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2022-10-21

スパルタ人はわざと重い鉄貨を使ったのか?

友達最近藤村シシンさんがFGOギリシャ史と絡めて解説する動画にハマったらしい。ヲタトークをしていたらシシンさんの動画面白かったという話をしていて、それはいいんだけど、「古代スパルタだとお金をわざと重くして人々が堕落しないようにしてたんだって!」と楽しそうに語りだしたので「そんなことある???」と思ってしまった。古代ギリシャ史については素人だけど、流石にちょっと胡散臭くないか

ということで調べてみました!

動画はこれ。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-hpr7FJdI

まあトーク番組だから出典をいちいち挙げないのは当然として、じゃあ何がソースなんだろうと思ってちょっと検索してみたら、元ネタプルタルコスの『英雄伝』なのね……『英雄伝』はギリシャローマ英雄たちの逸話を紹介してる本で、日本語訳複数出てるけど、増田素人から手元になくて近所の図書館にもなさそうなので、ネット英訳版を見てみることにする。具体的にはリュクールゴスの章に書かれているらしい。

Not contented with this, he resolved to make a division of their movables too, that there might be no odious distinction or inequality left amongst them; but finding that it would be very dangerous to go about it openly, he took another course, and defeated their avarice by the following stratagem: he commanded that all gold and silver coin should be called in, and that only a sort of money made of iron should be current, a great weight and quantity of which was very little worth; so that to lay up twenty or thirty pounds there was required a pretty large closet, and, to remove it, nothing less than a yoke of oxen. With the diffusion of this money, at once a number of vices were banished from Lacedaemon; for who would rob another of such a coin? Who would unjustly detain or take by force, or accept as a bribe, a thing which it was not easy to hide, nor a credit to have, nor indeed of any use to cut in pieces? For when it was just red hot, they quenched it in vinegar, and by that means spoilt it, and made it almost incapable of being worked.

In the next place, he declared an outlawry of all needless and superfluous arts; but here he might almost have spared his proclamation; for they of themselves would have gone after the gold and silver, the money which remained being not so proper payment for curious work; for, being of iron, it was scarcely portable, neither, if they should take the means to export it, would it pass amongst the other Greeks, who ridiculed it. So there was now no more means of purchasing foreign goods and small wares; merchants sent no shiploads into Laconian ports; no rhetoric-master, no itinerate fortune-teller, no harlot-monger, or gold or silversmith, engraver, or jeweller, set foot in a country which had no money; so that luxury, deprived little by little of that which fed and fomented it, wasted to nothing and died away of itself. For the rich had no advantage here over the poor, as their wealth and abundance had no road to come abroad by but were shut up at home doing nothing. (...)

http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lycurgus.html

なるほど、シシンさんのトークプルタルコス記述に忠実だ。少なくとも彼女は盛って話していたわけではない。

で、プルタルコスの『英雄伝』が書かれたのは後2世紀初頭と言われているんだけど、ここで逸話が語られているリュクールゴスはだいたい前9世紀頃に活躍した人物と言われているのね。彼はスパルタの半ば伝説的な立法者。要するにプルタルコスは直接スパルタで鉄貨を見たんじゃなくて「1000年くらい前のスパルタではそういうことがあったらしいよ」っていう伝承を語っているのよ。古事記かな?

ところで根本的に、古代ギリシャでは鉄の棒を通貨として使っていた地域があったらしいんだよね。「わざと鉄の棒を通貨として採用した」んじゃなくて「もともと鉄の棒をお金として使ってた」だと、かなりイメージ変わってこない?

https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4792.html

ちょっと古い文献だけど,Charles Seltmanっていう貨幣専門家が書いたA Book of Greek Coinsっていう本にも次のようなくだりがある。

Certain it is that before coined money was used in Greece other states as well as Sparta, chief among them Sparta's great rival Argos, regularly employed iron spits as currency.(34頁)

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280124

なんでかというと、スパルタがあったラコニア地方は単純に鉄が採れる地域なんだってさ。そら、鉄が採掘できるなら鉄貨使うわな。

Iron was mined in Laconian territory, in the southern spurs of Taygetus and Parnon which end in Capes Taenarum and Malea. It was, therefore, but natural that the Spartans, with the wealth at their disposal, should employ bar-iron as currency; and their conservatism, combined with their lack of any more precious metal, led them to continue the employment of iron money for four centuries after other Greek states had adopted coin(33頁)

さらにこうも書かれている。

a currency which was possibly kept in use for reasons of economic convenience rather than for the enforcement of a stern rule of life(34頁)

要するに、

ってことね。

質実剛健さを重んじてわざとコインを使わなかった」のが仮に史実だとしても、「あえて鉄の棒を採用した」んじゃなくて「鉄の棒を使い続けた(=コイン採用しなかった)」というのが本当のところなんだろうなぁ。

あと,「偉い人の論文読んでみたら、普通にスパルタでは外国通貨使ってたらしいよ」というブログ記事も見つけた。ただ元の論文がなかなか見つけられないので確定的なことは言えないけれど……

https://hoferjonathan14.medium.com/the-iron-money-of-sparta-likely-a-myth-97d95d431a62

このエピソード英語で色々ググってみたけど全部出典がプルタルコスに行き着くので、考古学裏付けはあまりないっぽいんだよね。まあプルタルコスおもしろネタが満載なわけだけど、そこしか出典がないとなると結構胡散臭いんじゃないかな。

もちろん増田古典ギリシャ語とか読めない素人から、実際には他のところにも記述があったり、考古学証拠が見つかっていたり、リュクールゴス時代古文書が発掘されている可能性もあるわけだけど、個人的にはシシンさんのスパルタの鉄貨に関するトークを信じる気にはなれないかなと思いました。

追記

https://www.kk-bestsellers.com/articles/-/2907/

この記事に鉄の串の写真があって、シシンさんが解説を寄せている。解説の文面はまあ納得のいく見解なので(串がコインに先立つことや、コイン出現後もスパルタでは串が使われていたと書いている。そこに異論はない)、動画でのトークネタに振り切った感じなんだろうか……

シシンさんの動画のそこ、笑ったw 増田調査サンキューやで / その上で、動画FGOというゲームを楽しむユーザー向けで、論文ではない。そこでネタとして紹介してくれたものに目くじらを立てる気に私はならんな

FGOファン向けなら史実かどうかは怪しいおもしろエピソード史実かのように話していい…ってコト!? ワ…ワァ…FGOファンにもシシンさんにも失礼すぎて泣いちゃった!

様々な論点があるので100字に入りきらないが,スパルタ貴金属貨幣禁止していたということと,リュクルゴス制の成立を前9世紀とするのは後世による「伝統創造であるこことは指摘したい。

書き方が悪かったかもしれませんが、鉄貨の存在貴金属貨幣禁止否定していません。

動画では、シシンさんは「スパルタお金をどんどん重くしていって、賄賂や贅沢を抑止していた脳筋国家である(少しでも金額が大きくなると持ちきれないほどの重さになるから袖の下は渡せないし、持つことで鍛えられるから)」と言っています

これ、前提知識なしで聞くと「バーベルのような鉄貨は堕落を嫌ったスパルタ発明」と聞こえるんですよ。実際に増田にこの話を面白そうに話した友人もそう理解していましたし、増田トークを聞いてそう理解しました。そして実際にプルタルコスはそう書いています

でも実際には、単にコイン発明からスパルタやその周辺地域には棒状の貨幣があって、スパルタはそれをコインに置き換えなかった、という話なんですよね。で、参考文献に挙げた本にも「マッチョイズムじゃなくて経済的から使ってたんじゃない?」と書いてある(最後引用したセンテンス)。これ絶妙史実勘違いさせるトークになってません? って思っちゃうんですが、どうでしょう

(もちろん、副次的効果として賄賂の抑止や筋力増強はあったかもしれませんが、それが主目的であるかのように論じられると……都会民は電車通勤ゆえに自家用車通勤地方民より体力があったりしますが、都民の体力を増強させるために都はメトロを整備したんだ、と言い出したら違う話になるでしょう?)

リュクールゴス実在人物であるかのような筆致はご指摘のように不用意でした。

2014-10-21

http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20140830230307

Dear the anonymous,

I, Sho IWAMOTO / Misho, who wrote the correction text, just want to thank you for your arranging my corrections.

Please freely, needless to say, use my text, or arrange it.

I am really appreciate if you, or another, supersedes the worst translation to provide a good knowledge to Japanese people.

Best regards,

Misho

2011-12-28

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