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はてなキーワード: The Exとは
ケナタッチ氏の書簡に対する、日本の抗議文がアップされるのをwktkしてまってます。あと前文部科学事務次官が実名で事情を話す覚悟を決められた由、敬意を表しまして、ぜひぜひ参考人招致を実現して頂きたいなと思いますね。
「国連のプライベートの権利に関する特別報告者が懸念を表明されたということですが、政府としてはどのような対応をとられますか。」
「まずですね、特別報告者という立場ですけども、これは独立した個人の立場で、人権状況の調査、報告を行う立場であって、国連の立場を反映するものではない。これは明確に申し上げておく。今回の書簡を受けてですね、政府外務省は、直接説明する機会が得られることも無く、一方的に発出したんです。この点、さらには同書簡の内容が明らかに不適切なもの、でありますので、強く抗議を行ったという、行ってます。それと同時に、テロ等準備罪処罰法案（名前違うよ）というのは、187の国と地域が締結する本条約締結するために必要な国内法整備であってですね。プライバシーの権利や表現の自由を不当に制約するできる利用がなされるということはまったく当たらないということですを強く抗議したということです。」
下のマニュアルのII methods of work B. Communication 37に、基本的には、レポートに掲載されるまでは機密扱いになるけど、特定の事情で特別報告者が、報告書より前に公開する必要があると判断すれば行うことができると書いてあります。なので、公開するのは全然問題ない。
菅さんの一方的な発出の部分ですが、どれくらい特殊な例なんだろうかと、ケナタッチ氏の場合は、ポストの歴史が浅いので記録がアーカイブされていないのですが、表現の自由に関する特別報告者のComments on legislation and Policyをつらつらと眺めてみると、
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomOpinion/Pages/LegislationAndPolicy.aspx
もうまったく普通に、書簡の最後に、この文書はこのウェブサイトで公開しますし、返信も同様に公開しますよ、というようなことが書いてあります。むしろ書いてないほうが珍しい。
アメリカの、宗教的属性で、旅行者のスクリーニングをやることをみとめる大統領令に対しての書簡や、旅行者にソーシャルメディアの情報を提出させる大統領令など、ドイツのインターネット監視の法律強化案に対するコメントでは
最後にお知らせさせていただきますが、この書簡は、特別報告者の任務のために、公に利用可能とするため、ウェブサイトに投稿いたします。
貴国政府からの返信に関しても同様に、同じウェブサイトに投稿し、また通常の表現に関する人権の議会に提出する活動報告書にも同様に掲載させていただきます。
Finally, I would like to inform that this communication will be made available to the public and posted on the website page for the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of expression:
Your Government’s response will also be made available on the same website as well as in the regular periodic Communications Report to be presented to the Human Rights Council for its onsideration.
これに対して、アメリカやイギリス、ドイツなどの先進国は、形式だけにしても「忠告してくれてありがとう、これこれこういう法律だから大丈夫です。もしもっと疑問があったら答えるよ」とか「忠告には感謝しますが、現在議会で議論している最中で、議会の決定は政府とは独立しているから現段階で、どういう内容の法律になるかは答えられません。もし内容が明らかになったらすぐに情報提供させていただきます」みたいな感じの丁寧な応答がされています。
また先日書いたInvestigatory Powers Billについては、コメントはありませんが、同様にすぐにウェブサイトに投稿されています。こっちのほうが珍しいパターン。
理由を書いてある奴もたまにはあって、たとえば、中国のインターネットアクセス規制に関するコメント（これが中国から見えるのかは気になるね）では
また私は貴国政府に、この法案に関する私の見解をすぐに公に示すことをお知らせいたします。このプレスリリースは、私が、貴国政府と、この問題の疑問点を明らかにするために、コンタクトを取っていたことを示すことでしょう。
I would also like to inform your Excellency’s Government that I intend to publicly express my views on the draft legislation shortly. The press release will indicate that I have been in contact with your Excellency's Government to clarify the issues in question.
まぁ中国だと、こういう意見表明がされたことを自ら発表することなんて無いだろうしね。中国のレスポンスは「中国は法治国家だから大丈夫」見たいな感じで、西欧諸国のような修辞はないのが笑えた。
貴国政府の返答は、人権委員会の判断を仰ぐために作成する報告書にも公開されることになります。
今回の申し立ての重大性、緊急性を考慮しまして、今回の書簡の内容については、プレスリリースを行うこととすることも、貴国政府にお知らせいたします。
The response of your Excellency’s Government will be made available in a report that will be submitted to the Human Rights Council for its consideration.
Given the seriousness and urgency of the allegations, we would like to inform your Excellency's Government that we intend to issue a press release on the issues contained herein.
とこれも一方的に公開書簡を送ってるけど、このときは別に怒った反応はしてない。でもお得意の
「いかなる情報に基づいた書簡かは明らかではないが、特別報告間が得られた情報は正確ではないwhile it is not clear what information the communication based on, the information which Special Rappoteurs obtained is not accurate.」を書いてますね。
https://spdb.ohchr.org/hrdb/25th/Japan_31.01.14_%281.2013%29.pdf
まぁ正直、文章の修辞的な意味での丁寧さの欠如具合が中国の例に近い。
「最後に、立法段階が相当進んでいることに照らしまして、私の見解では、迅速な公共の関心が必要な事項であると判断いたします。ですから私は、プライバシーに関する特別報告者の任務として、貴国政府に、本書簡を公開するとともに、ウェブサイトに投稿すること、そして私の懸念についてプレスリリースをを行う準備をいたしますことをお知らせいたします。またこのことは、私たちと貴国政府が疑問点を明らかにするためにコンタクトを取っていたことを示すものであります。」
と書いているわけで、むしろ丁寧に理由まで書いているという意味では、通例に照らしてなんら失礼な文書ではないと思うわけですが、強くprotestしたということですので、文書の公開が楽しみでならないわけであります。
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/SP/Manual_Operations2008.pdf
緊急提言として、通常の外交マナーにのっとらない行動もできるとか書いてあるけど、公開書簡はありふれてというか、少なくとも事後的にでも公開されるものは、迅速に公開されるので、まあUrgent Appealだから公開だっていうわけじゃなくって、コンタクトを取ってる証拠として公開するから、ちゃんと答えてよ、ということでしょうね。これによると基本的には60日以内には回答することになってるけど、トランプアメリカとか、中国とかは1年、2年回答してないのもあるし。
特別報告者としての活動による訴追等は受けない、逮捕、拘禁もされない、書いた報告書は誰にも訂正されない、等々書いてあるので、まぁ特別報告者がただのprivate（私人）ちう意味での個人だというのは相当苦しいですなぁ。
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet27en.pdf
The experts carrying out United Nations human rights mandates
are legally classified as “experts on mission” in the meaning of the
1946 Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.
While they are working on their mandates, the experts enjoy functional
privileges and immunities that are specified inter alia in article VI,
section 22 of the Convention. These include:
“a) Immunity from personal arrest and detention and from seizure
of their personal baggage;
b) In respect of words spoken or written and acts done by them in
the course of the performance of their mission, immunity from
legal process of every kind. This immunity is to be accorded notwithstanding
that the persons concerned are no longer employed
on missions for the United Nations;
c) Inviolability for all papers and documents;
d) For the purpose of their communications with the United
Nations, the right to use codes and to receive papers or correspondence
by courier or in sealed bags;
e) The same facilities in respect of currency or exchange restrictions
as are accorded to representatives of foreign governments
on temporary official missions;
f) The same immunities and facilities in respect of their personal
baggage as are accorded to diplomatic envoys.”
まぁ国連の特別報告者の見解がいつもいつも正しいわけじゃないのは当然でしょうから、疑義には正面から答えればそれだけですむのになぁという話。正直、「一方的に発出してー！」って切れられても戸惑うんじゃないかしら。他国の反応を見てみると。
[国会ウォッチャー]外務大臣政務官「TOC条約に留保を付して締結することは可能」
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170502181320
への疑問を列挙してみました。
あと、できるだけソースへのリンクを付けてもらえるとありがたいです。
連邦法における刑罰は、州法を超える範囲をカバーしているわけではなく、州をまたいだ犯罪や国際犯罪に限定されているので、州法では犯罪じゃないけれど、連邦法では犯罪になる州内の犯罪というものは存在しないのです
これはどこから出てきた話なのか。
たとえば脱税にしても、地方税のものと歳入法に関するものとで後者は連邦法である。
元文
U.S. federal criminal law, which regulates conduct based on its effect on interstate or foreign commerce, or another federal interest,
増田訳
ちなみにGoogle翻訳
元文では「or another federal interest」は明確に分かれてるが増田の訳では「連邦の利益」に「州をまたいだ、または国際的な通商等」がかかっていて、曖昧になっている。
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&chapter=18&lang=en
The United States of America reserves the right to assume obligations under the Convention in a manner consistent with its fundamental principles of federalism, pursuant to which both federal and state criminal laws must be considered in relation to the conduct addressed in the Convention. U.S. federal criminal law, which regulates conduct based on its effect on interstate or foreign commerce, or another federal interest, serves as the principal legal regime within the United States for combating organized crime, and is broadly effective for this purpose. Federal criminal law does not apply in the rare case where such criminal conduct does not so involve interstate or foreign commerce, or another federal interest. There are a small number of conceivable situations involving such rare offenses of a purely local character where U.S. federal and state criminal law may not be entirely adequate to satisfy an obligation under the Convention. The United States of America therefore reserves to the obligations set forth in the Convention to the extent they address conduct which would fall within this narrow category of highly localized activity. This reservation does not affect in any respect the ability of the United States to provide international cooperation to other Parties as contemplated in the Convention.
アメリカ合衆国は、本条約が要請する義務を担う権利を留保するが、それは、連邦制の基本原則と両立するという考え方の中で、連邦法と、州法の刑法の両方が、本条約で規定されている行為との関係で考慮されなければならないからである。連邦法での刑法は、州をまたいだ、または国際的な通商等の連邦の利益に影響を与える行為を規制しており、合衆国内での、組織的犯罪に対する戦いでの基本的な法制度となっており、これは（条約の）目的に対して効果的であるといえる。連邦法での刑法は、犯罪行為が州をまたがない、国際通商等の連邦の利益に関わらないという稀なケースでは適用されない。かかる純粋に地方的な性質の犯罪については、連邦法、州法のいずれも、本条約に基づく義務を十分満たすとは言えない状況が少数ではあるが想定される。したがって、アメリカ合衆国は、純地方的な活動に関したせまいカテゴリーにおさまる行為に関しては、本条約で規定された義務を留保する。この留保が、本条約の他の締結国に対する協力をするというアメリカ合衆国の能力に影響を与えることはない。
合衆国は、条約に定められた行動に関連して連邦および州の両方の刑法を考慮しなければならないという、連邦主義の基本原則に合致する方法で条約上の義務を引き受ける権利を留保する。州または国外の商取引やその他の連邦政府の利益に基づいて行為を規制する米国連邦刑法は、組織犯罪と戦うための米国内の主要な法制度としての役割を果たし、広くこの目的のために有効です。連邦刑法は、そのような犯罪行為が州際通商や外国貿易、あるいはその他の連邦政府の関心事を含まないまれなケースには適用されない。このようなまれな犯罪には、米国連邦刑法と州刑法が条約に基づく義務を完全に満たしているわけではないかもしれない純粋に地元の性格のものが考えられます。したがって、米国は、この高度にローカライズされた活動のこの狭いカテゴリーに該当する行動を扱う範囲で条約に定められた義務を留保する。この保留は、いかなる点でも、条約で検討されているように他国に国際協力を提供する米国の能力に影響を及ぼさない。
ローカルな犯罪に対しては州法を整備することなく、留保するよ、といっているので、これはかつての民主党政権が提案していた、越境性を根拠にした法律を整備して、それ以外は留保する、という手法そのものです。
民主党案は条約が要求する範囲より明らかに狭い範囲となっているが、米国はそうではない。
米国の共謀罪の範囲については、米国国務省法律顧問部法執行及び情報課法律顧問補の書簡で米国の見解がなされてる。
[資料]共謀罪、米国・国務省から日本政府への書簡 - 保坂展人のどこどこ日記
http://blog.goo.ne.jp/hosakanobuto/e/022ac5e3340407dfbdf8316c175e041f
あります。すべての州が共謀罪の規定を有しており、ほとんどの州は、一般的に１年以上の拘禁刑で処罰可能な犯罪と定義されている重罪を行なうことの共謀を犯罪としています。
３．限定的な共謀罪の規定を有しており、本条約により禁じられている行為を完全に犯罪としていない州は」どこか。
アラスカ州、オハイオ州及びバーモント州の３州のみが限定的な共謀罪の規定を有しています。もっとも、仮に犯罪とされていない部分が存在したとしても、連邦刑法は十分に広範であるため、本条約第５条に規定される行為が現行の連邦法の下で処罰されないということはほとんどあり得ません。合衆国の連邦法の構造は他に例を見ないほどに複雑であり、したがって、ある行為を処罰し得るすべての法律を挙げることは実際上不可能です。
４．本条約で犯罪とすることが義務付けられている行為が連邦法でも州法でも対象とされていない場合は、どの程度珍しいのか。
確かにそのような場合が存在する可能性は理論的にはありますが、合衆国連邦法の適用範囲が広範であることにかんがみれば、金銭的利益その他の物質的利益のために重大な犯罪を行なうことの共謀的又は組織的な犯罪集団を推進するための行為を行なうことの共謀が何らかの連邦犯罪に当たらない場合はほとんど考えられません。
そもそも連邦法が十分に広い、ただ複雑であるため理論的に完全とは言い切れないよ、という意味での留保。
この条項は、そもそも第３条において、transnationalな犯罪を対象とする文言があるのにも関わらず、付されている矛盾をはらんだ表現になっています
第3条には
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/pdfs/treaty156_7a.pdf
この条約は、別段の定めがある場合を除くほか、次の犯罪であって、性質上国際的なものであり、かつ、組織的な犯罪集団が関与するものの防止、捜査及び訴追について適用する。
とあるので単に「別段の定め」なだけでは。
要はこの項目は、マネーロンダリングや汚職、裁判の妨害といった犯罪に国際性の要件がなくてもいいよ、という意味だと解説しているので、外務省の説明とは全然違うじゃねぇかっていうね。
解釈ノート（Legislative Guid）III-A-2に条約で明示的に要求されてるのでなければ国内法の犯罪要件に国際性や犯罪集団の関与を含めるべきでないと書かれている。
これは法の要件にそれらを含めると複雑になり執行に支障が出ることがある為。
https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/legislative_guides/Legislative%20guides_Full%20version.pdf
In general, the Convention applies when the offences are transnational in nature and involve an organized criminal group (see art. 34, para. 2). However, as described in more detail in chapter II, section A, of the present guide, it should be emphasized that this does not mean that these elements themselves are to be made elements of the domestic crime. On the contrary, drafters must not include them in the definition of domestic offences, unless expressly required by the Convention or the Protocols thereto. Any requirements of transnationality or organized criminal group involvement would unnecessarily complicate and hamper law enforcement. The only exception to this principle in the Convention is the offence of participation in an organized criminal group, in which case the involvement of an organized criminal group is of course going to be an element of the domestic offence. Even in this case, however, transnationality must not be an element at the domestic level.
一般に、この条約は、その犯罪が本質的に国境を越え、組織された犯罪集団を含む場合に適用される（第34条、第2項参照）。
しかしながら、本ガイドの第II章A節でより詳細に説明されているように、これはこれらの要素そのものが家庭内犯罪の要素となることを意味するものではないことを強調すべきである。 逆に、起草者は、条約または議定書で明示的に要求されている場合を除いて、家庭内犯罪の定義にそれらを含めるべきではない。 国境を越えた組織や組織された犯罪グループ関与の要件は、不必要に複雑になり、法執行を妨げることになります。 条約のこの原則に対する唯一の例外は、組織化された犯罪集団への参加の犯罪であり、その場合、組織化された犯罪集団の関与はもちろん国内犯罪の要素になるだろう。 しかし、この場合であっても、国境を越えたものは国内レベルの要素であってはならない。
前の方でウクライナに関する答弁が引用されてるが、ここの話で重要なのは犯罪の範囲が絞られているのかどうかのはず。当然政務官も分かっていてそれに関する発言をしているのだが、なぜか増田はそこを略している。
http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/syugiin/163/0004/16310210004006c.html
ただし、ウクライナの留保及び宣言の趣旨につきましては、同国における四年以上五年未満の自由刑が定められている犯罪が存在するかどうかなど、ウクライナの法体系を踏まえて検討する必要があり、現在、私どもはウクライナ政府に照会しております。まだ回答についてはいただいておりません。
したがいまして、ウクライナの本件留保及び宣言の趣旨及びその条約上の評価につき、現段階で、長期四年以上の自由刑を長期五年以上の自由刑に限定したものと言えるかどうかを含め、確定的なお答えをすることは今困難だと思っています。
その後照会の回答についても委員会で話されている。
ウクライナは（条約法条約第19条的な意味での）留保を行ってない。
ウクライナの共謀罪は条約で求められてるものより広範囲である。
したがってウクライナの話を元に条約第2条の対象犯罪を狭められるとするのは間違いとなる。
第164回国会 法務委員会 第21号（平成18年4月28日（金曜日））
http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_kaigiroku.nsf/html/kaigiroku/000416420060428021.htm
その内容といたしましては、この留保及び宣言は、本条約とウクライナ刑法の関係を説明するために行われたものにすぎないのであって、国際法上の意味での留保を付す趣旨ではなく、本条約第五条１（ａ）（ｉ）に言ういわゆる共謀罪に相当する行為は、ウクライナにおいても広く処罰の対象とされている旨の回答を得ました。
具体的な法文の説明もございまして、ウクライナ刑法第十四条では、二年を超える自由刑が定められた犯罪について共謀することが処罰の対象とされている、条約上義務とされている犯罪対象より広い範囲の犯罪について共謀罪が設けられている旨の説明がございました。したがいまして、説明のとおりであれば、対象犯罪を限定しているということにはならないと考えております。
国内法の原則に則って、とわざわざおっしゃっていただいていて、我が国の刑法原則は、内心ではなく、準備行為等のなんらかの実行が伴って初めて処罰される、という原則があるのだから、第３４条２項を留保して、越境性を持たない犯罪には適用しない旨を記載すればそれでいい
とりあえず勘違いする人が居るかもなので、改正案には準備行為が必要になってることを明示してあるとありがたい。
http://static.tbsradio.jp/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/kyobozai20170228.pdf
第六条の二 次の各号に掲げる罪に当たる行為で、テロリズム集団その他の組織的犯罪集団（団体のうち、その結合関係の基礎としての共同の目的が別表第三に掲げる罪を実行することにあるものをいう。次項において同じ。）の団体の活動として、当該行為を実行するための組織により行われるものの遂行を二人以上で計画した者は、その計画をした者のいずれかによりその計画に基づき資金又は物品の手配、関係場所の下見その他の計画をした犯罪を実行するための準備行為が行われたときは、当該各号に定める刑に処する。ただし、実行に着手する前に自首した者は、その刑を減軽し、又は免除する。
第２条の（ｂ）を留保すれば、すでに組織的殺人や強盗などは共謀段階で処罰可能であり、人身売買等のいくつかの法整備をすれば、実行行為の伴った処罰に関してはすでに広範な共謀共同正犯が実質的に認められているので、一般的な共謀罪はいらない
ここで言われてる殺人、強盗、人身売買、などのレベルのものだけだと条約が求めてる範囲（長期4年以上）からずいぶんと離れてしまうのでは。
逆に、留保が認められるほど、同等の法整備というのは共謀罪があることとどう違ってくるのか。
I noticed that 10 years passed since I started writing blogs.
While the world is increasingly connected to NET and scarping the gap between those who have information and those who do not have it every day, I think that it is unhappy that violence due to concentration of wealth is increasingly increasing power.
It is "religion" that is surprisingly personally surviving.
A certain great scholar is said to have said that "Religion is a drug of the poor"
Now that mobile phones are spreading in countries called poorest countries and the Internet covers the world now
I want to wish that such common sense is another few years of life.
"Enlightenment" which is the difference between religious leader and believer is only a concept,
The fact that Islam society does not accept social advancement as much as treating women,
It does not match the present era.
I feel even dizzy to the extent of Americans who still do not believe in the theory of evolution,
I think that it is sick if you are watching Korea who is singing and saying that it is the place of origin of its own country keyy.
I welcome the fact that China, which is misunderstood as a nationwide all countries other than his country, is finally getting cold from a hangover,
I am impressed with Putin who is handling Russia brilliantly but vodka is about to expire soon.
President of the world's largest military superpower, Christians of discrimination will truly be overworked by esprit.
The door to World War III has been opening much more than I feel.
It might be a trial from Gaia against an overly populated population.
ふとblogを書き始めて１０年経過したことに気づいた。
世の中はますますNETにつながれ情報を持つ者と持たざる者の格差を日々スキャルピングしているなか、富の集中による暴力がますます力を増大させているのは不幸な事だと思う。
とあるお偉い学者先生は「宗教は貧者の麻薬だ」と言ったそうだが、
最貧国と呼ばれた国にも携帯電話が普及してインターネットが世界を覆っている今
イスラム教社会が女性を大切にするあまり社会進出を認めないのは、
今の時代にそぐわない。
未だに進化論を信じないアメリカ人の多さには目眩すら感じるが、
なんでも自国が発祥の地だと謳いキーキー騒いでる韓国なんかみてると病気だと思う。
自国以外の国は全て属国と勘違いしている中国が最近やっと二日酔いから冷めつつあるのには歓迎もするが、
ロシアを見事にハンドリングしているプーチンには感心するもそろそろウォッカが切れてきた。
世界一の軍事大国の大統領が差別主義のキリスト教徒なんてさすがにエスプリ効きすぎだろう。
Communicating underwater is challenging.
Light and odors don't travel well, so it's hard for animals to see or smell.
But sound moves about four times faster in water than in air, so in this dark environment, marine mammals often rely on vocalization to communicate.
That's why a chorus of sounds fills the ocean.
Clicks, pulses, whistles, groans, boings, cries, and trills, to name a few.
But the most famous parts of this underwater symphony are the evocative melodies, or songs, composed by the world's largest mammals, whales.
Whale songs are one of the most sophisticated communication systems in the animal kingdom.
Only a few species are known to sing.
Blue, fin, bowhead minke whales, and of course humpback whales.
These are all baleen whales which use hairy baleen plates instead of teeth to trap their prey.
Meanwhile, toothed whales do use echolocation, and they and other species of baleen whales make social sounds, such as cries and whistles, to communicate.
But those vocalizations lack the complexity of songs.
So how do they do it?
Land mammals like us generate sound by moving air over our vocal chords when we exhale, causing them to vibrate.
Baleen whales have a U-shaped fold of tissue between their lungs and their large inflatable organs called laryngeal sacs.
We don't know this for sure because it's essentially impossible to observe the internal organs of a living, singing whale, but we think that when a whale sings, muscular contractions in the throat and chest move air from the lungs across the U-fold and into the laryngeal sacs, causing the U-fold to vibrate.
The resulting sound resonates in the sacs like a choir singing in a cathedral making songs loud enough to propagate up to thousands of kilometers away.
Whales don't have to exhale to sing.
Instead, the air is recycled back into the lungs, creating sound once more.
One reason whale songs are so fascinating is their pattern.
Units, like moans, cries, and chirps are arranged in phrases.
Repeated phrases are assembled into themes.
Multiple themes repeated in a predictable pattern create a song.
This hierarchical structure is a kind of grammar.
Whale songs are extremely variable in duration, and whales can repeat them over and over.
In one recorded session, a humpback whale sang for 22 hours.
We don't yet know the exact purpose, but we can speculate.
Given that the singers are males and they mostly sing during the mating season, songs might be used to attract females.
Or perhaps they're territorial, used to deter other males.
Whales return to the same feeding and breeding grounds annually, and each discrete population has a different song.
Songs evolve over time as units or phrases are added, changed, or dropped.
And when males from different populations are feeding within earshot, phrases are often exchanged, maybe because new songs make them more attractive to breeding females.
This is one of the fastest examples of cultural transmission, where learned behaviors are passed between unrelated individuals of the same species.
We can eavesdrop on these songs using underwater microphones called hydrophones.
These help us track species when sightings or genetic samples are rare.
For example, scientists have been able to differentiate the elusive blue whale's populations worldwide based on their songs.
But the oceans are getting noisier as a result of human activity.
Boating, military sonar, underwater construction, and seismic surveys for oil are occurring more often which may interfere with whale's communication.
Some whales will avoid key feeding or breeding grounds if human noise is too loud.
And humpback whales have been observed to reduce their singing in response to noise 200 kilometers away.
Limiting human activity along migratory routes and in other critical habitats, and reducing noise pollution throughout the ocean would help ensure whales continued survival.
If the whales can keep singing and we can keep listening, maybe one day we'll truly understand what they're saying.
Hydrogen peroxide and acetone are used to make triacetone triperoxide, or TATP, a powerful explosive with the consistency of granulated sugar used by operatives in their attacks against Paris and Brussels. The bombers who killed 52 in London in 2005 used it, and al Qaeda operative Richard Reid stuffed it in his shoes in a failed attempt to bring down an airliner flying from the U.K. to the U.S. in 2001.
Ehud Keinan, an Israeli chemist and one of the world’s leading authorities on TATP, said the explosive can be made with minimal technical skill and household equipment. “You can start in the evening, and in the morning it will be ready,” Mr. Keinan said.
Read More
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Terror Network’s Web Sprawls Beyond Brussels and Paris
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Brussels Struggles to Regain Its Balance
Belgium Rues Missed Terror Signs
The EU’s regulatory system, among the strictest in the world, depends on businesses reporting suspicious transactions of hydrogen peroxide, acetone and a number of other chemicals to the police. Businesses are urged to look for a number of red flags, such as if the customer’s use for the chemical is unclear or the purchase is made using large amounts of cash. The rules also ban consumers from owning seven potentially dangerous chemical solutions, including hydrogen peroxide solution, in concentrations higher than 12%.
But the fact that the chemicals have so many commercial applications—from disinfecting pools to removing nail polish—makes identifying suspicious transactions challenging. Authorities and experts say the huge quantity of legitimate trade of such widely-used chemicals means finding suspicious transactions is effectively like picking a needle out of a haystack.
“It’s a very difficult area because there are thousands of legitimate uses for these substances,” said Peter Newport, chief executive of the Chemical Business Association, which represents U.K. chemical distributors.
Some officials have also expressed worries that not all of the 28 EU governments have swiftly implemented the regulations, failing, for example, to create a contact point in law enforcement that would investigate suspicious transactions.
It remains unclear how the Islamic State operatives obtained the chemicals. An official with the Belgian Association of Chemical Distributors wasn’t aware of any suspicious transactions reported to the police in recent months. A Belgian police spokesman declined to comment.
‘It’s a very difficult area because there are thousands of legitimate uses for these substances.’
—Peter Newport, chief executive of the Chemical Business Association
The monitoring program used by customs agencies, called Global Shield, was sought by U.S. authorities seeking to stop the flow of bomb-making chemicals into Afghanistan, where insurgents used them to build bombs that were killing U.S. troops. These chemicals were mainly ammonium-nitrate fertilizer or potassium chlorate shipped from China for use in Pakistan’s match industry and then smuggled across the border.
Now shipments of these chemicals crisscrossing the globe are monitored through a system maintained at the World Customs Organization in Brussels. Customs agencies are supposed to warn each other about suspicious shipments, using some of the same criteria identified in the European regulations.
TATP poses a particularly serious threat to aviation, says Mr. Keinan. The chemical isn’t detectable, he says, by the machines installed at many airports, which are able to uncover more common, nitrogen-based explosives such as TNT. Dogs can also be trained to detect the material.
http://www.hotelgregor.cz/dawn-of-justicew-atch-batman-superman-online-full-movie/
http://www.hotelgregor.cz/dawn-of-justicew-atch-batman-superman-online-full-movie/
http://www.hotelgregor.cz/dawn-of-justicew-atch-batman-superman-online-full-movie/
【新規著作権法】著作物の複製権及びその代理権は万人に帰属する。著作物の原版権及び出版権及びその偶像の常習権は、著作物の制作に直接関係した個人または組織に帰属し、その配分は当事者間の取極による。著作権は、これを総称する。その出版権なき者は、著作物を複製して以てこれを他者に販売しまたは伝播させてはならない。これ以外の権利の都合の如何に拘らず、複製権は、これを侵してはならない。複製権の代理権は、営利の為にこれを行使してはならない。出版権の代理権は、複製権の代理権を包摂し、別に定める基準により正当なる対価を支払った万人に帰属する（複製権の代理権を行使することができない場合、見方を変えて出版権の代理権を行使する為のものであって、必ずしも当該行為の性質を決定づけるものではない）。出版権は、著作物の制作に直接関係した諸氏の死後50年を経て失効する。偶像の常習権は、前記に加えて偶像を発案した個人にも帰属し、その著作物の制作に直接関係しまたは偶像を発案した諸氏の死後70年を経て失効する。関係者の死後に失効する権利は、もしその所以となる死が故意の他殺による場合、その失効を20年延期する。権利が失効してのち延期された場合、それ以前の行使はこれを正当とし、別に定める基準によって正当な対価を支払った者にこれを認める。【新規著作権法施行規則】この法律の施行前に旧法によって与えられて、承認または否認される権利は、これを侵さず、旧法以て適応する。立法権は、この法律に違反する遡及的内容の国際的な条文を認めてはならないし、この法律の施行前に締約された者は、これを廃止しなければならない。
‹Copyright Innovative Act› The Right of Replication of Protected Materials and the Right of Delegation of Replication of Protected Materials belong to every intellectual being. The Right of Manifestation, the Right of Publication and the Right of Exploitation of Icons of Protected Materials belong to those who involved directly in the manifestation of their Material, and the distribution of the rights is subject to the responsible parties' agreement. Copyright is the hypernym of those aforementioned Rights. No one shall replicate Protected Materials and merchandise them, or propagate them, to the third parties, without the Right of Publication. No one shall disrespect the Right of Replication, disregard of any other Rights. No one shall invoke the Right of Delegation of Replication for profit. The Right of Delegation of Publication implies the Right of Delegation of Replication, and belongs to every intellectual being who has paid a fair loyalty according to the standards that must be expressed besides this act. The Right of Publication expires 50 years later of the deaths of all individuals involved directly in the manifestation of the Protected Material. The Right of Exploitation of Icons belongs to each individual planned the icon in addition to each individual directly involved in the manifestation of the Protected Material, and expires 70 years later of the deaths of them all. The expiration of rights shall be suspended for 20 years if and only if the cause of the triggering death was homicide. Every instance of the invoked right before the expiration shall be righteous and granted if and only if a fair loyalty was paid according to the standards that must be expressed besides this act.
‹Copyright Innovative Act's Rules of Implementation› All rights that were materialized and should be ruled by the acts to be displaced by this act shall stay effective as prior to the implementation of this act. The legislative body shall not ratify any international declaration of responsibilities that contradicts this act and affects the rights retrospectively, and shall obsolete it after the ratification or implementation if any.
Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り（pajānāti）、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら（paṭisaṃvedī）息を吸おう」と訓練する（sikkhati）。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練する。
"And how does a monk remain focused on the body in & of itself?
では、比丘たちよ、比丘はどのようにして、体そのものに気づきを保ち続けるのでしょうか？
"There is the case where a monk — having gone to the wilderness, to the shade of a tree, or to an empty building — sits down folding his legs crosswise, holding his body erect and setting mindfulness to the fore [lit: the front of the chest]. Always mindful, he breathes in; mindful he breathes out.
ここにある比丘がいます — 彼は森へ行き、木の陰へ行き、あるいは空家に行き — 腰を下ろして足を組みます。背をまっすぐに伸ばし、そして気づきを（胸の）前部へと向けます。そして、常に気づきをもって、彼は入息します。気づきをもって、出息します。
"Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.' Just as a skilled turner or his apprentice, when making a long turn, discerns, 'I am making a long turn,' or when making a short turn discerns, 'I am making a short turn'; in the same way the monk, when breathing in long, discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long' ... He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練します。あたかも熟練したろくろ工、あるいはその弟子が、ろくろの紐を長く引っぱれば、「私は紐を長く引っぱる」と知り、紐を短く引っぱれば、「私は紐を短く引っぱる」と知るように。これと同じように、比丘が長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。・・・「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or externally on the body in & of itself, or both internally & externally on the body in & of itself. Or he remains focused on the phenomenon of origination with regard to the body, on the phenomenon of passing away with regard to the body, or on the phenomenon of origination & passing away with regard to the body. Or his mindfulness that 'There is a body' is maintained to the extent of knowledge & remembrance. And he remains independent, unsustained by (not clinging to) anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
このように、比丘は内部から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、外部から体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、内部・外部両方から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘は体に関する現象の発生に気づきを保ちます。体に関する現象の消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、体に関する現象の発生と消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘の「体が存在する」という気づきは知識と想起の範囲で保たれます。そして比丘は独立を保ち、世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when walking, the monk discerns, 'I am walking.' When standing, he discerns, 'I am standing.' When sitting, he discerns, 'I am sitting.' When lying down, he discerns, 'I am lying down.' Or however his body is disposed, that is how he discerns it.
さらに加えて、比丘が歩いているとき、この比丘は「私は歩いている」とはっきりと知ります。立っているとき、この比丘は「私は立っている」とはっきり知ります。座っているときには、「私は座っている」とはっきりと知ります。横たわっているときには、「私は横たわっている」とはっきりと知ります。あるいは、体がどのような状態になるのであれ、はっきりとその状態を知ります。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものを内部から、あるいは外部から、あるいはその両方から気づきを保つ方法です。そして・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when going forward & returning, he makes himself fully alert; when looking toward & looking away... when bending & extending his limbs... when carrying his outer cloak, his upper robe & his bowl... when eating, drinking, chewing, & savoring... when urinating & defecating... when walking, standing, sitting, falling asleep, waking up, talking, & remaining silent, he makes himself fully alert.
さらに加えて、比丘が前に進むとき・戻ってくるとき、この比丘は自身に完全に注意を払います。何かに目を向けるとき・目をそむけるときも同様に・・・手足を伸ばすとき・曲げるときも同様に・・・自分の外套（コートなど）を運ぶとき、自分の上着・お椀を運ぶときも同様に・・・食べるとき、飲むときに、噛むとき・味わうときも同様に・・・排尿するとき・排便するときも同様に・・・歩くとき、立つとき、座るとき、眠りに落ちる時、起きるとき、話すとき・沈黙するとき、比丘は自身に完全な注意を払います。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。あるいは体そのものを外部から・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。
やってみたよ。おもしろかったので、簡単に、やり方を日本語で説明しておくね。
http://www.bbk.ac.uk/psychology/psychologyexperiments/experiments/facememorytest/instructions.php
イギリスのバークベック大学というところの心理学部のテストだ。「相貌失認のテスト」というより、「人の顔の記憶についてのテスト」で、これに答えられるかどうかが「相貌失認かどうか」を決めるわけではないという点にまずは注意が必要だ。また、多くの人が回答すると研究の役に立ちそうだが、「白人の顔は区別がつかない」という人が回答してもノイズを増やしてしまうかもしれない。軍隊ものなど服装でキャラの区別がつけられないシーンが多い映画で、誰が誰なのか区別がつかなくて困るということが少ない人は、やってみるとおもしろいだろう。所要時間は、全部で20分くらいかかると書かれているが、私の場合は15分くらいだった（20分はかかっていない）。
手順は、最初に出てくる画面に書いてあることを読んで、I agreeをクリックする。同意する内容は、テストの内容に納得し、この大学の研究に自由意志で参加するということだ。18歳以上であることが条件となっている。テストの最後に、「あなたはロンドン近辺にお住まいですか」という問いがあり、YesかNoのどちらかで回答するようになっているので、ロンドン近辺の人とそうでない地域の人との有意差も研究対象かもしれない（が、イギリス国外からの実験参加は、想定していないのかもしれない）。
I agreeのボタンを押すと、次の画面でさらに詳しくテストについての説明があり、まずは練習ができる。Press to start practiceのボタンをクリックすると、画面が切り替わり、説明が出る。その説明を読んだら、どのキーでもよいので押すと練習が始まる。英語圏で大人気のアニメのキャラの顔の、角度を変えた3枚の絵が1枚ずつ表示され（数秒で切り替わる）、覚えるように指示される。続いて、3人のキャラの顔が並んでいる中から、今見た顔の番号をキーボードで押す。
本番は、この要領で、人間の顔写真（白黒）で行なわれる。……という手続きがわかってれば、テストの最中は、英語は読まなくてもできると思う。
なお、テストは前半と後半があり、後半は6人の顔をまとめて覚え、「次の3人のうち、先ほどの6人の中に含まれていたのはどの人でしょうか」に答えるというもの。けっこうハードだ。
ちなみに私は、Your accuracy in the experiment was: 93% だった。後半は適当に選択肢から選択したものも多いので、本当は85～90％だろう。
1. だいたいOK
2.
これが抜けている：
This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.
『この（連合国の）軍事力は、日本国が抵抗を止めるまで攻撃を継続するという連合国の固い意思に鼓舞され、また支えられている」
3. だいたいOK
4. だいたいOK
5. だいたいOK
6. "for all time"は『永久に』の方が正確だと思う。（×「全ての時期における」）
7. "war making power"は「好戦勢力」ではちょっとしっくりこないので、長いけど「戦争を可能とする軍事力」とか？
"Convincing proof"は「明確な証拠」というより「信ずるに値する証拠」とか？
"secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth."
8. だいたいOK
9. だいたいOK
10. "stern justice shall be meted out" 「正義を付与」って日本語ではあまり使わなさそう。普通に『罰を与える』『制裁を下』とか？
「強化しあるいは復活するにあたって」原文はandなので「復活および強化するにあたって」
11. 軍事を目的とした産業はダメというのが抜けているし、いろいろ直訳っぽい。『日本国がその経済を持続するため、および物資的賠償を可能にするための産業を維持することを許可する。ただし、新たな戦争に向けて軍事力を復活させる目的のものは許可されない』。原文の"permit the exaction of just reparations in kind"は正直なところ意味が曖昧だと思う。just reparations in kindということは「物資的な賠償」だと思うのだけど、これは誰に向けての賠償なのか？なぜ金銭的な賠償ではないのか？がちょっと不明。
あと『この目的を達成するために、原材料を入手することを許可するが、支配することは許されない。』
"Eventual"は『そのうち』『長期的』という意味だと思う。
12. だいたいOK
13. だいたいOK
瞑想とは何か・・・。上座部仏教徒にとって、瞑想とはなにかというテキスト的な役割を果たすのは清浄道論です。しかしながら、より実践的な瞑想の方法を学ぶためには他の仏典が参照されることもあります。今回は清浄道論でない仏典を参考にしつつ、より具体的に、瞑想とはどんなことをすればいいのかを見てみましょう。
さて、ヴィパッサナー瞑想の詳しい紹介に入る前に・・・そもそも、ヴィパッサナー瞑想はなぜ行われるのでしょうか。それに関して、例えば古代の仏典であるMaha-satipatthana Sutta（大念住経）にお釈迦様の言葉があります。
・比丘たちよ、ここに一つの道がある。その道とは、人々を清め、悲しみと悲泣を乗り越え、肉体と精神の痛みを滅し、聖なる道を得、涅槃を観るための唯一の道である。それは「四つの念住」である。
・この四つとは何か ? 比丘たちよ、比丘は、努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「身」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）身であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「受（感覚）」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）受であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「心」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）心であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「法（ダンマ）」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）法であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
すなわち、ヴィパッサナー瞑想をすることによって、知恵（insight あるいは understanding）が強まり、「自身」という存在をより正しく知ることができるのです。そして、その道を極めることによって、最終的には悟りすら得られる瞑想です。
それでは、ヴィパッサナー瞑想とはどんな瞑想なのでしょうか。ヴィパッサナー瞑想・・・といったときに、もっとも有名なのが呼吸を対象とする瞑想です。この呼吸瞑想はどこで紹介されているのかというと、やはり古代の仏典である、ānāpāna-sati（アーナパーナ・サティ）に記されています。このānāpāna-satiは、日本では安那般那念という名前で知られています。
wikipedia - 安那般那念
Anapanasati Sutta（Thanissaro Bhikkhuによる英訳版）
さて、安那般那念の該当部分を見てみましょう。ここにはこう書いてあります。（以下はwikipediaからの抜粋）
Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り（pajānāti）、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら（paṭisaṃvedī）息を吸おう」と訓練する（sikkhati）。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練する。
これは呼吸瞑想を紹介する部分です。
しかし、瞑想について具体的に紹介しているのはānāpāna-satiだけではありません。Maha-satipatthana Sutta（大念住経）にも瞑想方法が紹介されています。ここには呼吸瞑想以外の瞑想方法が紹介されています。それを引用してみましょう。以下は英訳版Maha-satipatthana Suttaからの引用と、私による（英文の）和訳です。
"And how does a monk remain focused on the body in & of itself?
では、比丘たちよ、比丘はどのようにして、体そのものに気づきを保ち続けるのでしょうか？
"There is the case where a monk — having gone to the wilderness, to the shade of a tree, or to an empty building — sits down folding his legs crosswise, holding his body erect and setting mindfulness to the fore [lit: the front of the chest]. Always mindful, he breathes in; mindful he breathes out.
ここにある比丘がいます — 彼は森へ行き、木の陰へ行き、あるいは空家に行き — 腰を下ろして足を組みます。背をまっすぐに伸ばし、そして気づきを（胸の）前部へと向けます。そして、常に気づきをもって、彼は入息します。気づきをもって、出息します。
"Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.' Just as a skilled turner or his apprentice, when making a long turn, discerns, 'I am making a long turn,' or when making a short turn discerns, 'I am making a short turn'; in the same way the monk, when breathing in long, discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long' ... He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練します。あたかも熟練したろくろ工、あるいはその弟子が、ろくろの紐を長く引っぱれば、「私は紐を長く引っぱる」と知り、紐を短く引っぱれば、「私は紐を短く引っぱる」と知るように。これと同じように、比丘が長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。・・・「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or externally on the body in & of itself, or both internally & externally on the body in & of itself. Or he remains focused on the phenomenon of origination with regard to the body, on the phenomenon of passing away with regard to the body, or on the phenomenon of origination & passing away with regard to the body. Or his mindfulness that 'There is a body' is maintained to the extent of knowledge & remembrance. And he remains independent, unsustained by (not clinging to) anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
このように、比丘は内部から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、外部から体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、内部・外部両方から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘は体に関する現象の発生に気づきを保ちます。体に関する現象の消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、体に関する現象の発生と消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘の「体が存在する」という気づきは知識と想起（注１）の範囲で保たれます。そして比丘は独立を保ち、世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when walking, the monk discerns, 'I am walking.' When standing, he discerns, 'I am standing.' When sitting, he discerns, 'I am sitting.' When lying down, he discerns, 'I am lying down.' Or however his body is disposed, that is how he discerns it.
さらに加えて、比丘が歩いているとき、この比丘は「私は歩いている」とはっきりと知ります。立っているとき、この比丘は「私は立っている」とはっきり知ります。座っているときには、「私は座っている」とはっきりと知ります。横たわっているときには、「私は横たわっている」とはっきりと知ります。あるいは、体がどのような状態になるのであれ、はっきりとその状態を知ります。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものを内部から、あるいは外部から、あるいはその両方から気づきを保つ方法です。そして・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when going forward & returning, he makes himself fully alert; when looking toward & looking away... when bending & extending his limbs... when carrying his outer cloak, his upper robe & his bowl... when eating, drinking, chewing, & savoring... when urinating & defecating... when walking, standing, sitting, falling asleep, waking up, talking, & remaining silent, he makes himself fully alert.
さらに加えて、比丘が前に進むとき・戻ってくるとき、この比丘は自身に完全に注意を払います。何かに目を向けるとき・目をそむけるときも同様に・・・手足を伸ばすとき・曲げるときも同様に・・・自分の外套（コートなど）を運ぶとき、自分の上着・お椀を運ぶときも同様に・・・食べるとき、飲むときに、噛むとき・味わうときも同様に・・・排尿するとき・排便するときも同様に・・・歩くとき、立つとき、座るとき、眠りに落ちる時、起きるとき、話すとき・沈黙するとき、比丘は自身に完全な注意を払います。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。あるいは体そのものを外部から・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。
基本的には上記がヴィパッサナー瞑想だと考えればよいでしょう。このヴィパッサナー瞑想は近代の指導者たちに、さまざまに解釈されています。
注1 ここで、「想起」という言葉は「思い出す」という意味です。
卒業研究がまるでうまく言ってなくて来週提出の卒論アブストが全く書けない現実逃避に。
I was rejected by my best girl nine months ago. It has been unclear the reason why they broke up despite the each other's intense love. In this thesis, we provide a clear explanation about the event.
What plays a invaluable role for our study is descriptions gathered from me about each incident that had happened along them. We were able to obtain a large number of the descriptions, since a winter chill in the air reminded me the divine memories of the days with her. We carefully examined each of them and arranged the incidents into some categories. By combing chronological order and categories of the incidents, we analyzed the emotional changes of me and her.
We propose a simple model that explain the breakup between them, based on the above mentioned analysis. From discussions about the model with some people, the model is considered to be capturing major matters. We also present our attempt to match the model to the existing collection of patterns of the way how once loved people would break up. Even though this attempt is not much succeeded, at least it reveals that what I experienced was quite ordinal breakup.
私は九ヶ月前に恋人から別れを告げられた．互いに強く想いあっていたにも関わらず彼らが別れることとなった理由は，不明瞭であった．本論文において，我々はこの出来事についての明瞭な解釈を提示する．
我々の研究にとって非常に重要な役割を果たしたのは，彼らに起こった事象に関する多くの私から収集された叙述である．冬の寒さが私に彼女と過ごしたかけがえのない日々を思い出させたおかげで，我々は多くの叙述を得ることができた．我々はそれらの一つ一つを注意深く調べて，幾つかの分類へと整理した．各事象についての時系列順と分類を組み合わせることで，我々は私と彼女の感情的な移り変わりを分析した．
この分析に基いて，我々は彼らの別れを解釈する単純なモデルを提案する．本モデルについて幾人かと行った議論から，本モデルは重要な問題を捉えていると考えられる．さらに，かつて愛し合った人々がどのようにして別れるかのパターンを集めた既存研究と，本モデルを照らし合わせる試みを示す．この試みは十分に成功してはいないものの，少なくとも私が経験したことがありきたりな別れであったことを明らかにしている．
shufuo 日本のアニメも世界を意識するならジェンダーフリー化した方がいいね。アナ雪見てディズニーはさすがに敏感だなと関心したよ。
ラプンツェルは男児にも見て欲しいという事でタイトルをラプンツェルからtangledに変更＆宣伝でアクションっぽさを前面に出したそうだけど、
でもどう見ても女児向けだよね。つかアクションならプリキュアもそうだし（あれは大きいお友達向け仕様っぽいけど）。
映画でないならちいさなプリンセスソフィアも、男児見ないでしょ。
ディズニーじゃないけど、Dora the Explorerが「きらきらおひめさま」や
いかにもテンプレな「女の子らしい」要素が無い教育アニメなのに主人公が女児ってのは日本と違うなーとは思ったけど
あれは元々マイノリティを主人公に、と言う意図があって、「主人公が女児」より「主人公がヒスパニック」の方がインパクト強いし
グッズはやっぱり女児向け扱いだしなー
アンパンマンという男女どちらにも同じくらい人気のあるコンテンツがある日本はいいなあと思ったよ。
まだ本人に性別という意識が無い年齢向けだから可能なんだろうけどさ。
（それでもドキンやメロンパンナだけが描いてある女児向けグッズもあるけど）
親にとっては第二子以降が上と性別違ってもある程度使い回せる辺りも素晴らしい。
「大学教師が新入生に薦める100冊: わたしが知らないスゴ本は、きっとあなたが読んでいる」のCSVファイルを重複排除・ソート。出現数3回以上だけを抜き出してみた。記号が統一されていなくて漏れてしまっているのもあるかも知れない。（ゲーデル、エッシャー、バッハ─
の長音風記号はなぜか統一されていて、Amazonでも全く同じ表記）
They insist the excursions, which are endorsed by the Ukrainian Government, are not ghoulish but instead are intended to educate visitors about the human and environmental disaster which occurred on April 26 1986 when reactor 4 exploded of the power plant exploded releasing large quantities of radioactive material into the atmosphere.
Visitors are taken inside the 20-mile exclusion zone are allowed to get to within 300-metres of the reactor itself which is now housed in a concrete sarcophagus and will remain highly radioactive for an estimated 20,000 years.
They also visit the nearby ghost town of Pripyat where most of the power station’s workers were housed at the time of the accident.
The entire 50,000 population was evacuated in the aftermath of the disaster leaving schools, shops and homes locked in a time warp of more than quarter of a century ago.
A bus then takes visitors through the so-called Red Forest, which was virtually completely destroyed after being exposed to massive levels of radiation.
Like any job from where the pathway is often a difficult an individual, a very important attribute you must have got is normally dedication to ensure success. If you agree perhaps nice becoming a specialist photography, nevertheless there are actually other occupations you might equally end up being completely happy throughout, really don't go for digital photography!
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Your way during the occupation relies all the about your current disposition like your own skill : if you customize your career further development to be able to which you can be, you will see increasing your current skills really pleasant.
When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.
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step 2. Aperture
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Shutter Pace
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1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
Apple on an application for a patent for the fuel cells on Thursday are exposed. In the patent application, apple describes a kind of electronic equipment, such as notebook computer use fuel cells, and without any increase in too much weight of fuel cell performance optimization method.
An application for a patent for the title as "for portable computing devices power supply of fuel cell system". Apple says, consumers are becoming more and more attention to use of renewable energy. Fuel cell in technology competitive, as the energy density high, compared with the traditional batteries can be in the same volume provide more energy.
Apple patent application show: "fuel cells and additional fuel can bring high energy density, in not adding fuel to support of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks." Apple also said, use a fuel cell is to face the challenge of portability and cost.
Usually, the fuel cells to electronic equipment support portable charging, and users need to carry a fuel rods. And this is different, have conceived a and apple electronic equipment tightly integrated fuel cell. And this one the bulk of the patent application in a description of a fuel cell stack is used to optimize the flow of energy control system.
Another apple patent application describes how the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries work together, and to make the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries charging each other. This patent application said: "it will be to make the fuel cell system not necessary to large and heavy integration of the battery, thus obviously reduce the fuel cell system size, weight and cost."
This is not the first application for apple about fuel cell patent. Patently Apple web site said, October the exposure to a patent application shows that Apple are designing a fuel panels, from portable equipment to produce more energy.
About fuel itself, apple a patent application shows that there are a variety of fuel for power electronic equipment, one of which is sodium borohydride and water mixture. But these are still at the experimental stage, has yet to commercial.
Portable fuel cell charger faces a major obstacle is that manufacturers need to establish sales channel sales and recycled fuel rods. Apple will likely use apple retail stores to have finished the work.
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http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-lumix-dmc-fs62-battery-charger-cbbs.html
http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-powershot-a3000-is-battery-charger-gose.html
Early winter sky, like the patient's face the overcast, day to sink. Anxiety emotions such as this pervading the mist, tightly in my mind, catch my breath. This noon, the sun finally broke through the cloud and mist, show smiling face. The golden sunshine, the clear as on snow, warm warm silver fai in the flow. My heart like this in the window sunshine, suddenly lit up. On the vast expanse of the forms.it, bathed in the warm sunshine, the in the mind unspeakable joy, really want to in the sparkling on snow run, to release under pressure in the life, the one anxious heart, make it in the warm Yang blowing quiet quiet stretch open, as Snow White pure it gently the each place, leave a light the tranquil, calm in heart ripples.
The winter warm Yang heartily of vent to their hot, sprinkle with golden way way, the snow on glaring multicoloured halo, like in a split up around me gorgeous flowers. And as a series of colorful picture, in my sight of dreaming floating, I stand still didn't dare move, very afraid that move will put it like running scared. The sun be warm in my body, face and hands gently touched, a thick warm meaning in my heart rise, and then a puzzling to love is full whole body. Oh! I see, the soft touch, it's like my lover it. As the sun jade-like stone son bright smile, as if appear in the shadows. And when she left the same way, or that naughty smile, two small dimples with the face. She bantered said "to chase me! After a good deal for you win." I'm excited, but at a loss, just gazing at the light faded away in her in in the distance, RenXue the ground I do the footprints of the lonely, in lightly sigh.
Sunshine slowly breeze snow, the BaiXueShan quietly accept this trust god's touch. Like the girl like falling in love with lover's arms in school, doing the colorful dream. I was the true meaning of the snow moved and also enjoy stealthily warm winter sun kissing. The light sad like the like melted, had been in my memory, such as the white as forms.it of, did not leave traces. My heart immersed in the warmth of sunshine, and in the winter it forms.it quietly in fell asleep.
The winter warming Yang, don't abandon not to leave, waiting at my side, as my mother was waiting for the I, with all my heart, have no complaint. It let me understand, life not only it is the exhaustion of body and mind, worried restlessness. There is a kind of beautiful scenery, on our side. In fact they have been waiting for us, as long as pay attention side a flower, a leaf, a wisp of spring breeze, a rain, a snow, a blue sky, and so on. Like I say to this winter warm sample, calm down to, fine fine ground to observe, and deeply to taste, will get unexpected harvest.
http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk
Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451
For a long time, I am in a dark box.
According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.
When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.
I must say, how terrible the situation is.
It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.
Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.
Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.
Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.
Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.
As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.
No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.
The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!
Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?
I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.
There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.
Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.
Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.
I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.
In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.
I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.
About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.
I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.
If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.
My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!
At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.
Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.
No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.
In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.
Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.
I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.
The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.
The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.
Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.
I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.
以下は、私がmixiの「友人まで公開」日記に載せたものが元になっています。読みづらい箇所や語調の不統一などもあるかと思いますが、最後まで読んでくださると有り難いです。
2011年3月11日、東北関東大地震発生。ソーシャルメディアはブログからSNS、そしてツイッターなどマイクロブログと一般に広がっていきました。今回の大震災、特に福島原発事故での情報においてツイッターの果たした役割はどうだったでしょうか。本来は正確で偏りのない一次情報が期待されるソーシャルメディアなのですが、実際には超強力な
として機能してしまったのです。911の時は正確な一次情報を伝達したソーシャルメディアが、311ではそうなりませんでした。それどころか、従来マスメディアと同様に嘘、偽り、大げさ、憶測に基づいた情報が即座に、それこそ秒単位で拡散し、人々を不当な恐怖に陥れたのです。
極めて鋭い分析。震災発生から10日後の記事ながら、以後その通りに事態は推移している。
ネット上でウワサがはびこるのは、現状が正確に伝わっていないことが一番の原因のようだ。直接足を踏み入れると、ネット上の情報とは大きく乖離（かいり）した現実があった。
顕著なのは次の一例。
片山善博総務相は３日のＮＨＫの番組で、東日本大震災で日本赤十字社に届いている義援金の被災地への分配について「政府で何らかの目安をつくり、早めに配れるような基準を示したい」と述べた。日赤と関係自治体間では調整に時間がかかるため、異例ながら政府が差配することになった。片山氏は「本来は自主的に民間団体や関係県で配分額を決めるのが一番よい。政府の介入はできるだけ避けたい」と述べながらも、「青森県から千葉県に至る被害があり、（当事者間で）どう配分するかは非常に難しく、うまくいかないようだ」と指摘した。
本来は赤十字と各県の当事者で協議し分配すべきだが、被害地域が余りに広汎なのでそれでは時間が掛かる、だから政府が分配に介入する、というもの。義捐金がなるべく早く分配されるようにするための、被災地のための措置だ。しかし、これを影響力のあるバカが曲解し、曲解が拡散した。
56万人のフォロワーを有する宇多田ヒカルのこのツイートを、100+人（数万人!?）がリツイートし、数十万人の目に触れた。そしてこれをネットメディアまでもが取り上げ記事にした。
ここまで拡大すると、バカの連鎖はもう断ち切りようがない。そして、フォロワー100万人を有する孫正義の発言はより有害だった。
100億円の寄付は立派だったが、これは最低だ。自分が影響力ある素人であることを自覚せず国民を煽動するのは、百害あって一利ない。素人感覚の政策提言が如何に危険かを、国民はこの1年半で民主党から学ばなかったのだろうか。
自分の頭で考えることなく、音楽家は原発に反対することが使命だと勘違いしている、最も滑稽な例。
現在も盛大に進行中の流言飛語は壮大な共同犯罪であり、誰か一人の主犯を特定することは出来ない。しかし、少なくとも最大の元凶の一人は間違いなく上杉隆だ。
27日の東電の記者会見で、3号炉についての資料が配られたときに、私はプルトニウムについて書かれていなかったので、おかしいなと思い「3号炉でプルトニウムについて検出されていないというのは本当ですか？どのくらいの期間、検出されていないのですか？」と聞いてみました。東電は「検出されてない」と回答したので、「もしかして検出していないんじゃなくて、測ってないのではないですか？」と確認したところ、うわっとなって、結局、測っていないのでもなくて、そもそも計測機を持っていないということがわかったのです。
記者会見では、何でプルトニウムについての記載がないのかを東電の広報担当者も記憶していなくて、咄嗟に「検出されてない」と答えてしまったが、よくよく調べたら計測していなかったということだろう。嘘と言えば嘘かも知れないが、大した問題ではない。
東電の社長はどこにいったのか？ということですね。〔…〕会見では嘘をついていたんですよね。前々から入院という噂は出ていましたが、実は過労で休んでいた。今度は、それを入院と偽っているという。全部、ウソ。これらが象徴的ですね。
社長の所在がそこまで大問題だろうか。
数日前の深夜、Ustreamで東電の記者会見の生中継を見たが、完全に糾弾と吊るし上げの場になっていた。記者たちはネチネチと追及し、東電は平謝りという構図。東電は戦場にいるようなものなのだから、資料の記載漏れとかその場でパッと答えられないこととかは、幾らでもあるだろう。それをああも糾弾されたら、東電が極めて臆病になっても無理はない。臆病になればついついその場凌ぎの受け答えに逃げたくもなる。上記の2つの事例については、そういった背景も考慮すべきだろう。
地震が起きた後のその早い段階で、政府やメディアは「安心、安心」と言っていましたが、私は、2日目にメルトダウンの可能性がある、と言いました。なぜならば、当時、ニューヨークタイムズもワシントンポストもメルトダウンの可能性があると書いていたし、フランスの新聞社やイギリスのBBCもそう言っていた。だからメルトダウンの可能性もあるから最悪の事態を想定して対応するべきだと言った。
今回、海外メディアがどれほどデタラメだったかは以下の記事を参照。
避難地域も指定していなかったから、30kmまで広げるべきだと言った。実際に、大丈夫だったら、範囲を戻していけばいい。しかし、政府は逆をやっている。だから、これはおかしいからやめた方がいい、と言い続けた。
避難指示には効果と弊害があるため、避難区域の設定には慎重でなければならない。住民の健康被害を予防するためにやや広く設定すべきだが、余りに広く設定し避難する必要のない人まで避難させると、徒に不安を煽るだけでなく農工商などの経済活動に打撃を与えることにもなる。
リスク管理はイエスかノーかでやっちゃいけない。絶対安全を求めると、むしろ全体のリスクが増大することがある。一つのリスクを減らそうとすると、別のリスクが出てくる。だから異種のリスクを定量的に評価して、その間のバランスを、ほどほどのところに求めるってのが、リスクベネフィットの考え方なんだよね。
それでも結局、避難区域が、2kmから3kmになり10kmになり20kmになり、そして30kmになった。アメリカは50マイル＝80kmの避難指示を出しているのに、日本人は今のままで大丈夫だと言う。この件については、一週間前に、一度、枝野長官に質問したんです。「日本では避難区域が30kmですが、他の国は80kmと言っています。これでは30km～80kmに住んでいる日本人は不安になるんじゃないですか。私は日本政府を信じたいから、今、オバマ大統領が会見で80km避難指示を出しているけれど、もし自分たちの判断が正しいと思うのであれば、アメリカ政府に抗議をしてください。日本政府として。そうじゃなかったらおかしいでしょ？」と。すると、枝野長官は「日本の評価と世界の評価は違います」と言ったんです。私は「そんなはずはないでしょう、原子力で（苦笑）」と。
福島第一原発の事故に伴い、米政府が原発から半径８０キロ圏内に住む米国人に避難勧告を出した根拠は放射線量などの実測データに基づくものではないことがわかった。勧告の根拠となった米原子力規制委員会（ＮＲＣ）の勧告は、仮想の事故シナリオによるものだったという。ＮＲＣ幹部が７日、外部の専門家で構成される委員会で語った。
先月１６日に出されたアメリカ政府による８０キロの退避勧告は、日本政府が出した２０キロから３０キロという退避勧告とは大きく違ったことから多くの疑念や不安を呼びました。
Japan's 12-mile evacuation policy appears "sufficient to minimize public-health impacts," based on available data concerning radiation and dispersal, Mr. Kerekes said.
Rep. Ed Whitfield (R., Ky.), chair of the House Energy and Power Subcommittee, told Dow Jones Newswires that "Japan had the expertise to deal with this issue and they had the scientists who understood nuclear energy," but added that the U.S. has "a right to be involved to protect American citizens and do what we want to do."
原発の80km圏内からアメリカ人が全員避難したとしても、日本及び地域経済への打撃はないに等しい。また、たとえあったとしても、他国の経済のために自国民を（極めて低いとはいえ）危険に曝すわけがない。自国たる日本と他国たるアメリカとで避難区域の設定に相違が生じるのは当然だろう。
またその翌週に「間違っていたじゃないですか。30km以上の範囲でも放射性物質は観測されているし、東京に放射性物質は絶対に来ないと言ったのに来てるじゃないか。政治は結果責任だから、それはきちんと謝るべきだ。訂正しろ」と言ったら、「そんなことはない」と言う。さらに「30kmどころか40kmポストでも出ているじゃないか。ちゃんと訂正しろ」と言ったら「ちゃんとペーパー（書面）で出してください」と言われた。
「30km圏外でも放射性物質が観測された」と「30km圏外でも健康に直ちに影響を及ぼすほどの放射性物質が観測された」は全然違う。そんなことを言ったら、福島の原発事故による放射性物質は海外でも観測されている。
結局、政府や東京電力に都合のいい情報を入れている、というのが一番危険な状況。最初から「最悪の事態もあり得ますよ」と言っている人はメディアには出られない。ただ、可能性を言っているだけなのに、そういう状態は異常です。
戦慄するほどの陰謀論だ。
東京電力だけがいろいろと隠し事をしているわけではないようにも思えます。保安院や政府も結託して、我々一般国民にさまざまなデータ隠しをしようとしているように思えてならないことが多いのですが、こと放射線に関しては測定器が広く行き渡っていることもありますし、積極的に自ら集めたデータを公開する科学者もどんどん増えてきている昨今ですので、どんなに隠してもほとんどのことは数時間から遅くとも数日のうちには暴かれてしまいます。ここは姑息（こそく）な隠し立てをすることなく、すべてのデータを迅速に公開し、国民が一致団結してことに臨むというのが唯一の正しい対処方だと思います。早速、明日の朝から姿勢を変えていただきたく思います。
しかし、この記事でデータが利用されている東大教授の早野龍五（前回の日記でも登場）は、「3/15朝から現在に至るまで、原発から大気への大量放出は起きていない」と断言している。
また、早野はこうも呟いている。
（データを見る．あれこれ見る．いろんな人が測ったデータを多角的に見る．すべてを統一的に騙すようにデータを捏造することなんて出来ません．しっかり見ていれば，嘘があったとしても，いずれバレます．）
一見するとガジェット通信の論調と同じだ。しかしここ数日の文脈からして、早野は恐らく「データの完全偽装なんて無理なんだから、懐疑精神は大事だけど、そんなに疑心暗鬼にならなくても大丈夫」ということが言いたかったように思われる。
ちなみに、早野の一連の呟きは-Togetter - 「@hayano 氏による連続tweet - 福島で 3/15に何が起きたか？」に纏められている。
この独自措置の根拠になったと思われるのが、次の記事。-グリーンピースも似たような提言をしているが、ここまで断言していない。
東京電力福島第１原発の事故で、高濃度の放射性物質が土壌などから確認された福島県飯館村の汚染レベルが、チェルノブイリ原発事故による強制移住レベルを超えているとの試算を、京都大原子炉実験所の今中哲二助教（原子炉工学）がまとめた。
福島第１原発の北西にある福島県飯舘村の一部の地域では、屋外にいると約３カ月で推計最大９５ミリシーベルトの被曝（ひばく）線量になり、避難や屋内退避が必要だとする調査結果を今中哲二京都大原子炉実験所助教（原子力工学）らがまとめた。
福島第一原発事故により土壌が汚染された影響で、原発から３０キロ圏外の福島県飯舘村では爆発から３カ月後も、最高地点では平常時の約４００倍の放射線が出続ける可能性のあることが、京都大や広島大などのチームによる現地調査で分かった。この３カ月間の放射線の積算量は、国が避難の目安として検討中の年間２０ミリシーベルトを超える値だ。国などの測定でも、汚染は３０キロ圏内外で確認されており、今回の調査で汚染地域が不規則に広がっている実態が改めて浮かび上がった。
京都大原子炉実験所の今中哲二助教（原子力工学）や広島大の遠藤暁准教授（放射線物理学）らは３月下旬に飯舘村を訪問。村内５カ所で深さ５センチの土を採取し、セシウム１３７などの濃度を分析した。調査地点は全て３０キロ圏外で、道路沿いの集落を選んだ。
すべて京大助教の今中哲二の調査。この今中なる人物、どうも胡散臭い。-J-GLOBALの研究者情報によると、1950年9月生まれの60歳。理系業界には疎いので断言は出来ないが、途中どこかの企業で研究していた形跡もなく、60歳の助教でさしたる研究業績なしというのは研究者としての実力をかなり疑わせる。また、原子力安全研究グループHPでは、今中の主要業績として『反原発新聞』への寄稿を紹介していることなどからも分かるように、明らかな反原発論者。今週末にも「周辺住民の避難拡大！脱原発への転換を！４・９緊急大阪集会」で講演したという。
つまりどこをどう見ても、政府やその他多くの研究者よりも公正で信頼できる情報を提供できる人物とは思われない。問題は、こんな人物の情報が政府発表よりも説得力を持ってしまっているということにある。
震災以来、複数のメディアでコメントしている東京女子大教授の広瀬弘忠は、去年5月に興味深い解説をしている。
現代人は今、危険の少ない社会で生活している。安全だから、危険を感じすぎると、日常生活に支障が出てしまう。だから、危険を感知する能力を下げようとする適応機能が働く。これまでの経験から「大丈夫だ」と思ってしまいがちだ。これが「正常性バイアス」と呼ばれるものだ。強い正常性バイアスのために、現代人は今、本当に危険な状態でも「危険だ」と思えない。チリ大地震の津波が押し寄せているのに、見ているだけで逃げない人の映像が日本でも流れた。強力な正常性バイアスの例と言える。
この解説そのものに異論はない。しかし、上記の文章は次のように書き換えることもできる。
「日本人は今、1ヶ月前に比べて危険の多い社会で生活している。危険だから、安全を感じすぎると、日常生活に支障が出るかも知れない。だから、危険を感知する能力を上げようとする適応機能が働く。この1ヶ月間の経験から「大丈夫じゃない」と思ってしまいがちだ。これが「異常性バイアス」とでも呼ぶべきものだ。強い異常性バイアスのために、現代人は今、本当に安全な状態でも「安全だ」と思えない。被災地以外では食料が不足していないのに、不安のあまり買い込んでしまう人の映像が日本中に流れた。強力な異常性バイアスの例と言える。」
このように、現在の日本では「正常性バイアス」と逆の「異常性バイアス」が作用しているように思われてならない。広瀬は「正常性バイアス」にしか言及していないため、あたかも人は安全を感じ過ぎることはあっても危険を感じ過ぎることはないかのようになっているが、そんなことはないだろう。「正常性バイアス」にせよ「異常性バイアス」にせよ、人が周囲の状況に惑わされ判断を誤ってしまうことでは同じだ。そのことは広瀬も認めている。
東京女子大の広瀬弘忠教授（災害・リスク心理学）は「大地震が起こると、被災地より周辺でデマや流言は起きやすい。『この先どうなるか分からない』という不安に支配されている」と分析する。
東京女子大学の広瀬弘忠教授（災害・リスク心理学）は「被災地で厳しい状況に置かれており、普段から抱いている不安や恐怖が流言として表れている。メールやインターネットの普及で流言が広域に拡大するようになった。行政は一つ一つの事実を伝えることが大切で、個人は情報の発信元を確かめ、不確実な情報を他人に流さないことが必要だ」と指摘する。
ガジェット通信は先日、後述する日本気象学会理事長のコメントをこう批判した。
確かにでたらめな情報は困りますが、まったく情報が出てこない状態というのも困ります。理事長メッセージから想像するに信頼できる気象観測データの収集が難しい状態なのかもしれません。しかし、放射性物質による汚染に関しては「今、どのような状態にあるのか」「これからどのようになるのか」についてしかるべき情報が示されないと、いつまでも不安が拭い去れないのではないでしょうか。また、情報公開できないのであれば、何故公開できないのか教えて欲しい。その「公開できない理由そのもの」もひとつの大事な情報です。「一般に伝わらない」ところでは、議論がおこなわれているのでしょうが、その議論の過程だけでも公開してもらえれば、安心につながるのではないかと思います。
ガジェット通信に限らず、現在日本の至るところで見られる意見だ。「政府や東電はより多くの情報を公表すべきだ」と。しかしここには、人は与えられる情報が多ければ多いほど正しい判断が出来る、という大いなる幻想がある。
被災者でなくとも、人が情報の収集と分析に用いることの出来る時間や手段は限られている。また、たとえ時間と手段があったとしても、その情報が正しく信頼できるかを判断するには専門の知識と訓練が必要だ。情報を収集分析するための知識も訓練も時間も手段も乏しい大多数の人が、正しい判断を下すことは極めて難しく、何も決断しないどころか周囲の状況に惑わされ判断を誤ってしまう。
与えられた情報が多過ぎると正しくない情報と正しい情報を仕分けするのが大変です。
冷静に。正確に必要な情報を手に入れて正しい行動をとって頂きたいと切に願います。
つまり、過剰な情報が「異常性バイアス」を強化し、不安やデマを拡大させてしまう。より多くの情報公開が不安やデマを解消する、という通念は全くの幻想だ。
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
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