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はてなキーワード: Doctrineとは
➤「救いようが最もうない、極東の自称他称の〝ジャーナリスト〟や〝学者〟、〝知米派〟は読まなくても構い。読んでもその肥大化した自己承認欲求、度し難い自己愛性人格では読むことはできないし、理解もできない。ただ見下した目線で見やるだけで、そこに自分が利用できる素材がなければ鼻で嗤うだけだ。この文章は、我がU.S.を領りたい、領ろうと下向きの反省的眼光で欲する諸君に読んで貰いたい。
I Traveled to 46 States in America This Summer. Here’s Why Trump Won.
By Frank S. Zhou
By Ezekiel A. Wells
Ezekiel A. Wells ’27 is a Double Concentrator in Environment Science & Engineering and Economics in Eliot House. He spent last summer traveling to 46 American states conducting interviews for his YouTube series, “Crossroads America.”
A week after Democrats’ election loss, accusations have flown in every direction within their Party. Some fault President Joe Biden for an egoistic refusal to drop out of the race earlier. Some blame the Harris campaign for failing to serve key demographics and communicate a clear vision for the country. And some blame Americans, claiming that racism and sexism drove voters toward Trump.
These factors certainly exist, but we’re missing a larger piece of the picture.
Over the summer, I traveled to 46 states in the U.S., creating a YouTube series highlighting slices of life across the country. In conversations from my nearly three-month road trip, I spoke with Republicans who were certain that inflation is entirely Biden’s fault and Democrats who, despite their frustrations with corporate profits and desires for universal healthcare, hoped for a more moderate candidate. From supporters of all candidates, I heard a shocking amount of misinformation.
After combing through hundreds of hours of interview footage from swing state Trump voters, I am certain that, as much as other factors influenced the outcome of the election, our crumbling media landscape — which has caused a rift in our democracy — is most to blame.
In the postwar period, news was dominated by three main channels, and because of the Fairness Doctrine, each station reported the same stories and covered multiple sides of each issue. Viewers picked which channels they watched mainly based on their preferences for news anchors’ personalities. Of course, this model had its problems, but, at the end of the day, it meant that Americans worked with a shared set of facts.
A shared set of facts is not the world we live in today.
Throughout my interviews, conspiracy theories were rampant, and on at least five separate occasions across separate states, I was told that Bill Gates tampers with our food, adding plastic to our fruits and vegetables to make his medical investments more profitable.
In conversations with voters, neither side seemed able to name many specific policy issues they cared about; everyone just seemed to repeat the words of their favorite pundits, podcast hosts, and internet personalities.
Although this behavior is harmful, I don’t blame everyday Americans. Blame falls on the media that has ostracized, disillusioned, and misinformed them.
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I first saw this trend with low-wage workers in West Virginia, who — despite falling inflation rates — have seen stagnated salaries and clear increases in food costs. Channels like Fox News bred anger and resentment for many of them.
Take July of this summer, for example, when for the first time in his presidency, prices actually fell under the Biden administration. Traditional media establishments rushed to celebrate this victory, with one article from CNN declaring, “The White House can finally cross out ‘inflation’ on its list of presidential liabilities.” However, outside these bubbles, I observed many Americans held a different view.
In late July, I was welcomed at a massive family reunion in Tylertown, Mississippi, where one Trump voter — a middle-aged, Black, family man, pastor, and soul food enthusiast — made this clear.
“When I go in the grocery stores, and I gotta spend my last to get groceries, you mean to tell me I’m not gonna look and see who’s gonna vote to help me? I voted for Trump and I’d vote for him again, because he put money in our pocket,” he told me.
In their coverage, mainstream news organizations obsess over the Federal Reserve’s next rate cuts while failing to connect with people concerned with their next meals. With titles like “Vance: Young Americans ‘Are Becoming Paupers’ Due To Inflation, High Housing Costs,” sites like The Daily Wire had their fingers on the pulse of American sentiment, welcoming new readership from those who felt neglected by traditional media.
This problem was not just confined to the economy. While Biden’s mental state was deteriorating, liberal media outlets seemed to under-cover these stories, sheltering him from scrutiny of his declining capabilities, until the infamous presidential debate.
Formerly trusted networks slowly made themselves indigestible to the polarized American public, and in 2024, for the third year in a row, a Gallup poll found that more Americans indicated having “no trust” in the media than those who trust it a “great deal/fair amount”.
So where does the average American turn when the nation’s media cannot be trusted? For many people, it was YouTube talk shows, Newsmax, and podcasters such as Joe Rogan.
While Democrats seek to blame various internal factors for this election’s loss, I cannot help but think of Joe Rogan’s Trump endorsement, the many blind lies I heard from ordinary citizens across the country, and declining trust in American journalism.
As Harvard students and members of higher education institutions, we have a part to play in the problem. At Harvard’s Institute of Politics, those who denied the 2020 election results have been precluded from speaking at the JFK Jr. Forum. While the goal is understandable, it shields students from understanding the American viewpoints they represent.
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There is a difference between platforming intentional and manipulative misinformation and listening to and learning about where people are and what they believe.
As a pipeline to mainstream media, Harvard, and its future journalists, have to consider the audience they lose when they stay inside of their bubble and ignore the issues of everyday Americans.
The disappearance of factual importance in our world is alarming and dangerous, but if we, as aspiring journalists, politicians, and engaged citizens, want to be taken seriously in communicating Trump’s threat to democracy, inflationary tariff policies, and so on, we owe American voters that seriousness, too.
Ezekiel A. Wells ’27 is a Double Concentrator in Environment Science & Engineering and Economics in Eliot House. He spent last summer traveling to 46 American states conducting interviews for his YouTube series, “Crossroads America."
The Sacrament—and the Sacrifice
Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
I pray for your faith and prayers that my utterances will be received and understood “by the Spirit of truth” and that my expressions will be given “by the Spirit of truth” so that we might all be “edified and rejoice together.” (See D&C 50:21–22.)
As I stand here today—a well man—words of gratitude and acknowledgment of divine intervention are so very inadequate in expressing the feelings in my soul.
Six months ago at the April general conference, I was excused from speaking as I was convalescing from a serious operation. My life has been spared, and I now have the pleasant opportunity of acknowledging the blessings, comfort, and ready aid of my Brethren in the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve, and other wonderful associates and friends to whom I owe so much and who surrounded my dear wife, Ruby, and my family with their time, attention, and prayers. For the inspired doctors and thoughtful nurses I express my deepest gratitude, and for the thoughtful letters and messages of faith and hope received from many places in the world, many expressing, “You have been in our prayers” or “We have been asking our Heavenly Father to spare your life.” Your prayers and mine, thankfully, have been answered.
One unusual card caused me to ponder upon the majesty of it all. It is an original painting by Arta Romney Ballif of the heavens at night with its myriad golden stars. Her caption, taken from Psalms, reads:
“He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds.
“He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names.
“… His understanding is infinite.” (Ps. 147:1, 3–5.)
As I lay in the hospital bed, I meditated on all that had happened to me and studied the contemplative painting by President Marion G. Romney’s sister and the lines from Psalms: “He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names.” I was then—and continue to be—awed by the goodness and majesty of the Creator, who knows not only the names of the stars but knows your name and my name—each of us as His sons and daughters.
“When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained;
“What is man, that thou art mindful of him? …
“For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour.” (Ps. 8:3–5.)
To be remembered is a wonderful thing.
The evening of my health crisis, I knew something very serious had happened to me. Events happened so swiftly—the pain striking with such intensity, my dear Ruby phoning the doctor and our family, and I on my knees leaning over the bathtub for support and some comfort and hoped relief from the pain. I was pleading to my Heavenly Father to spare my life a while longer to give me a little more time to do His work, if it was His will.
While still praying, I began to lose consciousness. The siren of the paramedic truck was the last that I remembered before unconsciousness overtook me, which would last for the next several days.
The terrible pain and commotion of people ceased. I was now in a calm, peaceful setting; all was serene and quiet. I was conscious of two persons in the distance on a hillside, one standing on a higher level than the other. Detailed features were not discernible. The person on the higher level was pointing to something I could not see.
I heard no voices but was conscious of being in a holy presence and atmosphere. During the hours and days that followed, there was impressed again and again upon my mind the eternal mission and exalted position of the Son of Man. I witness to you that He is Jesus the Christ, the Son of God, Savior to all, Redeemer of all mankind, Bestower of infinite love, mercy, and forgiveness, the Light and Life of the world. I knew this truth before—I had never doubted nor wondered. But now I knew, because of the impressions of the Spirit upon my heart and soul, these divine truths in a most unusual way.
I was shown a panoramic view of His earthly ministry: His baptism, His teaching, His healing the sick and lame, the mock trial, His crucifixion, His resurrection and ascension. There followed scenes of His earthly ministry to my mind in impressive detail, confirming scriptural eyewitness accounts. I was being taught, and the eyes of my understanding were opened by the Holy Spirit of God so as to behold many things.
The first scene was of the Savior and His Apostles in the upper chamber on the eve of His betrayal. Following the Passover supper, He instructed and prepared the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper for His dearest friends as a remembrance of His coming sacrifice. It was so impressively portrayed to me—the overwhelming love of the Savior for each. I witnessed His thoughtful concern for significant details—the washing of the dusty feet of each Apostle, His breaking and blessing of the loaf of dark bread and blessing of the wine, then His dreadful disclosure that one would betray Him.
He explained Judas’s departure and told the others of the events soon to take place.
Then followed the Savior’s solemn discourse when He said to the Eleven: “These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.” (John 16:33.)
Our Savior prayed to His Father and acknowledged the Father as the source of His authority and power—even to the extending of eternal life to all who are worthy.
He prayed, “And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.”
Jesus then reverently added:
“I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do.
“And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was.” (John 17:3–5.)
He pled not only for the disciples called out from the world who had been true to their testimony of Him, “but for them also which shall believe on me through their word.” (John 17:20.)
When they had sung a hymn, Jesus and the Eleven went out to the Mount of Olives. There, in the garden, in some manner beyond our comprehension, the Savior took upon Himself the burden of the sins of mankind from Adam to the end of the world. His agony in the garden, Luke tells us, was so intense “his sweat was as … great drops of blood falling … to the ground.” (Luke 22:44.) He suffered an agony and a burden the like of which no human person would be able to bear. In that hour of anguish our Savior overcame all the power of Satan.
The glorified Lord revealed to Joseph Smith this admonition to all mankind:
“Therefore I command you to repent …
“For … I, God, … suffered … for all, that they might not suffer if they would repent; …
“Which suffering caused myself, even God, the greatest of all, to tremble because of pain, and to bleed at every pore, …
“Wherefore, I command you again to repent, lest I humble you with my almighty power; and that you confess your sins, lest you suffer these punishments.” (D&C 19:15–16, 18, 20.)
During those days of unconsciousness I was given, by the gift and power of the Holy Ghost, a more perfect knowledge of His mission. I was also given a more complete understanding of what it means to exercise, in His name, the authority to unlock the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven for the salvation of all who are faithful. My soul was taught over and over again the events of the betrayal, the mock trial, the scourging of the flesh of even one of the Godhead. I witnessed His struggling up the hill in His weakened condition carrying the cross and His being stretched upon it as it lay on the ground, that the crude spikes could be driven with a mallet into His hands and wrists and feet to secure His body as it hung on the cross for public display.
Crucifixion—the horrible and painful death which He suffered—was chosen from the beginning. By that excruciating death, He descended below all things, as is recorded, that through His resurrection He would ascend above all things. (See D&C 88:6.)
Jesus Christ died in the literal sense in which we will all die. His body lay in the tomb. The immortal spirit of Jesus, chosen as the Savior of mankind, went to those myriads of spirits who had departed mortal life with varying degrees of righteousness to God’s laws. He taught them the “glorious tidings of redemption from the bondage of death, and of possible salvation, … [which was] part of [our] Savior’s foreappointed and unique service to the human family.” (James E. Talmage, Jesus the Christ, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1977, p. 671.)
I cannot begin to convey to you the deep impact that these scenes have confirmed upon my soul. I sense their eternal meaning and realize that “nothing in the entire plan of salvation compares in any way in importance with that most transcendent of all events, the atoning sacrifice of our Lord. It is the most important single thing that has ever occurred in the entire history of created things; it is the rock foundation upon which the gospel and all other things rest,” as has been declared. (Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1966, p. 60.)
Father Lehi taught his son Jacob and us today:
“Wherefore, redemption cometh in and through the Holy Messiah; for he is full of grace and truth.
“Behold, he offereth himself a sacrifice for sin, to answer the ends of the law, unto all those who have a broken heart and a contrite spirit; and unto none else can the ends of the law be answered.
“Wherefore, how great the importance to make these things known unto the inhabitants of the earth, that they may know that there is no flesh that can dwell in the presence of God, save it be through the merits, and mercy, and grace of the Holy Messiah, who layeth down his life according to the flesh, and taketh it again by the power of the Spirit, that he may bring to pass the resurrection of the dead, being the first that should rise.
“Wherefore, he is the firstfruits unto God, inasmuch as he shall make intercession for all the children of men; and they that believe in him shall be saved.” (2 Ne. 2:6–9.)
Our most valuable worship experience in the sacrament meeting is the sacred ordinance of the sacrament, for it provides the opportunity to focus our minds and hearts upon the Savior and His sacrifice.
The Apostle Paul warned the early Saints against eating this bread and drinking this cup of the Lord unworthily. (See 1 Cor. 11:27–30.)
Our Savior Himself instructed the Nephites, “Whoso eateth and drinketh my flesh and blood unworthily [brings] damnation to his soul.” (3 Ne. 18:29.)
Worthy partakers of the sacrament are in harmony with the Lord and put themselves under covenant with Him to always remember His sacrifice for the sins of the world, to take upon them the name of Christ and to always remember Him, and to keep His commandments. The Savior covenants that we who do so shall have His spirit to be with us and that, if faithful to the end, we may inherit eternal life.
Our Lord revealed to Joseph Smith that “there is no gift greater than the gift of salvation,” which plan includes the ordinance of the sacrament as a continuous reminder of the Savior’s atoning sacrifice. He gave instructions that “it is expedient that the church meet together often to partake of bread and wine in the remembrance of the Lord Jesus.” (D&C 6:13; D&C 20:75.)
Immortality comes to us all as a free gift by the grace of God alone, without works of righteousness. Eternal life, however, is the reward for obedience to the laws and ordinances of His gospel.
I testify to all of you that our Heavenly Father does answer our righteous pleadings. The added knowledge which has come to me has made a great impact upon my life. The gift of the Holy Ghost is a priceless possession and opens the door to our ongoing knowledge of God and eternal joy. Of this I bear witness, in the holy name of Jesus Christ, amen.
"随意雇用、at-will 雇用（英語 at-will employment, employment at will）とはアメリカ合衆国労働法（英語版）の用語であり、期間の定めのない雇用契約は雇用者・被用者のどちらからでも・いつでも・いかなる理由でも・理由がなくても自由に解約できるという原則のことである[1]。この原則を employment-at-will doctrine（日本語訳 随意的雇用原則）と呼ぶ[2]。
※フェイクや数字のボカしを多少入れてるので注意。自分たちが今私みたいな中小企業経営者だったらどうするか想像しながら読んでほしい
私は年商数億・利益数千万・社員20~30人の中小企業を経営してる。業態は身バレのために言わないが原価のかかるものを販売してる。
昨今のインフレの話もあり賃上げを検討してるのだがどうしても踏み出せない。
利益というものは季節変動や原価率の変動によく振り回される。最近では月単位で赤字に落ちる月もあった。
そんな中、日本では驚くほど人を辞めさせるのが大変だ。退職金を積んだとしても常に訴訟リスクがつきまとう。
そのため社員の人件費は一度積んだら下げられない、辞めさせられない。
私の会社では人手が必要な際は派遣や業務委託を駆使するようにしてる。
販売戦略計画のようなレベルの高い業務にもプロのフリーランス人材を業務委託として活用してる。
これらのフリーランス人材は半年以上ずっと業務を請け負ってくれてて社員とも仲が良く、社員と同等に扱われる。
さらにこれらのフリーランスは単価で月100万払ってる人もいるのだ。社員の月給に比べて明らかに高い。
なぜ私がこれらの業務委託・派遣人材を高単価で活用してるかというと答えは単純で、いざとなったら切れるからだ。
我々の経営においては彼らは「変動費」なのである。広告宣伝費のように市況に応じて調整弁として使えるのだ。
アメリカなどで給料が上がってる背景は絶対にこの点がある。アメリカでは即日レベルで簡単に人を辞めさせられる。アメリカの大手金融や大手ITが数千万円の給料を出せてる理由は変動費に近い扱いができるからだ。
もし日本が社員を辞めさせやすい法体制ならば私の会社でも社員にフリーランスと同じ月給100万の水準をもっと出したいし出せると思う。
「いつクビになるかわからないのは怖い」という意見はありえる。だが辞めさせるということは新たに人を雇うスピードも早くなる。回転率が上がる。
他社も同じ経営判断になっていくと、クビになった社員がまた仕事を見つけることはそこまで難しいことはないはずだ。
つどつど仲介料を取る人材市場もかなり巨大化しそういう経済効果もあるだろう。
なぜこの方向に社会が進まないのか？
私がこれを匿名増田で書いてる理由でもあるのだが、今の日本で経営者の立場で「人を辞めさせやすくしたい」と言うと必ず炎上しうるからだ。そのため経団連の人間たちも、パソナのように国にべったり癒着した人材企業ですらこれを実際に発言することは憚られる。
これは日本の多くの経営者がきっと頭の中ではわかってるが声に出せない日本救済のシナリオだ。
誰か権力を持った人間が勇気を出してこの方向に向くように扇動すればきっと日本は救える。
アメリカが人を辞めさせやすいという事を証明する法律はどこだと聞かれたので下記を読んで欲しい。
"随意雇用、at-will 雇用（英語 at-will employment, employment at will）とはアメリカ合衆国労働法（英語版）の用語であり、期間の定めのない雇用契約は雇用者・被用者のどちらからでも・いつでも・いかなる理由でも・理由がなくても自由に解約できるという原則のことである[1]。この原則を employment-at-will doctrine（日本語訳 随意的雇用原則）と呼ぶ[2]。
随意雇用のもとでは、解雇および辞職は即時に行うことができ、手当金や予告は必要とされない[2]。"
賞与についてのコメントがたくさん来てるが、賞与はもちろん出してる。だがそこまで賞与額は高くなく業績が良かった年に多めに出してる程度。
社員の家賃などの生活水準は賞与込みでは考えない。ボーナスはあくまでボーナスでありベース給与ではない。これはサラリーマンなら当たり前だと思う。
賞与の存在に甘んじてベース給与をおさえるパターンはあるがその状況は一サラリーマンにとってかなり不利だろ。
ブコメ増えてて驚いている。
・もう一度言うが賞与は多少出してるが、サラリーマンなら毎年賞与がある前提で生活水準を決めることはないだろ。
・毎年昇給も少ないがしている。できれば社員にはインフレ率を一定超える昇給してあげたい。だが売上は毎年変わるしITベンチャーのように急成長してる会社ではないから固定費増は避けようとしてしまう。
・私は別に優秀な経営者ではないから至らない点はたくさんある。私は中小企業、いや零細企業か、を細々と経営してるただの人だ。ブラック企業にならずに社員や自分が幸せで飯が食えるために努力してるだけだ。ただ世の中には私みたいな層がそれなりにいるとわかって欲しい。
・アメリカを引き合いに出したが欧州の労働法はそこまで詳しくない。ドイツなんかだと労組が異常に強いから労組経由での賃上げ圧力が強いという程度の知識しかない。ドイツでも労組の手が及ばない中小企業での賃上げ傾向がどうなってるのかは知らない。ブコメに欧州の話が多かったのでこれを機に勉強してみようと思う。ありがとう。
https://www.kottolaw.com/column/180830.html
著作権法は、アイデアとその具体的な表現とを区別して、具体的な表現だけを保護の対象とする。そのため、一般に、アイデアが共通しているだけなら著作権侵害ではない、ということが言われる。「アイデア・表現二分論」と呼ばれる考え方で、世界的にそのように考えられている。
そこで松澤弁護士は、アイデアと表現を区別するための手法として「抽象化テスト」というものを紹介している。
抽象化テストとは、具体的な作品から個々の出来事をどんどん取り除いていくと、より一般化されたパターンが導き出され、最終的には作品のテーマについての一般的な記述か、ときにタイトルのみに行き着くところ、この抽象化の過程の一点にアイデアと表現の境目が存在するという考え方だ。
リンク先ではドラえもんの物語例を挙げて抽象化テストを行っているが、私ではよく分かりにくい。
個々の出来事を取り除いていくとアイデアが残る、取り除いたものが表現である、という事なのだろうか。
■「シーン・ア・フェール法理（scenes a faire doctrine）」（「ありふれた場面の法理」「ありふれた情景の理論」）
シーン・ア・フェール法理とは、特定のテーマを扱う上で、実際上不可欠（indispensable）になっているか、少なくとも標準的（standard）になっている出来事、登場人物、設定などには、著作権の保護を与えない（unprotectible）という考え方だ。
大ざっぱに言えばありきたりな状況の描写だけしか見られない場合は盗作とは言いがたいという事らしい。
その状況は物語で不可欠であると認められる必要はなく、標準的描写であっても同様に保護されにくい。
理由は、ありふれている表現の組み合わせも創作的な表現であるという事のようだ。
ところで、松澤弁護士によればいわくつきの廃墟といえば日本では旧日本軍の施設、施設で行われていた事といえば人体実験・・・というのは割と定番のような気がするとの事だ。
私は創作物に詳しくないがそのようなイメージが多かったのだろうか。それは知らなかった。
私の場合は曰わく付きの廃墟というと、人が事故死したとか、殺人事件があったという、オカルトというか心霊的な曰く付きを連想する。
皆さんはどうだろうか。
要は「PHP+MySQL+JavaScriptで頼んだWebシステムを作ってくれる」人に来てほしい。会社は地方単価で8掛けされる田舎にあるので地元の求人見てるけど、月に15〜30万くらいの求人が多いし20万も払えば来てもらえるの？
