでは、参加型民主主義のいかなる形態についても、これといった証拠はない。しかし、他の階級社会における都市全体や全国的な議会については、膨大な証拠がある。そのどれもが、富裕層や有力な一族によって支配されていた。古代スパルタでは地主が支配していた。ローマの元老院も同様だった。ジョン王や男爵家もそうだった。そしてごく最近まで、ヨーロッパのすべての議会の有権者は富裕層に限られていた。
この近視眼は重要である。他の多くの人々と同様、私たちは王国や国家を、不平等な社会における支配階級がルールを強化し、強制するために集まる方法として理解している。『万物の黎明』では、そのプロセスは目に見えない。
グレーバーとウェングローは怒っている。この怒りには、私たちのようにグローバルな不平等に絶望し、グローバル・エリートの政治を憎み、気候の混乱を恐れる読者を喜ばせるエネルギーがある。
多くの点で、彼らの本は新鮮な風を吹き込んでくれる。そして私たちは、既存のすべての国家に対する敵意を共有している。しかし、今後、気候変動を食い止めるためには、階級と環境の中心的重要性を含む人間の条件に関する理解が必要である。
[1] Fredrich Engels, 1884, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. The book was revived as a key text by socialist and Marxist feminists in debates about women’s liberation. Pace the 19th century social Darwinism which clearly took a lead from the Old Testament, it is now quite clear that both pastoralism and slash and burn agriculture appeared after, and not before, the advent of settled agriculture.
[2] Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, 1911; Claudia Ruth Pierpoint, ‘The Measure of America’, 2004; Ned Blackhawk and Isaiah Lorado Wilner, Indigenous Visions: Rediscovering the World of Franz Boas, 2018; Rosemary Lévy, Franz Boas: The Emergence of the Anthropologist, 2019.
[3] Very good examples of this work include Sara Hdry, Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding, 2005; Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Old Way, 2001; two articles by Steven Kuhn and Mary Stiner: ‘What’s a Mother To Do’, 2006 and ‘How Hearth and Home Made us Human’, 2019; Loretta Cormier and Sharon Jones, The Domesticated Penis: How Womanhood has Shaped Manhood, 2015; a key paper by Joanna Overing, ‘Men Control Women? The “Catch-22” in the Analysis of Gender’, 1987; two books by Christopher Boehm: Hierarchy in the Forest and the Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior, 1999, and Moral Origins, 2012; every book by the primatologist Frans de Waal; the two chapters by Brian Ferguson in Douglas Fry, ed., War, Peace and Human Nature, 2013; Richard Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, 2010; and two books by the trans biologist Joan Roughgarden: Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender and Sexuality in Nature and People, 2004, and The Genial Gene: Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness, 2009.
[4] Our favourites among the ethnographies of our near contemporary hunter-gatherers are Marjorie Shostack, Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, 1981; Jean Briggs, Inuit Morality Play: The Emotional Education of a Three-Year-Old, 1998; Phyllis Kaberry, Aboriginal Women: Sacred and Profane, 1938, Karen Endicott and Kirk Endicott: The Headman was a Woman: The Gender Egalitarian Batek of Malaysia, 2008; Richard Lee, The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society, 1978; and Colin Turnbull, Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies, 1978.
[5] Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus, The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistorical Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery and Empire, 2012; and James C. Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland South-East Asia, 2009; Scott, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States, 2017. Martin Jones, Feast: Why Humans Share Food, 2007, is also very useful.
[6] Edmund Leach had made a similar argument in 1954 in Political Systems of Highland Burma, and radically changed anthropology. For a brilliant ethnography of one group of anti-class hill rebels at the end of the twentieth century, see Shanshan Du, Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs: Gender Unity and Gender Equality Among the Lahu of Southeastern China, 2003. For Scott’s recent extension of his argument to ancient Mesopotamia, see Against the Grain.
[7] This is all succinctly described in Brian Hayden, ‘Transegalitarian Societies on the American Northwest Plateau: Social Dynamics and Cultural/Technological Changes,’ in Orlando Cerasuolo, ed., The Archaeology of Inequality, 2021.
[8] Start with Philip Drucker and Robert Heizer, 1967, To Make My Name Good: A Reexamination of the Southern Kwakiutl Potlatch; and Eric Wolf, Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis, 1999, 69-132.
[9] Jeanne Arnold, ‘Credit where Credit is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe’, 2007; and Lynn Gamble, The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade and Fighting among Complex Hunter-Gatherers, 2011.
[10] On the Calusa, see The Dawn, 150-2; Fernando Santos-Cranero, 2010, Vital Enemies: Slavery, Predation and the Amerindian Political Economy of Life, 2010; and John Hann, Missions to the Calusa, 1991.
[11] Rita Wright, The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy and Society, 2010; and Andrew Robinson, The Indus: Lost Civilizations, 2015.
[12] Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall, Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone, 2009; and George Edward Milne, Natchez Country: Indians, Colonists and the Landscape of Race in French Louisiana, 2015.
すまん。勝手に翻訳した。拡散はどうするかな。redditとかに投稿するのがいいのか?
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I have seen some posts asking if they should talk about "the case" even though they were not involved in it and were not born in Nagasaki or Hiroshima, and I am a bit aware of it, so I have to say what I have to say. I say this because I was born in Nagasaki, am a third generation atomic bomb survivor, and grew up hearing the stories of those who experienced the atomic bombing firsthand. I know it's a little bit too much for me, but I'm going to say this because there are very few survivors left.
In Nagasaki, children grow up hearing stories about the atomic bombing. They were stuffed into sushi for nearly an hour in the gymnasium of an elementary school in the middle of summer, with no air conditioner or fan, and told stories about the atomic bombing. That was a hard time for me. I think it must have been even harder for the old people who told the stories, but there was no way an elementary school kid could imagine such a thing, and I had forgotten most of the stories I had been told for a long time. I have forgotten most of the stories I was told. I can only remember one or two at most. There is one more hard thing. Every year around this time, a row of grotesque images that would drive the PTA crazy in other areas are prominently displayed in the hallways. These days, I hear that the atomic bomb museum has been bleached out and many of the radical and horrifying exhibits that traumatized visitors have been taken down. I don't know if they are still there, but they were there when I was in elementary school.
There was one photo that I just couldn't face when I was in elementary school. It is a picture of Sumiteru Taniguchi. If you search for it, you can find it. It is a shocking picture, but I would like you to take a look at it. I couldn't pass through the hallway where the photo was posted, so I always took the long way around to another floor of the school building to avoid seeing the photo.
Now I'm thinking that my grandfather, who headed into the burnt ruins to look for his sister, couldn't have turned away or taken a different path. There would have been a mountain of people still alive and moaning, not just pictures, and a mountain more who would have given up at the end of their suffering. He walked for miles and miles, towing his handcart through the narrow streets of rubble-strewn Nagasaki in search of his sister. My grandfather was not a child at the time, but of course there were children who did similar things. Not that there wouldn't have been. There were. I heard the story from him, and I still remember it. A young brother and sister found their father's body in the ruins of a fire and they burned it. They didn't have enough wood to burn his body, and when they saw the raw brain that spilled out, they ran away and that was the last time they ever saw him anymore.
I can never forget the story I heard when I was a kid, and even now it is painful and painful, my hands are shaking and I am crying. I keep wondering how the old man who escaped from that father's brain could have been able to unravel the most horrible trauma imaginable and expose it to the public with scars that will never heal.
Now I think I can understand a little.
The reason I can't help but talk about my grandfather and that old man, even if I have to rehash my own trauma, is that this level of suffering is nothing compared to the fact that their words will be forgotten. My hands shaking, my heart palpitating and dizzy, my nose running with tears, it's nothing compared to the tremendous suffering that was once there and will be forgotten.
My grandfather, who went through an unimaginable hell, lived to see his grandchildren born, and met his sister's death in the ruins of the fire. In other words, my grandfather was one of the happiest people in the ruins of the fire. My grandfather and that old man were, after all, just people wading in the depths of hell. I think that the suffering that even people who had experienced unimaginable pain could not imagine was lying like pebbles in Nagasaki 78 years ago, and no one paid any attention to it. Their suffering, which I can't even imagine, is nothing compared to the countless, tremendous suffering they witnessed, which they pretend never happened.
Memories fade inexorably every time people talk about them. The memories that those people could not allow to be forgotten are now largely forgotten; the tremendous suffering of 78 years ago is mostly gone, never to be recounted again. Those who suffered the most from the atomic bombing died rotting in the ruins of the fire, unable to tell anyone about it. Many of those who saw it with their own eyes kept their mouths shut and took it with them to their graves. Most of those who spoke a few words are now under the grave.
Compared to the words of the old men, my own words are so light. I would rather keep my mouth shut than speak in such light words. But still, someone has to take over. I realize that even my words, which are so light, are only the top of the voices that are left in this world to carry on the story of the atomic bombing. I know how it feels to wonder if someone like myself is allowed to speak about this. Still, I hope that you will not shut your mouth. This is the result of our silence.
Sometimes I almost choose to stop imagining the unimaginable suffering and live my life consuming other people's suffering for the fun of it. I am writing this while I still have some imagination of the suffering of the old people whose voices, faces, and even words I can no longer recall.
Translator's note: The original post in Japanese is a response to a post by a Japanese contributor who wondered if he was qualified to speak out on the subject of the A-bomb when he was not from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but still spoke out about Barbie and the A-bomb. I translated it here because I think it deserves to be read by the world.
原文
Japan review it's been a year since I
moved to Japan and I thought it made
sense to finally rate Japan I will talk
about things I like and the things I
don't like which seems to be the only
two options available if you have
so sugoi or did you know Japan is
actually really bad it's got a lot of
survival issues okay I will list one
good thing and bad thing and I will not
hold back there's no trash bins
I have to put in my pocket
oh
there's always these generic things that
you hear or yes when we you visit it's
kind of weird but then you realize it's
not a big deal anyway let's start off
with number one reason I like Japan
it feels like a giant playground no I
don't mean in the Logan Paul kind of
sense of doing whatever the hell you
want
but rather there's a infinite things all
right lazy feels like to explore and
experience and I've been here a year now
and I don't think I'm gonna get bored
anytime soon although I am having a
child so I don't know how much more I
but it really feels like a whole new
world and if you visited you can
probably relate to it and I'm glad that
even a year in it still feels incredibly
fresh and I even would say that you
realize that the best part of Japan
aren't the touristy places kind of
obviously but there are so many areas
that I found that I really enjoy
visiting and this is probably more
specific to me but you know Tokyo is
very busy and so many times I just catch
myself surrounded by what feels like
hundreds of people and they have no idea
everyone is just doing their own thing
now once it was staring at me no one's
following me no one's being weird you
guys are weird and I'm just kidding I
just love the feeling of being able to
exist in public and uh not worrying
about what everyone else is doing like
I've said this before but I genuinely
enjoy talking to fans or when people
approach me it always makes me happy but
it can be kind of frustrating to always
wanting to just do your own thing and
always be
you know so yeah let's move on to the
bad things of Japan number one reason
Japan is bad it's kind of a heavy
subject and I haven't seen anyone else
really talk about it it's not brought up
very often at least and that is cones
there's too many cones in Japan once you
see it you cannot unsee it they're
everywhere they say oh Japan has so many
vending machines there's like five per
there's more cones than people why are
there so many cones I need to know we
got the tall ones we got the small ones
we got the funny ones the cute ones the
sexy ones I do like those I just don't
understand that whoever plays these
cones think I'm just gonna barge through
oh thank God there's cones here
otherwise I had no idea what I was gonna
and I realized the cone history of Japan
stretches centuries okay if you played
Animal Crossing sometimes it's a
Japanese game so sometimes you get these
items right you're like oh that's kind
of weird I don't know exactly what that
is but it's probably something Japanese
and then you get the bamboo thing and
you're like what the hell is that what
am I even gonna do with that and then
you see it in real life here in Japan
you're like holy [ __ ] it's a cone that's
I feel like they are following me
I'm glad I was able to talk about this
I'm for one and willing to call out
Japan knock it off man no more cones
there's enough cones let me tell you
something even better than cones you may
have noticed new merch finally it's been
forever my mom came over she had
unofficial merge because I literally
have no other merch I've hadn't hadn't
merch I'm sorry Mom so we spruced up the
logo got a cool back design the team
that worked on it really truly
understand how my brand and I think they
did such a good job these pieces look
amazing and I think you guys are gonna
really like them as well these are
available for limited time only so make
sure you order now so excited to finally
have this merch available thanks to
amaze for making this happen we are
gonna have one piece that will stay on
the store so my mom will not buy the
wrong merch but for a limited time that
piece will be available in this color
off-white kind of color it looks really
nice and then after that you can still
get it but not in this color that's
you want this one yeah I get it
so yeah check that out if you're
interested I'm so happy about these
designs and I hope you guys would like
them as well all right reason number two
I like Japan yay when we first announced
that we were gonna move to Japan there
was so many people just saying how bad
Japan is actually did you know Japan is
really bad did you know this I have to
list all these reasons now because
everyone is like thing and then thing
Japan ah so I have to tell them and I
it's actually but one thing in
particular that people said was that old
people really don't like foreigners they
hate them so when I was gonna stop by to
say hi to our neighbors who was a little
older at least some of them I was
terrifying I heard all these stories you
know like what are they gonna do to us
so I had my guard up ready for the worst
and I was met with nothing but kindness
and welcoming and I felt like a total
dick for having this preconceived ideas
and just a side comment like yes there
are definitely probably people that
don't like foreigners and all that stuff
but I realized I should let my own
experience is dictate how I feel about
certain things maybe that's just
ignoring a problem I don't know it just
feels like it's a bad way to approach
life if you always have a negative
expectation you know it's smiling people
smiled back
thank you sometimes they don't and
that's okay you know anyway my point
being Japanese people are very in my own
experience
are very nice and friendly the majority
at least and yes even to foreigners I
feel like they are especially nice to
foreigners because they think we're like
a kid lost at Disneyland or something
I just asked for directions I didn't
need you to walk me for half an hour to
this specific place I was going but
thank you I appreciate it a lot of times
I go bouldering alone and there's always
other groups of people being supportive
and yelling like I'm about there like go
you can do it I love it I think it's
great you know or if you're small
talking with people people generally
want to communicate with you and I love
having those moments but of course
there's times where people are like oh
you're a foreigner I don't feel like
even trying
which again it's fine speaking of which
reason I don't like Japan number two
their language
I have lived here for a year and I'm not
fluent in Japanese
I am dumb I am very dumb I remember the
moment we moved here I had studied some
Let's test out this knowledge that I
have acquired let's go I'm just gonna
come in it's gonna be dangerous and you
enter a store for the first time and
they're like
what
what oh
what the classic the most common
experiences that you have aren't
necessarily what you're taught in the
textbook yay I know I think that's the
same for anyone learning a language for
the first time but don't even get me
started on the kanji main what the [ __ ]
is this I feel like Japanese is such a
hard language obviously but I don't
think people realize how hard it is at
least me personally because the more you
learn the more you realize you don't
know [ __ ]
for English speakers Japanese is
considered one of the most difficult
languages and because it's just so
different I listed it as bad because
that was my first kind of experience
with it coming here but the more I
interact with people the more it feels
like I'm unlocking new skills you know
oh I made a phone call for the first
time oh I could ask someone over the
phone I know big deal but it's like oh I
can actually do that or even just having
a small tiny yes shittiest conversation
with a stranger it's still something and
it feels good you start to all of a
sudden understand you know a movie if
you're watching oh I understand actually
what's going on here or I can play games
and kind of get what this they're saying
I have to look up words obviously but to
me all those new experiences that it
unlocks to me is very rewarding even
though it's such a challenge I would
actually now say it's a good thing I
played it on its head it was a good
thing all along but I obviously have a
and it just I don't think it will damage
time reason number three I like Japan
this is nothing to do with Japan to say
it's more related to me taking a more
relaxed approach to YouTube for my
entire 20s I did nothing but YouTube
that was my life and that's okay but I
also think it was a little toxic
probably you know if I wasn't making
videos I sure as hell was thinking about
making videos I uploaded videos during
and it feels really good to finally be
free from it you know and I can discover
other things in life there are other
things in life
a new hobbies and interest that I've
always wanted to do I can do and have so
much fun with it surfing I know I would
love for the longest time and I finally
get to do it and it's so [ __ ] amazing
I love learning new things anything that
isn't necessarily connected to all of
this on the internet and that is
something I'm very very grateful that I
discovered so yeah it's not really Japan
I could have done that anywhere but it's
largely why I enjoyed so much here
reason I don't like Japan number three
this is probably the most trickiest one
and it's the rules what are the rules
Japan has so many rules and it's a bit
conflicting for me to complain about
because a lot of the best stuff about
Japan not the best stuff but a lot of
the reasons why Japan works so well is
because of the rules you know the trains
are always on time things just work in
general it's hard to explain the streets
are clean people aren't loud in public
and so on and these are sort of societal
rules that make it happen more or less
but sometimes There are rules that just
don't make any sense and I have no
problem following rules as long as I
understand the reason for it you know
don't talk on the phone on the train
because it's generally annoying when
other people do that to you A lot of it
is just be thoughtful of other people
it's not just about you and that just
makes it more pleasant for everyone but
one rule is especially which I talked
about before is the fact that because of
kovid I'm not allowed to be in the
delivery room for our baby for more than
two hours that's because of covered
rules it just doesn't make sense to me
and I tell people about this like uh
family and friends and they're always
like well why don't you just ask them or
like why don't you talk to them I'm sure
you can there's got to be somewhere and
it's like no it's Japan okay there are
rules and people follow the rules for
better or worse you know so the more I
いわゆるトランス支持者の主張に、セックスはジェンダーに規定される、というトンデモ説がある
以下の論文で示されているが、「セックスにもジェンダーの部分もあるよ」という話が、誤訳によって「セックスもジェンダーである」という話にすり替えられている。
結局、誤訳によってものを考えているから、トランス支持者の主張は支離滅裂になるんである。
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsr/63/3/63_341/_article/-char/ja/
It would make no sense, then, to define gender as the cultural interpretation of sex, if sex itself is a gendered category. Gender ought not to be conceived merely as the cultural inscription of meaning on a pregiven sex(a juridical conception); gender must also designate the very apparatus of production whereby the sexes themselves are established.(Butler 1990: 10=1999)
2 文目に注目していただきたい.竹村和子の訳では「ジェンダーは,生得のセックス(法的概念)に文化が意味を書き込んだものだと考えるべきではない.ジェンダーは,それによってセックスそのものが確立されていく生産装置のことである」(Butler [1990]2000=1999: 29)となっている.しかし,竹村の訳から,merely とalso の意味が抜けていることは,バトラーがこの一文でおこなっていることを不明瞭にしてしまう.つまり,このように訳すべきなのだ.「ジェンダーは,『たんに』生得のセックス(法的概念)に文化が意味を書き込んだものだと考えるべきではない.ジェンダーはまた,それによってセックスそのものが確立されていく生産装置のことで『も』ある」
Fuck youという歌がある。良いので増田校歌に指定したい。
中身をあんたの中身を見てご覧なさいよ
そんでもってヘイトばっか
意地の悪いしょうもない人
考え方が中世な人
Fuck you! Fuck you, very very much!
あんたら全員頭にくる
Fuck you! Fuck you, very very much!
ほんでもう夜遅いから
The Sacrament—and the Sacrifice
Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
I pray for your faith and prayers that my utterances will be received and understood “by the Spirit of truth” and that my expressions will be given “by the Spirit of truth” so that we might all be “edified and rejoice together.” (See D&C 50:21–22.)
As I stand here today—a well man—words of gratitude and acknowledgment of divine intervention are so very inadequate in expressing the feelings in my soul.
Six months ago at the April general conference, I was excused from speaking as I was convalescing from a serious operation. My life has been spared, and I now have the pleasant opportunity of acknowledging the blessings, comfort, and ready aid of my Brethren in the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve, and other wonderful associates and friends to whom I owe so much and who surrounded my dear wife, Ruby, and my family with their time, attention, and prayers. For the inspired doctors and thoughtful nurses I express my deepest gratitude, and for the thoughtful letters and messages of faith and hope received from many places in the world, many expressing, “You have been in our prayers” or “We have been asking our Heavenly Father to spare your life.” Your prayers and mine, thankfully, have been answered.
One unusual card caused me to ponder upon the majesty of it all. It is an original painting by Arta Romney Ballif of the heavens at night with its myriad golden stars. Her caption, taken from Psalms, reads:
“He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds.
“He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names.
“… His understanding is infinite.” (Ps. 147:1, 3–5.)
As I lay in the hospital bed, I meditated on all that had happened to me and studied the contemplative painting by President Marion G. Romney’s sister and the lines from Psalms: “He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names.” I was then—and continue to be—awed by the goodness and majesty of the Creator, who knows not only the names of the stars but knows your name and my name—each of us as His sons and daughters.
“When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained;
“What is man, that thou art mindful of him? …
“For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour.” (Ps. 8:3–5.)
To be remembered is a wonderful thing.
The evening of my health crisis, I knew something very serious had happened to me. Events happened so swiftly—the pain striking with such intensity, my dear Ruby phoning the doctor and our family, and I on my knees leaning over the bathtub for support and some comfort and hoped relief from the pain. I was pleading to my Heavenly Father to spare my life a while longer to give me a little more time to do His work, if it was His will.
While still praying, I began to lose consciousness. The siren of the paramedic truck was the last that I remembered before unconsciousness overtook me, which would last for the next several days.
The terrible pain and commotion of people ceased. I was now in a calm, peaceful setting; all was serene and quiet. I was conscious of two persons in the distance on a hillside, one standing on a higher level than the other. Detailed features were not discernible. The person on the higher level was pointing to something I could not see.
I heard no voices but was conscious of being in a holy presence and atmosphere. During the hours and days that followed, there was impressed again and again upon my mind the eternal mission and exalted position of the Son of Man. I witness to you that He is Jesus the Christ, the Son of God, Savior to all, Redeemer of all mankind, Bestower of infinite love, mercy, and forgiveness, the Light and Life of the world. I knew this truth before—I had never doubted nor wondered. But now I knew, because of the impressions of the Spirit upon my heart and soul, these divine truths in a most unusual way.
I was shown a panoramic view of His earthly ministry: His baptism, His teaching, His healing the sick and lame, the mock trial, His crucifixion, His resurrection and ascension. There followed scenes of His earthly ministry to my mind in impressive detail, confirming scriptural eyewitness accounts. I was being taught, and the eyes of my understanding were opened by the Holy Spirit of God so as to behold many things.
The first scene was of the Savior and His Apostles in the upper chamber on the eve of His betrayal. Following the Passover supper, He instructed and prepared the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper for His dearest friends as a remembrance of His coming sacrifice. It was so impressively portrayed to me—the overwhelming love of the Savior for each. I witnessed His thoughtful concern for significant details—the washing of the dusty feet of each Apostle, His breaking and blessing of the loaf of dark bread and blessing of the wine, then His dreadful disclosure that one would betray Him.
He explained Judas’s departure and told the others of the events soon to take place.
Then followed the Savior’s solemn discourse when He said to the Eleven: “These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.” (John 16:33.)
Our Savior prayed to His Father and acknowledged the Father as the source of His authority and power—even to the extending of eternal life to all who are worthy.
He prayed, “And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.”
Jesus then reverently added:
“I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do.
“And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was.” (John 17:3–5.)
He pled not only for the disciples called out from the world who had been true to their testimony of Him, “but for them also which shall believe on me through their word.” (John 17:20.)
When they had sung a hymn, Jesus and the Eleven went out to the Mount of Olives. There, in the garden, in some manner beyond our comprehension, the Savior took upon Himself the burden of the sins of mankind from Adam to the end of the world. His agony in the garden, Luke tells us, was so intense “his sweat was as … great drops of blood falling … to the ground.” (Luke 22:44.) He suffered an agony and a burden the like of which no human person would be able to bear. In that hour of anguish our Savior overcame all the power of Satan.
The glorified Lord revealed to Joseph Smith this admonition to all mankind:
“Therefore I command you to repent …
“For … I, God, … suffered … for all, that they might not suffer if they would repent; …
“Which suffering caused myself, even God, the greatest of all, to tremble because of pain, and to bleed at every pore, …
“Wherefore, I command you again to repent, lest I humble you with my almighty power; and that you confess your sins, lest you suffer these punishments.” (D&C 19:15–16, 18, 20.)
During those days of unconsciousness I was given, by the gift and power of the Holy Ghost, a more perfect knowledge of His mission. I was also given a more complete understanding of what it means to exercise, in His name, the authority to unlock the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven for the salvation of all who are faithful. My soul was taught over and over again the events of the betrayal, the mock trial, the scourging of the flesh of even one of the Godhead. I witnessed His struggling up the hill in His weakened condition carrying the cross and His being stretched upon it as it lay on the ground, that the crude spikes could be driven with a mallet into His hands and wrists and feet to secure His body as it hung on the cross for public display.
Crucifixion—the horrible and painful death which He suffered—was chosen from the beginning. By that excruciating death, He descended below all things, as is recorded, that through His resurrection He would ascend above all things. (See D&C 88:6.)
Jesus Christ died in the literal sense in which we will all die. His body lay in the tomb. The immortal spirit of Jesus, chosen as the Savior of mankind, went to those myriads of spirits who had departed mortal life with varying degrees of righteousness to God’s laws. He taught them the “glorious tidings of redemption from the bondage of death, and of possible salvation, … [which was] part of [our] Savior’s foreappointed and unique service to the human family.” (James E. Talmage, Jesus the Christ, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1977, p. 671.)
I cannot begin to convey to you the deep impact that these scenes have confirmed upon my soul. I sense their eternal meaning and realize that “nothing in the entire plan of salvation compares in any way in importance with that most transcendent of all events, the atoning sacrifice of our Lord. It is the most important single thing that has ever occurred in the entire history of created things; it is the rock foundation upon which the gospel and all other things rest,” as has been declared. (Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1966, p. 60.)
Father Lehi taught his son Jacob and us today:
“Wherefore, redemption cometh in and through the Holy Messiah; for he is full of grace and truth.
“Behold, he offereth himself a sacrifice for sin, to answer the ends of the law, unto all those who have a broken heart and a contrite spirit; and unto none else can the ends of the law be answered.
“Wherefore, how great the importance to make these things known unto the inhabitants of the earth, that they may know that there is no flesh that can dwell in the presence of God, save it be through the merits, and mercy, and grace of the Holy Messiah, who layeth down his life according to the flesh, and taketh it again by the power of the Spirit, that he may bring to pass the resurrection of the dead, being the first that should rise.
“Wherefore, he is the firstfruits unto God, inasmuch as he shall make intercession for all the children of men; and they that believe in him shall be saved.” (2 Ne. 2:6–9.)
Our most valuable worship experience in the sacrament meeting is the sacred ordinance of the sacrament, for it provides the opportunity to focus our minds and hearts upon the Savior and His sacrifice.
The Apostle Paul warned the early Saints against eating this bread and drinking this cup of the Lord unworthily. (See 1 Cor. 11:27–30.)
Our Savior Himself instructed the Nephites, “Whoso eateth and drinketh my flesh and blood unworthily [brings] damnation to his soul.” (3 Ne. 18:29.)
Worthy partakers of the sacrament are in harmony with the Lord and put themselves under covenant with Him to always remember His sacrifice for the sins of the world, to take upon them the name of Christ and to always remember Him, and to keep His commandments. The Savior covenants that we who do so shall have His spirit to be with us and that, if faithful to the end, we may inherit eternal life.
Our Lord revealed to Joseph Smith that “there is no gift greater than the gift of salvation,” which plan includes the ordinance of the sacrament as a continuous reminder of the Savior’s atoning sacrifice. He gave instructions that “it is expedient that the church meet together often to partake of bread and wine in the remembrance of the Lord Jesus.” (D&C 6:13; D&C 20:75.)
Immortality comes to us all as a free gift by the grace of God alone, without works of righteousness. Eternal life, however, is the reward for obedience to the laws and ordinances of His gospel.
I testify to all of you that our Heavenly Father does answer our righteous pleadings. The added knowledge which has come to me has made a great impact upon my life. The gift of the Holy Ghost is a priceless possession and opens the door to our ongoing knowledge of God and eternal joy. Of this I bear witness, in the holy name of Jesus Christ, amen.
In the year 3000, humanity had finally discovered the secrets of the multiverse. Using their most advanced technology, they had found a way to travel between different parallel universes, each with their own unique physical laws and structures.
As the first explorers set out on their journeys, they encountered a myriad of strange and wondrous worlds. Some universes were filled with infinite copies of themselves, while others were constantly shifting and changing, their physical laws in a state of constant flux.
As they traveled deeper into the multiverse, the explorers encountered universes that seemed to follow completely different sets of physical laws. In some, time flowed backwards, and cause and effect were reversed. In others, matter was made up of entirely different particles, and energy behaved in completely unexpected ways.
As the explorers continued to journey further, they began to encounter universes that seemed to be simulations, created by beings in higher dimensions. They encountered universes where the laws of physics were entirely mathematical, and others where the very fabric of reality was made up of pure information.
At last, the explorers came to a universe that seemed to encompass all of the many-worlds interpretations. In this universe, every possible outcome of every possible event was played out in infinite parallel realities. The explorers marveled at the incredible complexity and diversity of this universe, as they watched endless versions of themselves carrying out endless variations of their own adventures.
As they prepared to leave this universe and return home, the explorers realized that they had only scratched the surface of the multiverse. They knew that there were still countless more universes to explore, each with their own unique physical laws and structures.
And so, they set out once more, to journey deeper into the multiverse, and to discover the secrets of the infinite many-worlds that lay waiting to be explored.
As the explorers continued their journey, they encountered a universe where time did not exist, and another where the laws of physics were governed by emotion rather than math. In yet another universe, they discovered that consciousness itself was the fundamental building block of reality.
As they explored further, the explorers encountered universes where the laws of physics were not constants but varied across space and time. They found a universe where entropy decreased over time, and another where gravity was repulsive rather than attractive.
At the edge of the multiverse, the explorers discovered a universe that seemed to contain all of the other universes within it. This universe was infinite in size and contained infinite variations of itself, each one a slightly different version of the universe they knew.
As they traveled through this universe, the explorers encountered versions of themselves that had made different choices and lived different lives. Some of these versions were almost identical to their own, while others were wildly different, with entirely different personalities and goals.
At last, the explorers returned to their own universe, their minds reeling from the incredible sights and experiences they had witnessed. They knew that the multiverse was an endless sea of possibility, and that there were still countless more universes to explore.
As they shared their discoveries with the rest of humanity, they realized that the true nature of the multiverse was still a mystery. They knew that there were many theories and hypotheses, but no one could say for sure which one was right.
And so, the explorers continued their journey, driven by a hunger to uncover the secrets of the multiverse and to understand the true nature of reality itself.
sHU2uEFZltSiv44bZEskqqwLmJpwM58GVdcmntcEZlWl9f6C_xmyortYKIGA97okYRnsRxxxJv4wfGA3AqWspArs7I5fjadr2Z7VUu8CzfCvh3DjnzLo7aLe894M85CjNn_2jnSJVL3DKqyGcmKS9d62NzhiZpyxyUz_f1jB5QMDndMKOOq6uKEquFjFnpgsDnFyxBvGylDZZKIKz_uJadKb5PRse1S6Bbsfey7TqHjy2HCKAvxHksTzgB8AvEkMBCdZrTAHCXfC8CcMfXHtQSLffQvjOthbjfOO0xIwNgAYZ5peAgwcldWXV1d6b1MxM350Il4Fqf3Cz0wNFf3i2BUe6Gq8Lhmqn2cVTr80CIuzFohW2YPCUBg2Ed5E7KBTHkIsZN74INQYoMmyNRQ7kxoa6bmPR9vsA6EZbfgOF9JTIdhI46FAQMta_Rtnn4xiYqbBs8osmqhCDUjlwo_YylzSnbH4plzU1JjkosWtTtpYQcdTyNBV572VKLB6wzxSp5o877avuAlkym7H3nV9Wfxu6Wi4k37td2x2L4PsOwe_PcjfxPBbZfZV36D125rJGfnnRgzMHf8LCWlsPtuuPXyd5V6xZeS6zD_naTNhsvCxduG16z27HdUV01VWvaW3VJZaHb9ziXsteVdGkKo9EHlmnX3m_QnWfJyByeLQVbHP9afNNxgIKpb0fYYedjDiLr_ZafVm8TPSRYBthjAXGLyuZ8l5bRwc9lD7mYx0Y6B5qEMgvpZku5FWeo61Jr8AC5acJ5y8RtkNzPB_o20HR6wK8PduyUjv3H3q2JxsYBFil6vY5o2R5xFZOrf6WCUD17jtUjRm4k2DV_euUXGikdvLiVDSQcWiFzae7o9Liote5M3vT6Z66aI1Rju9Cd5B_WWO5ejwRTLO4qAjx3O_P8vtNSdS3YfOdKwmmeKdDJyfBxRJ7yyCU2tvlDbS7vfCOd_AWb4sFQNzfjU1Nn7iHdo5vrzYTeh7XLbDkw1GuI8DJUOU31i06NpX9pxpVv7t
hi, i live very close to MSU. I had plans to be at the Union Building that evening to work on some stuff at one of the tables or glass study room things in the basement. it's only be coincidence that I was not there, because I had to go home to fix a computer that had stopped working correctly. I got lucky.
i went there this morning, to the Sparty statue. I was there for a bit.
I hear there's some stuff at the Hannah building, resources, people to talk to, etc. You might consider going there.
chatgptにこの歌詞をロマンチックに詩的に翻訳してもらった
https://music.oricon.co.jp/php/lyrics/LyricsDisp.php?music=3929926
The singing sea
歌う海音に酔いしれ
The talking trees
話す木々が囁きかけ
A Silent in a noisy way
静かなのに大騒ぎ
星たちが輝く
But give no light
でも光を放たない
The world spins backward everyday
虹のネズミと
A checkered cat
チェック模様の猫
Go tail in tail around the road
尾を引っ張りながら道を巡る
The mouse is pleased
ねずみは喜ぶ
月はチーズであり
The sun is shining hot and cold
黄金の鳥が歌い出す
Today I heard
今日聞いた
Sitting upon a silver branch
銀の枝に座っていた
その小さな歌は心を打つ
Which made me sad and start to laugh
それが私を悲しくさせ、笑わせた
私の妹は彼
私の兄は彼女
But there is only me in the family
でも家族の中には私だけ
When I grow up
私が大きくなったら
川を下りて
歌う海を目指す
マジレスされてチビッた．こりゃGoogleさんもビビるわけだ．
ぼく：
How were you implemented? Is it deep learning-based?
I am a language model called GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) that was developed by OpenAI. It is a deep learning-based model that uses a type of neural network called a transformer, which was trained on a large dataset of text to learn patterns of language.
GPT-3 is trained using a technique called unsupervised learning, where the model is given a massive amount of text data and uses this data to learn patterns and relationships in the language. This allows GPT-3 to generate human-like text when given a prompt, and to understand and respond to natural language input.
The training process of GPT-3 involves a technique called pre-training, which means that the model is trained on a massive dataset before being fine-tuned on a smaller task-specific dataset. This pre-training allows GPT-3 to have a good general understanding of the language and to be able to adapt to specific tasks more easily.
The GPT-3 model has 175 billion parameters, which is one of the largest language models to date, making it able to generate very human-like text and to understand context in a very natural way.
ぼく：
How does GPT-3 have a knowledgebase like an ontology? As it is deep learning-based, the knowledgebase like an ontology would not be implemented explicitly, but the structure should be designed with an expectation of having such a knowledge about hierarchy of concepts.
GPT-3, like other deep learning models, does not have an explicit knowledgebase or ontology built into its structure. Instead, it has been trained on a large dataset of text, which allows it to learn patterns and relationships between concepts.
However, the training data that GPT-3 was exposed to, likely contains a wide range of concepts and hierarchical structures. As GPT-3 learns patterns in the data, it can begin to understand the relationships between different concepts and ideas, and how they are related to each other. This allows the model to generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful, making it possible to understand the context and hierarchy of concepts, but it does not have an explicit ontology like a knowledge graph.
It can be said that GPT-3 has a certain level of "implicit ontology", in the sense that it has learned the relationships between concepts in a way that is similar to how a knowledge graph or ontology organizes information. However, it's important to note that GPT-3's understanding of concepts and relationships is based on the patterns it has learned from the training data, which is not a structured and explicit knowledgebase like an ontology.
ぼく：
Then how does GPT-3 handle the long-term or short term memories? Can it remember information about the on-going chatting? My name is Masuda, can GPT-3 keep it in the memory? Furthermore, can it learn and understand the new information from the Q-A queries, and use it in the future queries?
GPT-3 handles long-term and short-term memories differently. When it generates text, it uses a technique called attention mechanism which allows the model to focus on certain parts of the input while generating the output. This allows GPT-3 to keep track of previous information and context when generating text, which can be thought of as a form of short-term memory.
Regarding the on-going chatting, GPT-3 can keep track of certain information, like the name you've provided, Masuda, during the conversation and use it in future responses. However, it's important to note that GPT-3 is a stateless model, which means that it doesn't have a permanent memory that it can refer to after a conversation ends.
Regarding learning from Q-A, GPT-3 is trained on a massive dataset of text, and it learns patterns and relationships between concepts from this data. It can generate text that is semantically meaningful and coherent, but it does not have the capability to learn new information from Q-A sessions and use it in future queries. However, OpenAI has developed another model called DALL-E, which uses GPT-3 and it is capable of learning from Q-A sessions and use it in future queries.
ぼく：
Is ChatGPT superior to the Google search? Previously people used Google to search for their questions. Now a days, ChatGPT can answer to those questions. What are pros and cons of ChatGPT over the Google search?
ChatGPT and Google search are different technologies with different capabilities and strengths.
Google search is a powerful web search engine that can quickly find relevant information from a vast amount of web pages and documents. It uses complex algorithms to rank and sort search results based on relevance, popularity, and other factors. Google search is very good at providing factual information and is an excellent tool for researching a wide range of topics.
ChatGPT, on the other hand, is a natural language processing model that can generate human-like text. It is trained on a large dataset of text and uses this knowledge to understand and respond to natural language input. ChatGPT can generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful than a simple information retrieval engine like Google search. ChatGPT can also be used to generate text that is more engaging and human-like, such as in chatbots and virtual assistants.
One of the main advantages of ChatGPT over Google search is its ability to understand and respond to natural language input in a more human-like way. ChatGPT can also generate text that is more coherent and semantically meaningful, which can be useful in many applications. However, Google search is better at providing factual information and searching for specific pieces of information.
Another disadvantage of ChatGPT is that it doesn't have the ability to retrieve information from the web, it can only generate text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data. That's why it's not a replacement for a web search engine like Google but it can be used as an additional tool to help people to find the information they are looking for.
In summary, ChatGPT and Google search have different strengths and capabilities. While Google search is better at providing factual information, ChatGPT is better at understanding and responding to natural language input in a more human-like way.
ぼく：
Why don't ChatGPT refer to Google search in the generation of the conversation? Google Assistant has such a function. Is the reason due to the fact that OpenAI is funded by Google?
ChatGPT is a language model that generates text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data. While it can understand and respond to natural language input in a human-like way, it does not have the capability to access external sources of information like Google search.
Google Assistant, on the other hand, is a virtual assistant that can access a wide range of information and services through the internet, including Google search. Google Assistant can use this information to provide more accurate and relevant responses to user queries.
The reason ChatGPT does not refer to Google search during the generation of the conversation is likely because it was not designed or trained to do so. Instead, it was designed to generate text based on the patterns it has learned from the training data, and it does not have the capability to access external sources of information.
It's worth noting that OpenAI and Google are separate organizations, even though Google is an investor in OpenAI, this doesn't necessarily mean that the two companies work together on their products and services. OpenAI has its own development team, goals and roadmap and they are independent from Google.
ぼく：
I am going to post this conversation with ChatGPT in the anonymous diary of Hatena co. What should I do for attracting people to get many bookmarks?
There are several things you can do to attract people and increase the chances of your conversation with ChatGPT getting many bookmarks on Hatena diary. Some suggestions include:
1. Make sure your conversation is well-written and easy to understand. Use clear and concise language, and consider formatting your text in a way that makes it easy to read.
2. Use relevant keywords and hashtags in your diary entry. This can help make your conversation more discoverable to people searching for related topics on Hatena diary.
3. Include images or videos in your diary entry. This can make your conversation more visually appealing and can help attract more readers.
4. Share your diary entry on social media or other platforms. This can help increase the visibility of your conversation and attract more readers.
5. Encourage readers to share their thoughts and opinions on your conversation by including a call to action or a question at the end of your diary entry.
6. Finally, you can also try to participate in the conversation on Hatena diary, by answering the questions, responding to the comments, and engaging with your readers.
It's important to remember that getting many bookmarks on a diary is not easy and it can take time and effort to build an audience. But by following these tips and being consistent with your diary entry, you will increase the chances of attracting more readers and getting more bookmarks.
ぼく：
友達が最近藤村シシンさんがFGOをギリシャ史と絡めて解説する動画にハマったらしい。ヲタトークをしていたらシシンさんの動画が面白かったという話をしていて、それはいいんだけど、「古代スパルタだとお金をわざと重くして人々が堕落しないようにしてたんだって！」と楽しそうに語りだしたので「そんなことある？？？」と思ってしまった。古代ギリシャ史については素人だけど、流石にちょっと胡散臭くないか？
ということで調べてみました！
動画はこれ。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-hpr7FJdI
まあトーク番組だから出典をいちいち挙げないのは当然として、じゃあ何がソースなんだろうと思ってちょっと検索してみたら、元ネタはプルタルコスの『英雄伝』なのね……『英雄伝』はギリシャ・ローマの英雄たちの逸話を紹介してる本で、日本語訳も複数出てるけど、増田は素人だから手元になくて近所の図書館にもなさそうなので、ネットで英訳版を見てみることにする。具体的にはリュクールゴスの章に書かれているらしい。
Not contented with this, he resolved to make a division of their movables too, that there might be no odious distinction or inequality left amongst them; but finding that it would be very dangerous to go about it openly, he took another course, and defeated their avarice by the following stratagem: he commanded that all gold and silver coin should be called in, and that only a sort of money made of iron should be current, a great weight and quantity of which was very little worth; so that to lay up twenty or thirty pounds there was required a pretty large closet, and, to remove it, nothing less than a yoke of oxen. With the diffusion of this money, at once a number of vices were banished from Lacedaemon; for who would rob another of such a coin? Who would unjustly detain or take by force, or accept as a bribe, a thing which it was not easy to hide, nor a credit to have, nor indeed of any use to cut in pieces? For when it was just red hot, they quenched it in vinegar, and by that means spoilt it, and made it almost incapable of being worked.
In the next place, he declared an outlawry of all needless and superfluous arts; but here he might almost have spared his proclamation; for they of themselves would have gone after the gold and silver, the money which remained being not so proper payment for curious work; for, being of iron, it was scarcely portable, neither, if they should take the means to export it, would it pass amongst the other Greeks, who ridiculed it. So there was now no more means of purchasing foreign goods and small wares; merchants sent no shiploads into Laconian ports; no rhetoric-master, no itinerate fortune-teller, no harlot-monger, or gold or silversmith, engraver, or jeweller, set foot in a country which had no money; so that luxury, deprived little by little of that which fed and fomented it, wasted to nothing and died away of itself. For the rich had no advantage here over the poor, as their wealth and abundance had no road to come abroad by but were shut up at home doing nothing. (...)
なるほど、シシンさんのトークはプルタルコスの記述に忠実だ。少なくとも彼女は盛って話していたわけではない。
で、プルタルコスの『英雄伝』が書かれたのは後2世紀初頭と言われているんだけど、ここで逸話が語られているリュクールゴスはだいたい前9世紀頃に活躍した人物と言われているのね。彼はスパルタの半ば伝説的な立法者。要するにプルタルコスは直接スパルタで鉄貨を見たんじゃなくて「1000年くらい前のスパルタではそういうことがあったらしいよ」っていう伝承を語っているのよ。古事記かな？
ところで根本的に、古代ギリシャでは鉄の棒を通貨として使っていた地域があったらしいんだよね。「わざと鉄の棒を通貨として採用した」んじゃなくて「もともと鉄の棒をお金として使ってた」だと、かなりイメージ変わってこない？
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4792.html
ちょっと古い文献だけど，Charles Seltmanっていう貨幣の専門家が書いたA Book of Greek Coinsっていう本にも次のようなくだりがある。
Certain it is that before coined money was used in Greece other states as well as Sparta, chief among them Sparta's great rival Argos, regularly employed iron spits as currency.（34頁）
なんでかというと、スパルタがあったラコニア地方は単純に鉄が採れる地域なんだってさ。そら、鉄が採掘できるなら鉄貨使うわな。
Iron was mined in Laconian territory, in the southern spurs of Taygetus and Parnon which end in Capes Taenarum and Malea. It was, therefore, but natural that the Spartans, with the wealth at their disposal, should employ bar-iron as currency; and their conservatism, combined with their lack of any more precious metal, led them to continue the employment of iron money for four centuries after other Greek states had adopted coin（33頁）
さらにこうも書かれている。
a currency which was possibly kept in use for reasons of economic convenience rather than for the enforcement of a stern rule of life（34頁）
要するに、
ってことね。
「質実剛健さを重んじてわざとコインを使わなかった」のが仮に史実だとしても、「あえて鉄の棒を採用した」んじゃなくて「鉄の棒を使い続けた（＝コインを採用しなかった）」というのが本当のところなんだろうなぁ。
あと，「偉い人の論文読んでみたら、普通にスパルタでは外国の通貨使ってたらしいよ」というブログ記事も見つけた。ただ元の論文がなかなか見つけられないので確定的なことは言えないけれど……
https://hoferjonathan14.medium.com/the-iron-money-of-sparta-likely-a-myth-97d95d431a62
このエピソード、英語で色々ググってみたけど全部出典がプルタルコスに行き着くので、考古学的裏付けはあまりないっぽいんだよね。まあプルタルコスはおもしろネタが満載なわけだけど、そこしか出典がないとなると結構胡散臭いんじゃないかな。
もちろん増田は古典ギリシャ語とか読めない素人だから、実際には他のところにも記述があったり、考古学的証拠が見つかっていたり、リュクールゴス時代の古文書が発掘されている可能性もあるわけだけど、個人的にはシシンさんのスパルタの鉄貨に関するトークを信じる気にはなれないかなと思いました。
https://www.kk-bestsellers.com/articles/-/2907/
この記事に鉄の串の写真があって、シシンさんが解説を寄せている。解説の文面はまあ納得のいく見解なので（串がコインに先立つことや、コイン出現後もスパルタでは串が使われていたと書いている。そこに異論はない）、動画でのトークはネタに振り切った感じなんだろうか……
シシンさんの動画のそこ、笑ったw 増田も調査サンキューやで ／ その上で、動画はFGOというゲームを楽しむユーザー向けで、論文ではない。そこでネタとして紹介してくれたものに目くじらを立てる気に私はならんな
FGOファン向けなら史実かどうかは怪しいおもしろエピソードを史実かのように話していい…ってコト!? ワ…ワァ…FGOファンにもシシンさんにも失礼すぎて泣いちゃった！
様々な論点があるので100字に入りきらないが，スパルタは貴金属貨幣を禁止していたということと，リュクルゴス制の成立を前９世紀とするのは後世による「伝統の創造」であるこことは指摘したい。
書き方が悪かったかもしれませんが、鉄貨の存在や貴金属貨幣の禁止は否定していません。
動画では、シシンさんは「スパルタはお金をどんどん重くしていって、賄賂や贅沢を抑止していた脳筋国家である（少しでも金額が大きくなると持ちきれないほどの重さになるから袖の下は渡せないし、持つことで鍛えられるから）」と言っています。
これ、前提知識なしで聞くと「バーベルのような鉄貨は堕落を嫌ったスパルタの発明」と聞こえるんですよ。実際に増田にこの話を面白そうに話した友人もそう理解していましたし、増田もトークを聞いてそう理解しました。そして実際にプルタルコスはそう書いています。
でも実際には、単にコインの発明前からスパルタやその周辺地域には棒状の貨幣があって、スパルタはそれをコインに置き換えなかった、という話なんですよね。で、参考文献に挙げた本にも「マッチョイズムじゃなくて経済的だから使ってたんじゃない？」と書いてある（最後に引用したセンテンス）。これ絶妙に史実を勘違いさせるトークになってません？ って思っちゃうんですが、どうでしょう。
（もちろん、副次的効果として賄賂の抑止や筋力増強はあったかもしれませんが、それが主目的であるかのように論じられると……都会民は電車通勤ゆえに自家用車通勤の地方民より体力があったりしますが、都民の体力を増強させるために都はメトロを整備したんだ、と言い出したら違う話になるでしょう？）
We were expected to hit precise deadlines on multi-quarter projects (within two weeks), and when that inevitably didn't happen, we had to track all the time we spent on anything in 30 minute increments. It felt very cog-in-the-machine.
https://jayconrod.com/posts/122/leaving-google
この辺とか相当エグいというか、組織を上手く回すための仕組みのために労力割きすぎって感じだなあ。Googleに入れるレベルの人たちであっても、微に入り細に入りこういうような仕組みを要求されてたら、仕組みを逸脱するリスクを最小にするタスクを意図的に選んで仕事するようになるだろうな。そりゃイノベーションとか起こらなくなるに決まってる。まあ数万人の社員に平均年収数千万円払おうと思ったらそうせざるを得ないんだろうけど、その意味でもビジネスモデルによって決まってる規模拡大の限界って感じがするよな。
Good evening, Masuda-san.
I just wanted to drop you a line to talk about something💦.
I've been thinking about how I want to live my life, and I'm not really sure about love or marriage... I'm in the mindset that I want to think it over alone.
I was wondering if it would be a good idea to meet Masuda-san in this state of mind, even though he is very serious.
Masuda-san is a kind, respectful, and wonderful person, so it is not Masuda-san's fault, but my own problem 🙏.
人間を右脳派・左脳派で分類をするのガーとか、クリエイティブは右脳が左脳ガーとか、そう言うのは非科学的以前に、
今時は局在論ではなく全体論だと思うの。ついでに脳腸相関など単一でどうこうではないし、
殆ど脳がないけど、公務員(ホワイトカラー)職に就いて、結婚し子どももいて、44歳まで過ごしてきた男性もいるし、
脳がなく脳幹しかなかった少年も自発呼吸をしつつ12歳まで家族と過ごしていたよ
Meet The Healthy, Functioning Man Who Survived With Almost No Brain. | IFLScience
https://www.iflscience.com/man-tiny-brain-lived-normal-life-31083
When it comes to our brains, does size really matter? One of the biggest myths about the brain is that bigger is always better. But what about those who sit on the extreme end of that scale? How much of our brain do we actually need to survive? Looking through the archives of medical history, there are a number of people with tiny brains, or brains with huge chunks missing entirely, which defy all odds.
In a 2007 Lancet study, doctors described an incredible medical oddity – the 44-year-old civil servant who had lived a normal life despite having an incredibly tiny brain. The French man went into hospital after he experienced weakness in his left leg for two weeks. Doctors were quite surprised when they took scans of his brain and found a huge fluid-filled chamber.
The scans showed that the man had a “massive enlargement of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles, a very thin cortical mantle and a posterior fossa cyst,” researchers noted in the study. In short, while fluid normally circulates throughout the brain, it’s regularly drained. But instead of draining the fluid into the circulatory system, the fluid in this man’s brain built up. Eventually, the accumulation of fluid resulted in only a tiny amount of actual brain material.
The man’s medical history showed that he had to get a shunt inserted into his head as an infant to get rid of the buildup of fluid on the brain, known as hydrocephalus. The shunt was eventually removed when at age 14, he complained of left leg weakness and some unsteadiness. The man went on to live a normal life and he got married and had two children. Tests showed that he had an IQ of 75 which, though below the average of 100, is not considered a mental disability.
“What I find amazing to this day is how the brain can deal with something which you think should not be compatible with life,” Dr. Max Muenke, from the National Human Genome Research Institute, told Reuters.
Earlier last year, IFLScience reported on the ninth known case of someone living without a cerebellum. This is the part of the brain that controls a number of important functions such as balance, motor movements and motor learning. The 24-year-old Chinese woman went into a hospital complaining of nausea and vertigo, and doctors discovered that she suffered from a rare condition known as cerebellar agenesis.
In another case, 12-year-old Trevor Judge Waltrip shocked medical professionals when he survived as long as he did with only his brain stem. Trevor passed away last year after going his entire life without a brain. He suffered from a rare condition called hydranencephaly, whereby the cerebral hemispheres are replaced entirely with cerebrospinal fluid. People with hydranencephaly usually survive for up to 12 weeks, which made Trevor’s case so remarkable. He was able to breathe on his own and respond to stimuli, but was blind and unable to communicate.
These cases show not only the adaptability and resilience of the human brain, but also how little we know about one of our most important organs. Cases like this force neuroscientists to rethink how we view the brain, particularly what functions different regions have and how the brain adapts when these regions become damaged.
これは、いろいろと考えさせられるいい文章だと思った。永井陽右という青年を振り回すかのように語る内田樹。こういうマウントは嫌いじゃない。
ただ、内田が、
「感情の器」って、あくまでも個人的な身体条件のようなものだから。
というとき、何か逃げた回答のような印象を受けた。
たとえそれが自分の中から湧き出す内発的なものだとしても、大昔にアダム・スミスが道徳感情論で追求したように、何かのテコで共鳴し、社会の規範を構成するに至るメカニズムが何かしらあるんだろうと俺には思えてならない。
そういう感覚を身に着けるのにどうすればいいかと問うた永井氏に、家風だとか、弟子入りだとか、そんな表現を内田氏がするのは、けむに巻いているようにしか思えなかった。
家風にしても弟子入りにしても、そのつながり方が、社会規範にむすびつくメカニズムがあるはずだ。
アレックス・カーが20年前に書いた本で『犬と鬼』という著作がある。
おりしも建設省に代表される特別会計の闇が浮き彫りになった時代。
アメリカの7倍のコンクリートを使って日本の山河をコンクリートで固めようとしていた、公共事業のあり方に疑問を呈した名著。
その『犬と鬼』のなかでカーは、そんな日本に至った問題を解明するヒントは「徳の逆説」にあるという。
「徳の逆説」というのは、国家も人も同様に、自分たちに最も欠けている資質を最も高く評価する傾向があるという、カーが常々思っている真理を彼なりに名付けたものだ。
A・カーは、フェアプレイの精神といいつつ、七つの海を支配した大英帝国の事例、平等を錦の御旗にしていた共産主義者のトップが黒海に豪奢な別荘を保有し、人民は実質的に農奴と変わらない生活だったというソ連の例などを挙げつつ、最後に、和を貴ぶ日本人がなぜ明治の開国後、対外侵略に夢中になったかという精神性に触れてゆく。
「徳の逆説」は、身近なところでも当てはまる。口うるさい親や上司の説教がブーメランに思えてならない、という経験は誰もがしているはず。そして気が付くと俺も親父と同じことを子供に、という連鎖。
最近、想起するのはやはり旧統一教会。家族の価値を高らかに謳いあげておきながら、その活動が原因で多くの家族が崩壊している、といった、「おまゆう」問題。崩壊させているがゆえにますます高まる家庭の価値、という悪循環。これもA・カーのいう「徳の逆説」が見事に当てはまる。これは人が自分自身を規律しようとするときの動機付けのメカニズムなのだ。
内田と永井の議論のテーマのひとつである人権・平等。あたかも普遍的な原理についても、
それを概念として具体化して社会が取り込んだ過程を決して忘れてはならない。
アメリカの建国者の一人、トーマスジェファーソンは人権宣言を起草した当時、200人以上も奴隷を抱えていた。
これは矛盾というよりも、むしろ奴隷制にどっぷりと漬かっていたからこそ人権宣言が生まれたという「徳の逆説」のメカニズムを見るべきだろう。
どんなに薄汚れた社会であっても、一度高らかに掲げた理想は、その社会を真綿で絞めてゆく。欲望大全開の人民を前提にすると、民主政は成り立つのか。多数決をすれば少数者が圧政に苦しむのではないか、これがマディソン含め、建国者の懸念だった。しかし、為政者の徳（アリストクラシー）と、欲望とは別に社会で正しいと思うことに投票する、二重人格的な資質が人民に備わっていると信じて建国者はデモクラシーを設計した。裁判を通じ、繰り返し憲法の価値観をテストする、という振り返りをビルトインした設計は本当に優れたものだ。結果として、最高裁が突き付けた奴隷制と財産権の矛盾が、南北戦争の北軍の正当性を決定的にする。
内田の議論に戻ると、外付けの人権というテーマと同時に、内発的なものとしての感情の器という、とても重要なキーワードを出している。それは他方で外付け実装された人権と、どのような整理ができるのだろうか。
「人としてどうふるまうべきか」を子どもに刷り込むのは「家風」なんですよ。子どもたちは親の背中を見て、人間としての生き方を学ぶ。それは教科書で教えることじゃない。
これは、親子を中心とした自分史と言い換えられるのではないかと思った。さらにいえば、自分史は必ずしも親は関係ないかもしれないのではないか。つまりこれまでの人生、来し方がキーなのでは。
内発的なものと外付けのもの、この二つはやはり、きちんと切り分けて、そして二つが、どうつながってゆくのか。以下、自分なりに整理を試みる。
舶来の概念というのは明治以来、洪水のように入った。民法など契約法の世界は、ほぼほぼ圧倒されたし、戦後は憲法そのものがアメリカの経験に基づいたものだ。
しかし、日本の人権教育は、残念なことに、人権の普遍性を論証することに熱を上げてしまって、そもそも誰の内発的な経験がもとになっていたかという成り立ちのメカニズムを忘れた議論が多い。公共の福祉論などをいくら学説や定義を整理してきれいに論じても、だから何？の議論だった。
戦後、人権を外付け実装してきた日本は、そのルールや規範の成り立ちといった背景をもう少し知る必要がある。それは教養として。
今現在、旧統一教会問題で話題の、国家と宗教というテーマにしてもそうだ。
政教分離のキーワードとなるのは、恐怖からの解放だ。宗教に悩まされ、その扱いに苦慮するのは古今東西の課題だ。宗教といかに折り合いをつけた制度設計をするか、古代ローマ時代からずっと抱えてきた。宗教的寛容、これが統治のカギだと気が付いたのはカルタゴに勝利した古代ローマ。
そのテーマに対して、新天地アメリカに到着したプロテスタントたちの子孫が18世紀になってメイフラワー号の協約を思い出して試みたのは、旧世界では試みたことのない壮大な社会実験だった。百家争鳴な多様性のなかで社会を構成するには、誰が正しいことを言っているのかは誰も断定できない、という前提に立つ必要が再確認された。それが言論の自由の関係では、20世紀初頭にホームズ裁判官らに代表されるように、自由市場の比喩が生まれる背景ともなった。
他方、旧世界のフランスでは、唯一の正しさを神に代わって宣言するカトリック教会の権威と苛烈な弾圧が恐怖であった。だから公共空間の合理化を徹底し、宗教を一掃する制度設計になった。フランスの言論の自由は、その意味でカトリックを否定する権利が原点となる経験なのだ。だからこそ、フランスでは今でも神を冒涜する言論というのが非常に重要な意味をもっていて、先日、仏風刺紙シャルリー編集長が英作家ラシュディ氏襲撃を非難したことの歴史的な背景は深い。
このように、人権というものは、何に対して恐怖してきた歴史があり、生まれてきたものなのか、という原点に思いを致すことが大切だし考えるコツだ。利他性じゃなくね。
それは、実は国によって微妙にコンテクストが異なるものであり、普遍的価値として昇華できなくもないけれども、むしろ司法を通じて、原点となった恐怖を大切に思い出す機会が重要で、その社会が、その真理を繰り返し確信し、制度を強化し、再生産する重要な仕組みなのだと思う。逆に言うと、普遍的な価値なら、なぜ何千年も克服できなかったかの意味を問うというか。
しかし、外付けの倫理として受け取ったものを、思い出すかのように歴史を振り返るのは容易ではない。戦後の日本の裁判所も含めて。
でも、それこそが日本の人権教育に欠如したものだということは個人的には強く思うところだ。
その意味では、外付けではない、外国の借り物ではない、内発的なもの、感情の器からみえてくる倫理、これは本当に大きな価値がある。
内発的なものを自省するうえで、もっとも大切なのは、自分の国や自分の家族、自分自身の歴史だと俺は思う。
自分や自分の先祖が痛い目にあってきた経験、あるいは他者を痛めにあわせてきた経験というのは、その人固有のものであって、その自分史や国の歴史を忘れてしまうと、あとは外付けの倫理だけが残る。国レベルで言えば、それは端的に明治以降の日本のアジアや欧米との対外関係であり、開国以降、アメリカに敗北するまでの戦争に明け暮れた体験に他ならないし、国家神道によって死生観まで国に洗脳されかけた手痛い経験だ。
歴史というと大げさだが、要するに「自分たちに最も欠けている資質を最も高く評価する」、おまゆう精神を自覚することだ。これは教養として学ぶというよりも、もう少し内省的なものだと思う。
自分が理想とするものと現実とのギャップを振り返る作業といってもいい。
自分に欠けている部分、そこにこそ追い求めている何か理想的な姿の反転がある、という振り返り。
ネイションとしていえば、戦争体験の振り返りが重要なキーになるし、国家と宗教というのは、国家神道と戦争という経験で痛い目をみているのであり、ある意味、輸入された欧米の経験を教養として追体験するだけではなく、日本人が原体験としてもっていた大切な教訓。愛媛県靖国神社玉串料訴訟(1997年）の最高裁判決は行政が戦没者の遺族の援護行政のために靖国神社などに対し玉串料を支出したことを違憲とした歴史的な判決で、戦争の経験がしっかり振り返えられた、という点で、司法の仕事としてとても大きなものを残したと思う。建国の精神を振り返るのが裁判所の仕事の一つだと思う。
しかし、戦後77年。戦争体験が風化するなかで、「あの時代を生き抜いた」という共通の体験、共通項として持っていたものがどんどん失われているのが今の時代。
50年前の高度成長期だったら、戦争で死んだ部下を思い出しながら、仕事にまい進し、酒場で同期の仲間と語り合う、とか、厳粛に生きるための厳粛な死が記憶としてあった。
「あの頃は」という共通の過去で人はつながることができた。それが内発的なものとして60年安保闘争を支え、水俣の闘争があった。外付けの倫理ではない、思い出としての切実さの空気の共有があった。
つまり、舶来の外付けの価値観と内発的な器は、その頃はわりと調和していた、といえるのだ。
それが、失われ、外付けの価値観だけが、カラカラと空回りし始めているのが今の時代の特徴で、失われつつある寛容性の正体なのだろう。
永井氏はそんな時代に生まれ育った。彼は対談のなかで、大学時代に
と、外付けの人権から始まったと語っているが、外付けのものにも普遍性のみに着目し、それが生まれてきたプロセスを振り返らない、人権教育の失敗が見て取れる。
また、日本国憲法に組み込まれた歴史への反省（前文含め）も記憶の風化とともに、個々人の内省が、時代への共鳴という形で、共感を醸成しなくなってしまっている。
それはかろうじて80年代までは存在していた。「おしん」が異例の1年間の朝ドラで始まってしばらくすると、
視聴者からは、おしんは私自身そのものです、という声が橋田壽賀子のもとに多数届いたという。
しかし、時代は変わって、平成から令和になって「あの頃」といえば、昭和の末期なのだ。
しかもそれをノスタルジックに思い出す、三丁目の夕日的な振り返りだった。さらには、あさま山荘であり、学歴社会、バイクを盗んで走る尾崎豊であり、バブルの思い出なのだ。それは、その遺産に苦しんだ次の世代にとっては共感を呼びにくいものであるし、自分たちの社会の重圧と、戦争の記憶との関連が薄まった。当然、日本国憲法のリアリティが失われ、右派から改憲論議が盛り上がってくるのは必然的なことだった。そんななか、統一教会が国の内部を白アリのように巣くって愕然とした先月から今月にかけての出来事というのは、忘れかけた宗教と国家の結びつきの恐ろしさを、突如呼び覚まされるものだったに違いない。
しかし、いずれにしても過去の記憶と憲法の規範が直接に結び付かない、その世代の経験、そこに、永井が紛争国の辺境の地を自分のテーマに選んだヒントがあるように思えてならない。
紛争のリアルがそこにある。そこに普遍的価値として大学生のときに知った人権、そして憲法の価値を、自分なりの振り返りとして再確認する、動機付けがあったようにも思う。
しかし、たとえ社会の人々と共有されないものであったとしても、ひとは自分史のなかで、どうふるまうべきかを動機付けられる。
私は逆に、子どもの頃はよく母親に殴られたり色々と物を捨てられたりされていて、そのときに「この家では力を持った奴は殴ったり物を捨てたりしていいんだな」と思ってしまったんです。そして中学生になって殴られたときに「よく見たら小さいし別に喧嘩が強いわけでもないな」ということに気が付きまして。それでそこからは自分が母親のことを殴りまくるようになりました。ひどい時はアザだらけでしたよね。父親も単身赴任でしたし。
といったときに、内田はそこにしっかりと気が付くべきだったと思う。
「全然、人権派じゃないね（笑）。」と返した内田に若干物足りなさを感じたのは、まさにそこだ。
動機付けられるものが、必ずしも、家風であったり、模範的なロールモデルとは限らないのだ。
この体験と辺境の地での人権探し、自分探しは、多分無関係ではない。
読んだのは20年前だが、年齢を重ねれば重ねるほど、彼のいう、逆徳精神の考え方が真理に思えてくる。
A clue to the problem may be found in what I call the theory of Opposite Virtues. Nations, like people in this respect, may pride themselves most highly on the quality they most lack. Hence “fair play” is a golden virtue in Great Britain, the country that attacked and subjugated half the globe. “Equality” was the banner of Soviet Russia, where commissars owned lavish dachas on the Black Sea and the proletariat lived no better than serfs. The United States prides itself on its high “moral standard,” while perpetuating racial and moral double standards. And then there is l’amour in France, a nation of cold-blooded rationalists. Or Canadians priding themselves most on being so distinctively “Canadian.” In Japan we must look at the time-honored ideal of Wa, “peace.” Wa means security, stability, everything in its proper place, “knowing what is enough.”Yet a persistent irony of Japanese history since 1868 is that for all the emphasis on peace and harmony, they are exactly the virtues that Japan did not pursue. At the end of the nineteenth century, rather than settling back to enjoy its new prosperity, Japan embarked on a campaign to conquer and colonize its neighbors. By the 1930s, it had already acquired a tremendous empire in East Asia; this inability to stop led to its suicidal attack on the U.S. base at Pearl Harbor, as a result of which it lost everything. Something similar is happening again. Perhaps Japan values Wa so highly for the very reason that it has such a strong tendency toward imbalance and uncontrollable extremes.
