「spain」を含む日記

はてなキーワード: spainとは

2024-10-05

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Watch for special promotions, especially during major shopping events and holidays.

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While $100 coupon bundle + 50% off off coupons are often targeted at new users, existing customers can still benefit from significant discounts. Here are some strategies:

Check your email for exclusive offers sent to account holders.

Participate in Temu's referral program for substantial discounts.

Look out for seasonal sales and holiday promotions.

Use the Temu app regularly for app-exclusive offers.

Follow Temu on social media for flash sales and limited-time coupon codes.

Remember, you can often stack multiple smaller coupons to achieve similar savings to a single large coupon.

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New customer coupons are typically more generous, offering higher discount amounts or more flexible terms. Existing customer coupons, while potentially lower in value, are often more frequent and varied. They may include:

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Free shipping offers

Bundle deals on multiple items

Loyalty rewards for frequent shoppers

Both new and existing customers can benefit from referral codes, which offer discounts to both the referrer and the new user who signs up.

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Temu frequently releases new coupon codes to keep customers engaged. You can generally expect:

Weekly deals and flash sales

Monthly promotional events

Seasonal campaigns (e.g., Back to School, Holiday Season)

Special occasion coupons (e.g., Temu's anniversary, major shopping holidays)

To stay informed, enable notifications on the Temu app, subscribe to their email newsletter, and follow their social media accounts.

Maximizing Your Savings

How to Use Temu Coupon Codes Effectively

Combine coupons with ongoing sales for double savings.

Check for stackable coupons that can be used together.

Pay attention to minimum purchase requirements.

Use the Temu app for exclusive mobile-only discounts.

Share your referral code with friends to earn add itional coupons.

Time your purchases around major shopping events.

Create price alerts for items you want and apply promo codes when prices drop.

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If you encounter issues with a coupon code:

Double-check for typos or incorrect capitalization.

Verify that the code hasn't expired and is applicable to your purchase.

Ensure you meet any minimum purchase requirements.

Try clearing your browser cache or using a different device.

Contact Temu customer support for assistance if the problem persists.

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What is the Temu Pop-Up Sale?

The Temu Pop-Up Sale is a limited-time event featuring flash deals and significant discounts on select items. These sales often last for just a few hours or a day, encouraging quick purchases. To catch these sales:

Enable push notifications on the Temu app.

Check the app frequently, especially during weekends and holidays.

Act fast when you see a deal you like, as quantities are often limited.

Best Temu Coupon Codes for 2024

While specific coupon codes change frequently, some of the best types of Temu coupons to look out for in 2024 include:

New user welcome coupons (up to $100 coupon bundle + 50% off off)

Percentage-off coupons (e.g., 20% off your entire purchase)

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Obtain the Referral Code: Ensure you have the referral code {acu639380 } ready. This code is essential for unlocking the discount.

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Complete Your Purchase: With the discount applied, proceed to complete your purchase. Enjoy the satisfaction of saving money while getting high-quality products delivered to your doorstep.

Where to Find the Latest Temu Coupon Codes for 2024?

To stay up-to-date with the latest Temu coupon codes in 2024, check these sources:

The official Temu website and mobile app

Temu's social media profiles (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)

Email newsletters for subscribers

Coupon aggregator websites (always verify codes on Temu's official platforms)

Seasonal promotional events and holiday sales

Temu's customer support for personalized offers

Word-of-mouth from other Temu users in online communities

FAQs About Temu Coupons and Deals

Q: Can I use multiple Temu coupons on one order? A: It depends on the specific coupons. Some coupons are stackable, while others can only be used individually. Always check the terms and conditions of each coupon.

Q: Do Temu coupons expire?

A: Yes, most Temu coupons have an expiration date. Always check the validity period of your coupons before attempting to use them.

Q: Are there any restrictions on using Temu coupons?

A: Yes, coupons may have restrictions such as minimum purchase amounts, specific product categories, or limit ations on combining with other offers. Read the coupon terms carefully.

Q: How can I get notified about new Temu deals?

A: Enable push notifications on the Temu app, subscribe to their email newsletter, and follow their social media accounts for the latest updates.

Q: Can I share my Temu coupons with friends?

A: Some coupons are transferable, while others are linked to your specific account. Check the coupon details before sharing.

Conclusion

By stay ing informed about Temu's latest offers and using coupons strategically, you can save significantly on your purchases throughout 2024. Remember to check for new deals regularly, combine coupons with sales when possible, and don't hesit ate to reach out to customer support if you have any questions. Happy shopping and saving on Temu!

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With different program and Temu coupon codes you can earn and save money on your future shopping with Temu.

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What is The Best Temu Coupon Code $100 coupon bundle + 50% off Off?

Can You Get a $100 coupon bundle + 50% off Temu Coupon Bundle?

One $50 off coupon

Two $20 off coupons

One $10 off coupon

These coupons can usually be applied to separate purchases, maximizing your savings across multiple orders.

How to Get the $100 coupon bundle + 50% off Temu Coupon Bundle

Watch for special promotions, especially during major shopping events and holidays.

Check for limited-time offers regularly.

New users may have a higher chance of access ing this bundle as part of a welcome offer.

Existing customers should regularly check their Temu account for personalized offers.

Strategies for Existing Customers

How Can Existing Customers Find $100 coupon bundle + 50% off Off Temu Coupons?

While $100 coupon bundle + 50% off off coupons are often targeted at new users, existing customers can still benefit from significant discounts. Here are some strategies:

Check your email for exclusive offers sent to account holders.

Participate in Temu's referral program for substantial discounts.

Look out for seasonal sales and holiday promotions.

Use the Temu app regularly for app-exclusive offers.

Follow Temu on social media for flash sales and limited-time coupon codes.

Remember, you can often stack multiple smaller coupons to achieve similar savings to a single large coupon.

/*What's the Difference Between Temu Coupon Codes for New and Existing Customers?

Percentage discounts on specific categories

Free shipping offers

Bundle deals on multiple items

Loyalty rewards for frequent shoppers

Both new and existing customers can benefit from referral codes, which offer discounts to both the referrer and the new user who signs up.

How Often Does Temu Release New Coupon Codes?

Temu frequently releases new coupon codes to keep customers engaged. You can generally expect:

Weekly deals and flash sales

Monthly promotional events

Seasonal campaigns (e.g., Back to School, Holiday Season)

Special occasion coupons (e.g., Temu's anniversary, major shopping holidays)

To stay informed, enable notifications on the Temu app, subscribe to their email newsletter, and follow their social media accounts.

Maximizing Your Savings

How to Use Temu Coupon Codes Effectively

Combine coupons with ongoing sales for double savings.

Check for stackable coupons that can be used together.

Pay attention to minimum purchase requirements.

Use the Temu app for exclusive mobile-only discounts.

Share your referral code with friends to earn add itional coupons.

Time your purchases around major shopping events.

Create price alerts for items you want and apply promo codes when prices drop.

What to Do If a Temu Coupon Code Doesn't Work

If you encounter issues with a coupon code:

Double-check for typos or incorrect capitalization.

Verify that the code hasn't expired and is applicable to your purchase.

Ensure you meet any minimum purchase requirements.

Try clearing your browser cache or using a different device.

Contact Temu customer support for assistance if the problem persists.

Latest Temu Deals and Promotions

What is the Temu Pop-Up Sale?

Enable push notifications on the Temu app.

Check the app frequently, especially during weekends and holidays.

Act fast when you see a deal you like, as quantities are often limited.

Best Temu Coupon Codes for 2024

While specific coupon codes change frequently, some of the best types of Temu coupons to look out for in 2024 include:

New user welcome coupons (up to $100 coupon bundle + 50% off off)

Percentage-off coupons (e.g., 20% off your entire purchase)

Category-specific coupons (e.g., 30% off home goods)

Free shipping coupons

Referral bonuses

Temu Referral Code: Get $100 coupon bundle + 50% off Latest New User Temu Code

Below are the latest active Temu referral codes that users can use to earn Temu sign up bonus.

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How To Use Temu Referral Code?

Obtain the Referral Code: Ensure you have the referral code {acu639380 } ready. This code is essential for unlocking the discount.

Add to Cart: Once you've found the items you wish to purchase, add them to your shopping cart.

Apply the Referral Code: During the checkout process, you'll find a design ated field for entering referral codes. Input {acu639380} to activate the $100 coupon bundle + 50% off discount.

Complete Your Purchase: With the discount applied, proceed to complete your purchase. Enjoy the satisfaction of saving money while getting high-quality products delivered to your doorstep.

Where to Find the Latest Temu Coupon Codes for 2024?

To stay up-to-date with the latest Temu coupon codes in 2024, check these sources:

The official Temu website and mobile app

Temu's social media profiles (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)

Email newsletters for subscribers

Coupon aggregator websites (always verify codes on Temu's official platforms)

Seasonal promotional events and holiday sales

Temu's customer support for personalized offers

Word-of-mouth from other Temu users in online communities

FAQs About Temu Coupons and Deals

Q: Do Temu coupons expire?

A: Yes, most Temu coupons have an expiration date. Always check the validity period of your coupons before attempting to use them.

Q: Are there any restrictions on using Temu coupons?

A: Yes, coupons may have restrictions such as minimum purchase amounts, specific product categories, or limit ations on combining with other offers. Read the coupon terms carefully.

Q: How can I get notified about new Temu deals?

A: Enable push notifications on the Temu app, subscribe to their email newsletter, and follow their social media accounts for the latest updates.

Q: Can I share my Temu coupons with friends?

A: Some coupons are transferable, while others are linked to your specific account. Check the coupon details before sharing.

Conclusion

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2024-10-04

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5. Temu Coupon Code 2024 – acu639380

6. 30% discount code – acu639380

7. Save 40% Temu Coupon Code – acu639380

➥Temu Coupon Code $100 Off ["acu639380"] 30% discount

Temu $100 Off Coupon Code ["acu639380"]

The Temu $100 off coupon code is a top-tier promotion that allows shoppers to make significant savings on larger purchases. This coupon can be used dur ing checkout and can sometimes be stacked with other deals.

Temu Coupon Code $100 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For new customers making their first order, the Temu coupon code $100 off provides an incredible opportunity to get major savings. If you're planning to make a large purchase, this discount code can help reduce your total by a considerable amount.

Temu Coupon Code $100 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Customers

Even if you’re an existing customer, you can sometimes take advantage of a $100 off coupon code dur ing special sales events. This code is ideal for loyal shoppers who want to continue saving without creat ing new accounts.

Temu $100 Off Coupon Code ["acu639380"] Legit

Many shoppers wonder, "Is the Temu $100 off coupon code acu639380 legit?" Yes, it is! However, always ensure that you're getting these codes from trusted sources. Temu itself offers these coupons during special sales events, and reputable coupon sites also distribute valid codes.

➥Temu Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] 70% off

Temu Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] Reddit

Reddit is a great place to find active and user-tested Temu coupon codes, including the popular 90% off coupon codes. Communities dedicated to deals often share the best codes for maximum savings.

Temu Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For new users, the Temu coupon code for 90% off your first order is a fantastic way to save big on your first purchase. Be sure to apply it at checkout to enjoy these massive savings.

Temu Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Users

Temu doesn’t just reward new customers—existing users can also find 90% off coupon codes from time to time. These codes usually apply to select items and are available dur ing special events or holidays.

➥Temu Coupon Code 70 Off ["acu639380"] 40% off

Temu Coupon Code 70 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

If you're a new customer, using a Temu coupon code for 70% off your first order can provide an excellent opportunity to save on your initial purchases.

Temu Coupon Code 70 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Users

For existing users, Temu often offers 70% off deals during flash sales or holiday events. Be sure to check your email or the app for updates on these discounts.

➥Temu Coupon Code 50 Off ["acu639380"] 90% off

Temu Coupon Code 50 Off ["acu639380"] Reddit

Reddit users are often quick to share the latest Temu coupon codes, including those that offer 50% off. Always verify the legitimacy of these codes before using them.

Temu Coupon Code 50 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For new customers, a 50% off coupon code is a solid choice for making your first purchase without breaking the bank. Be sure to enter the code dur ing checkout to apply the discount.

Temu Coupon Code 50 Off ["acu639380"] Free Shipping

A popular combo is the 50% off coupon code with free shipping, which allows you to save even more. This deal is especially useful if you're ordering smaller items where shipping costs can quickly add up.

➥Temu Coupon Code 40 Off ["acu639380"] 80% off

Temu Coupon Code 40 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Users

Existing customers can find 40% off coupon codes dur ing special promotions or flash sales. These codes are great for saving on repeat purchases.

Temu Coupon Code 40 Off ["acu639380"] for First-Time Users

For first-time users, a 40% off coupon code can offer significant savings while you explore Temu's wide selection of products.

Temu Coupon Code 40 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

If you're placing your first order on Temu using a 40% off coupon code can be an excellent way to reduce your total cost.

Temu Coupon Code 40 Off ["acu639380"] Reddit

Keep an eye on Reddit for the latest 40% off coupon codes. Redditors often share these codes dur ing active promotions, allowing you to save even more.

➥Temu Coupon Code 30 Off ["acu639380"] 60% off

Temu Coupon Code 30 Off ["acu639380"] Reddit

Reddit is a great source for finding Temu coupon codes offering 30% off. Users frequently post updates on the latest deals and codes.

Temu Coupon Code 30 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For first-time buyers, a 30% off coupon code is a fantastic way to start shopping on Temu This discount can be applied to a wide variety of items.

Temu Coupon Code 30 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Users

Existing customers aren’t left out either, as Temu often offers 30% off coupon codes for those who continue shopping on the platform.

Temu Coupon Code 30 Off ["acu639380"] Free Shipping

Combine your 30% off coupon code with a free shipping deal for maximum savings. This is particularly useful for lightweight items where shipping costs can sometimes negate the savings.

FAQs

What is the best Temu coupon code?

The best coupon code depends on your needs, but $100 off or 90% off for first orders are among the top offers.

How do I apply a Temu coupon code?

Enter the code at checkout under the “apply coupon” section.

Can I use multiple coupon codes on Temu (UK)?

No, only one Temu coupon code can be applied per order.

Is there a Temu coupon code for free items?

Occasionally, Temu offers coupon codes for free items, but these are limited-time deals.

Are Temu coupon codes for new and existing users different?

Yes, new users often get larger discounts, while existing users have ongoing promotions.

Is the $100 off Temu coupon code legit?

Yes, but ensure you're using codes from reputable sources like Temu’s official website or app.

Can I get 90% off on my first order?

Yes, Temu offers 90% off coupon codes for first-time buyers during special promotions.

How often does Temu offer coupon codes?

Temu regularly offers discounts, especially during holiday seasons or special sales events.

Does Temu offer free shipping with coupon codes?

Yes, many Temu coupon codes include free shipping as part of the promotion.

Where can I find the latest Temu coupon codes?

You can find the latest codes on Reddit, coupon websites, or directly through Temu’s app.

Conclusion

Temu offers a wide variety of coupon codes that can help both new and existing customers save on their purchases. From $100 off to 90% discounts, there’s a promotion for everyone. Be sure to use codes like [acu639380]

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 01:01

■Temu “UK” £100 Coupon Code ["acu639380"] for New and existing users

If you're looking to shop on Temu,”UK” one of the fastest-growing e-commerce platforms, you'll definitely want to take advantage of various Temu “UK” coupon codes to save on your purchases. Whether you are a new customer or an existing one, Temu “UK” offers a range of discount codes that can help you save money. From first-order discounts to ongoing promotions, there's something for everyone. In this article, we will explore different Temu “UK” coupon codes including those that offer up to $100 off, free items, and other high-percentage discounts.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code ["acu639380"] 50% discount

Using a Temu “UK” coupon code like [acu639380] can significantly reduce your shopping costs. Temu “UK” frequently offers discounts that range from 30% to 90% off, free shipping, and even free items. Depending on the timing and the promotion, you may find that some codes are better suited for new customers, while others are tailored for existing ones.

Temu $120 coupon bundle: act892435

Temu coupon code 40% OFF: act892435

Temu Coupon Code France: (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Sweden : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Australia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code United Kingdom : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Spain : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Italy : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Germany : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Saudi Arabia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Austria : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Belgium : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Thailand : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Kuwait : (act892435) or ( acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code United Arab Emirates : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Switzerland : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Mexico : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code New Zealand : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Poland : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code United States : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Portugal : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Netherlands : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Brazil : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Colombia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Chile : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Israel : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Egypt : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Peru : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Ireland : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Hungary : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Romania : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Bulgaria : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Slovakia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Slovenia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Japan : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Europe : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Malaysia : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Oman : (act892435) or (acq943609)

Temu Coupon Code Norway : (act892435) or (acq943609)

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code for Existing Customers ["act892435"] 40% discount

If you're an existing Temu “UK” customer, there are still plenty of discounts you can take advantage of. Typically, coupon codes for existing customers provide 40% to 70% off selected items or categories. Codes like [act892435] can help you continue saving even after your initial purchase.

• Temu “UK” coupon code for existing customers: act892435

• Temu “UK” Coupon $100 Off for Existing Customers 2024: act892435

• 50% off Temu “UK” coupon - act892435

• Buy1 Get 1 free Temu code - act892435

• Temu “UK” Buy 5 Get 6 free coupon code - act892435

• Temu “UK”$100 coupon bundle - act892435

• Temu coupon code $100 Canada - act892435

• 50% Off Temu “UK” code - act892435

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code for New Customers ["acu639380"] 30% off

New customers are often the most rewarded, as Temu “UK” aims to bring more people to their platform. The Temu “UK” coupon code [act892435] could offer up to 90% off on your first purchase, or provide free shipping, depending on the ongoing promotion.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code for First Order ["acu639380"] 20% discount

For your first order, you can often apply a Temu “UK” coupon code to get major savings. Many codes, like [act892435], are specially designed for new users, offering substantial discounts of $100 off or even free items to encourage you to make your first purchase.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code for Free Items ["acu639380"] 60% off

Occasionally, Temu “UK” will run promotions where you can use a coupon code for free items. This is especially useful if you're looking to try out the platform without spending too much upfront. Watch out for these limited-time offers, as they tend to sell out quickly.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon $100 Off ["acu639380"] 40% off

One of the best offers on Temu “UK” is the $100 off coupon code “UK. Whether you’re a new customer or a returning shopper, this discount can significantly reduce your total purchase amount. You can find codes like [act892435] or [act892435] that offer this deal during special promotions.

1. Temu “UK” coupon $100 off – act892435

2. $100 Off Temu “UK” Coupon Code – act892435

3. $50 Promo Code – act892435

4. Temu “UK” coupon $100 off October 2024 – act892435

5. Temu “UK” Coupon Code 2024 – act892435

6. 30% discount code – act892435 “UK”

7. Save 40% Temu “UK” Coupon Code – act892435

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code $100 Off ["act892435"] 30% discount

Temu “UK” $100 Off Coupon Code ["acu639380"]

The Temu “UK” $100 off coupon code is a top-tier promotion that allows shoppers to make significant savings on larger purchases. This coupon can be used dur ing checkout and can sometimes be stacked with other deals.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code $100 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For new customers making their first order, the Temu “UK” coupon code $100 off provides an incredible opportunity to get major savings. If you're planning to make a large purchase, this discount code can help reduce your total by a considerable amount.

Temu “ UK” Coupon Code $100 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Customers

Temu “UK” $100 Off Coupon Code ["acu639380"] Legit

Many shoppers wonder, "Is the Temu “UK” $100 off coupon code acu639380 legit?" Yes, it is! However, always ensure that you're getting these codes from trusted sources. Temu “UK” itself offers these coupons during special sales events, and reputable coupon sites also distribute valid codes.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] 70% off

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] Reddit

Reddit is a great place to find active and user-tested Temu “UK” coupon codes, including the popular 90% off coupon codes. Communities dedicated to deals often share the best codes for maximum savings.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

For new users, the Temu “UK” coupon code for 90% off your first order is a fantastic way to save big on your first purchase. Be sure to apply it at checkout to enjoy these massive savings.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 90 Off ["acu639380"] for Existing Users

Temu “UK” doesn’t just reward new customers—existing users can also find 90% off coupon codes from time to time. These codes usually apply to select items and are available dur ing special events or holidays.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code 70 Off ["acu639380"] 40% off

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 70 Off ["acu639380"] First Order

If you're a new customer, using a Temu “UK” coupon code for 70% off your first order can provide an excellent opportunity to save on your initial purchases.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 70 Off ["act892435"] for Existing Users

For existing users, Temu “UK” often offers 70% off deals during flash sales or holiday events. Be sure to check your email or the app for updates on these discounts.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code 50 Off ["act892435"] 90% off

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 50 Off ["act892435"] Reddit

Reddit users are often quick to share the latest Temu “UK” coupon codes, including those that offer 50% off. Always verify the legitimacy of these codes before using them.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 50 Off ["act892435"] First Order

For new customers, a 50% off coupon code is a solid choice for making your first purchase without breaking the bank. Be sure to enter the code dur ing checkout to apply the discount.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 50 Off ["act892435"] Free Shipping

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code 40 Off ["act892435"] 80% off

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 40 Off ["act892435"] for Existing Users

Existing customers can find 40% off coupon codes dur ing special promotions or flash sales. These codes are great for saving on repeat purchases.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 40 Off ["act892435"] for First-Time Users

For first-time users, a 40% off coupon code can offer significant savings while you explore Temu's “UK” wide selection of products.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 40 Off ["act892435"] First Order

If you're placing your first order on Temu “UK” using a 40% off coupon code can be an excellent way to reduce your total cost.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 40 Off ["act892435"] Reddit

Keep an eye on Reddit for the latest 40% off coupon codes. Redditors often share these codes dur ing active promotions, allowing you to save even more.

➥Temu “UK” Coupon Code 30 Off ["act892435"] 60% off

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 30 Off ["act892435"] Reddit

Reddit is a great source for finding Temu “UK” coupon codes offering 30% off. Users frequently post updates on the latest deals and codes.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 30 Off ["act892435"] First Order

For first-time buyers, a 30% off coupon code is a fantastic way to start shopping on Temu “UK”This discount can be applied to a wide variety of items.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 30 Off ["act892435"] for Existing Users

Existing customers aren’t left out either, as Temu “UK” often offers 30% off coupon codes for those who continue shopping on the platform.

Temu “UK” Coupon Code 30 Off ["act892435"] Free Shipping

Combine your 30% off coupon code with a free shipping deal for maximum savings. This is particularly useful for lightweight items where shipping costs can sometimes negate the savings.

FAQs

What is the best Temu “UK” coupon code?

The best coupon code depends on your needs, but $100 off or 90% off for first orders are among the top offers.

How do I apply a Temu “UK” coupon code?

Enter the code at checkout under the “apply coupon” section.

Can I use multiple coupon codes on Temu (UK)?

No, only one Temu “UK” coupon code can be applied per order.

Is there a Temu “UK” coupon code for free items?

Occasionally, Temu “UK” offers coupon codes for free items, but these are limited-time deals.

Are Temu “UK” coupon codes for new and existing users different?

Yes, new users often get larger discounts, while existing users have ongoing promotions.

Is the $100 off Temu “UK” coupon code legit?

Yes, but ensure you're using codes from reputable sources like Temu’s “UK” official website or app.

Can I get 90% off on my first order?

Yes, Temu “UK” offers 90% off coupon codes for first-time buyers during special promotions.

How often does Temu “UK” offer coupon codes?

Temu “UK” regularly offers discounts, especially during holiday seasons or special sales events.

Does Temu “UK” offer free shipping with coupon codes?

Yes, many Temu “UK” coupon codes include free shipping as part of the promotion.

Where can I find the latest Temu “UK” coupon codes?

You can find the latest codes on Reddit, coupon websites, or directly through Temu’s “UK” app.

Conclusion

Temu “UK” offers a wide variety of coupon codes that can help both new and existing customers save on their purchases. From $100 off to 90% discounts, there’s a promotion for everyone. Be sure to use codes like [act892435]

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 00:44

2023-11-15

■[経済メモ] 単位 労働時間あたりのGDP (労働生産性の別の側面)

単位人件費あたりのGDPが金銭的な投資効率であったのに対し、単位労働時間あたりのGDP はいわば働き方改革で言われるような労働者の幸福度に関係する指標と言える。

つまり労働時間1時間あたりにどれだけのGDPを生み出すのかということである。これが高ければ高いほど、労働時間を減らしても国民は裕福に暮らせるというわけだ。

単位を見ると、GDP per capita = ＄/1人年, work hours = 時間/1人年, GDP per capita / work hours = ＄/時間

gdp per capita	work hours	Country Name	gdp per capita / work hours
142214	1473.26	Luxembourg	96.5302
114899	1424.58	Norway	80.6543
126905	1657.47	Ireland	76.5657
83598.5	1528.66	Switzerland	54.6874
74005.5	1371.61	Denmark	53.9553
69577.4	1427.02	Netherlands	48.7573
69081.3	1449.22	Iceland	47.6679
63149.6	1340.86	Germany	47.0963
67935.8	1443.72	Austria	47.0561
64578.4	1440.46	Sweden	44.8318
65027.3	1525.82	Belgium	42.6181
76398.6	1810.94	United States	42.1872
59026.7	1498.07	Finland	39.4019
55492.6	1511.4	France	36.716
62625.4	1707.33	Australia	36.6804
54602.5	1531.71	United Kingdom	35.648
58399.5	1686	Canada	34.6379
50031.7	1619.01	Slovenia	30.9026
51865	1694.45	Italy	30.6087
48396.7	1624.16	Lithuania	29.7981
51966.9	1748	New Zealand	29.7293
55927.9	1881.93	Malta	29.7184
49945.5	1754.05	Czechia	28.4744
45572.7	1607	Japan	28.359
45825.2	1643.55	Spain	27.8819
49930.9	1837.1	Cyprus	27.1792
46697.4	1770.41	Estonia	26.3766
50069.8	1901	Korea, Rep.	26.3387
49509.1	1891.9	Israel	26.169
39956.2	1553.24	Latvia	25.7245
41451.6	1635.1	Portugal	25.3512
41906.7	1699.6	Hungary	24.6568
43268.5	1814.79	Poland	23.8421
41887.9	1808.23	Romania	23.1651
37459.5	1622.07	Slovak Republic	23.0937
40379.6	1810.5	Croatia	22.303
37273.7	1732.09	Turkiye	21.5195
33582.3	1618.73	Bulgaria	20.746
36834.9	1886.29	Greece	19.5276
36484.7	1874	Russian Federation	19.4689
30208.8	1962.8	Chile	15.3907
24922.7	2149	Costa Rica	11.5973
21512.3	2226.3	Mexico	9.66279
20 287.4	2405.39	Colombia	8.43416

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 20:25

■[経済メモ] 単位 人件費あたりのGDP (労働者の生産性の間接的表現)

gdp per capita	salary	Country Name	gdp per capita / salary
126905	52242.6	Ireland	2.42915
114899	53755.9	Norway	2.13742
142214	78310.1	Luxembourg	1.81603
49945.5	33475.5	Czechia	1.492
41906.7	28474.6	Hungary	1.47172
37459.5	26262.8	Slovak Republic	1.42633
36834.9	25979	Greece	1.41787
46697.4	34704.6	Estonia	1.34557
41451.6	31921.7	Portugal	1.29854
21512.3	16685.4	Mexico	1.28929
64578.4	50406.8	Sweden	1.28114
37273.7	31761	Turkiye	1.17357
43268.5	36896.6	Poland	1.1727
39956.2	34136.2	Latvia	1.17049
51865	44893.3	Italy	1.15529
74005.5	64126.7	Denmark	1.15405
83598.5	72993	Switzerland	1.14529
59026.7	51835.9	Finland	1.13872
49509.1	44155.9	Israel	1.12123
48396.7	43874.6	Lithuania	1.10307
69577.4	63225	Netherlands	1.10047
45572.7	41509.2	Japan	1.09789
63149.6	58940.3	Germany	1.07142
45825.2	42859.3	Spain	1.0692
67935.8	63801.6	Austria	1.0648
50031.7	47203.6	Slovenia	1.05991
62625.4	59407.9	Australia	1.05416
55492.6	52763.6	France	1.05172
51966.9	50722.5	New Zealand	1.02453
50069.8	48921.9	Korea, Rep.	1.02346
54602.5	53985.1	United Kingdom	1.01144
65027.3	64847.6	Belgium	1.00277
58399.5	59050.4	Canada	0.988978
76398.6	77463.5	United States	0.986253
30208.8	33042.3	Chile	0.914246
20287.4	22248.5	Colombia	0.911855
69081.3	79473.4	Iceland	0.869238
24922.7	31117.8	Costa Rica	0.800912

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 14:44

2023-03-31

■anond:20230331113807

Think of sentences with at least 6 letters that rhyme at least twice

Here are a few examples:
　
・The cat in the hat sat on a mat.
・She likes to take long walks by the lake and bake a cake.
・The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
・The knight with might fought the fight all night.
・The tree by the sea swayed in the breeze with ease.
・The bear with long hair looked quite rare at the fa ir.

英語で聞いたらそれなりのライミングで返してくれるな。

やっぱ日本語で韻を踏むっていう概念が学習されてないんだろうな。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 11:45

2023-02-24

■少子化対策 指標としてのジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの卓越について(1)

はじめに

異次元の少子化対策が求められている、岸田令和日本である。しかし、具体的には、どのような対策が有効なのか。

対策の効果を測定するためにも、出生率と結びつきが強く、しかも、分かりやすい指標が求められている。

そこで、今回は、世界経済フォーラムが発表する、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングに注目したい。

ジェンダー開発学の分野では、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの順位が高い国で、ジェンダー平等が達成され、

女性が子育てと社会進出を両立しやすく、結果的に、少子化も改善されていることが知られている。

少子化とジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキング

日本の少子化対策についての記事の中で、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの順位の低迷と、

少子化の関連性が議論される。

例えば、次の記事では、題名の中にジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの順位と出生数が盛り込まれている。

ジェンダーギャップ 121位、出生数90万人以下の日本で、女性たちの未来への備えとは
https://woman.nikkei.com/atcltrc/blog/shirakawatouko/post/dddad1acb2e14d2a9ad1acb2e1cd2a4b/

更に、次の記事では、ジェンダー分野の専門家の対談の中で、GDPや労働生産性と共に出生率、そして、

ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの順位の恥ずかしさについての問題が指摘されている。

ジェンダー指数から、いわゆる、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの順位が計算される。

上野千鶴子×酒井順子「単身世帯は38％、最も多い家族の姿に。1985年から 86年は『女・女格差』元年。女性が3分割された結果、中高年女性単身者の貧困が生まれた」
【連載】酒井順子の大人は知りたいことばかり：女、家族、社会はどう変わった？＜後編＞
https://fujinkoron.jp/articles/-/7486?page=5

酒井　 2022年の日本のジェンダー指数は、世界146ヵ国中116位。それを永田町のおじさんたちは、恥ずかしいとは思っていないんでしょうね。国際会議に出席する日本代表が男性だけでも平気でいられる。

上野　でもこのままだと、日本はジリ貧になりますよ。一人当たりGDP（国内総生産）の順位も、労働生産性も低下しています。

酒井　出生率も落ちる一方。出生率が高いのは、共働きでケアの公共化がされている場合だと海外ではデータがはっきり出ているのに、なぜ変えようとしないのでしょう。

上野　おじさんたちが合理的選択をしないのは、ホモソーシャルな組織文化を守りたいからだとしか私には思えません。ホモソーシャルな集団のなかで、男として認められたい。そのためには自己犠牲もいとわない。

上で紹介したような関連性の指摘のみならず、実際に、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングや、

類似する、ジェンダー・ギャップを示す指標と、少子化の関係性の分析もなされている。

ジェンダー格差の解消が最高の少子化対策（前編）
https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/shirakawatoko/20211029-00265552

日本のジェンダーギャップと少子化。この二つはリンクしているとずっと言い続けてきた。日本は世界経済フォーラムが算出するジェンダーギャップ指数では156カ国中120位と先進国では最下位。下から数えた方が早い。先進国に限ってはジェンダーギャップ指数と出生率がリンクしていることがOECD（経済協力開発機構）の分析でわかっている。

2020年 4月の内閣府政策統括官（経済社会システム担当）の資料には、「ジェンダーギャップ指数が高い（男女格差が少ない）ほど、出生率は高まる傾向」を示すグラフが掲載されている【図１】。女性が社会進出をすると一旦は少子化になるが、その後回復するかどうかは、ジェンダーギャップをいかに埋めるかにかかっている。

「男女差別がなくなると、少子化も改善するよ」というデータを示すと、なぜ反論(クソリプ含む)が押し寄せるのか？
https://comemo.nikkei.com/n/nd4de034b8a25

ところが、冒頭のツイートの図にあった通り、他の先進国では事情が違います。女性の社会進出と出生率が相関関係にあるのです。なぜかというと、女性の社会進出と子育てが、トレードオフの関係になっていないからです！

子どもが生まれたら、パートナーたる男性も、当事者としてしっかり家事育児にコミットします。これだけでも、女性の負担はケタ違いでしょう。みての通り、男性の家事育児の負担割合が高い国ほど、出生率が高いのがわかります（我が国は定位置の左下）。

しかし、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングの話をすると、クソリプと呼ばれる意見が寄せられたり、

指標のことに異論を挟む声も、少なくない。そこで今回は、改めて白黒はっきりつけ、

ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングが少子化を説明できる、卓越した指標であることを示す。

データ

合計特殊出生率は、次の2020年のデータを使う。

Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - World Bank Data
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN

ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングは、次の、同じ2020年のデータを使う。

Global Gender Gap Report 20 20
https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality/

どちらにも掲載されている、153か国のデータを使って、ジェンダー・ギャップ・ランキングと、

少子化のつながりの強さを確認する。

Country Name	GGIRank	GGIScore	Fertility rate, total (births per woman)20 20
Iceland	1	0.877	1.72
Norway	2	0.842	1.48
Finland	3	0.832	1.37
Sweden	4	0.82	1.66
Nicaragua	5	0.804	2.349
New Zealand	6	0.799	1.61
Ireland	7	0.798	1.63
Spain	8	0.795	1.23
Rwanda	9	0.791	3.873
Germany	10	0.787	1.53
Latvia	11	0.785	1.55
Namibia	12	0.784	3.349
Costa Rica	13	0.782	1.555
Denmark	14	0.782	1.67
France	15	0.781	1.83
Philippines	16	0.781	2.777
South Africa	17	0.78	2.401
Switzerland	18	0.779	1.46
Canada	19	0.772	1.4
Albania	20	0.769	1.4
United Kingdom	21	0.767	1.56
Colombia	22	0.758	1.737
Moldova	23	0.757	1.77
Trinidad and Tobago	24	0.756	1.631
Mexico	25	0.754	1.905
Estonia	26	0.751	1.58
Belgium	27	0.75	1.55
Barbados	28	0.749	1.628
Belarus	29	0.746	1.382
Argentina	30	0.746	1.911
Cuba	31	0.746	1.5
Burundi	32	0.745	5.177
Lithuania	33	0.745	1.48
Austria	34	0.744	1.44
Portugal	35	0.744	1.4
Slovenia	36	0.743	1.6
Uruguay	37	0.737	1.477
Netherlands	38	0.736	1.55
Serbia	39	0.736	1.48
Poland	40	0.736	1.38
Jamaica	41	0.735	1.358
Bolivia	42	0.734	2.651
Lao PDR	43	0.731	2.541
Australia	44	0.731	1.581
Zambia	45	0.731	4.379
Panama	46	0.73	2.344
Zimbabwe	47	0.73	3.545
Ecuador	48	0.729	2.051
Bulgaria	49	0.727	1.56
Bangladesh	50	0.726	2.003
Luxembourg	51	0.725	1.37
Cabo Verde	52	0.725	1.908
United States	53	0.724	1.6375
Singapore	54	0.724	1.1
Romania	55	0.724	1.6
Mozambique	56	0.723	4.713
Chile	57	0.723	1.537
Honduras	58	0.722	2.394
Ukraine	59	0.721	1.217
Croatia	60	0.72	1.48
Bahamas, The	61	0.72	1.394
Madagascar	62	0.719	3.918
Slovak Republic	63	0.718	1.57
Israel	64	0.718	2.9
Uganda	65	0.717	4.693
Peru	66	0.714	2.216
Venezuela, RB	67	0.713	2.23
Tanzania	68	0.713	4.795
Bosnia and Herzegovina	69	0.712	1.359
North Macedonia	70	0.711	1.3
Montenegro	71	0.71	1.75
Kazakhstan	72	0.71	3.13
Botswana	73	0.709	2.836
Georgia	74	0.708	1.971
Thailand	75	0.708	1.341
Italy	76	0.707	1.24
Suriname	77	0.707	2.371
Czechia	78	0.706	1.71
Mongolia	79	0.706	2.9
El Salvador	80	0.706	1.819
Russian Federation	81	0.706	1.505
Ethiopia	82	0.705	4.243
Eswatini	83	0.703	2.89
Greece	84	0.701	1.34
Indonesia	85	0.7	2.194
Dominican Republic	86	0.7	2.303
Vietnam	87	0.7	1.955
Lesotho	88	0.695	3.049
Cambodia	89	0.694	2.381
Malta	90	0.693	1.13
Cyprus	91	0.692	1.328
Brazil	92	0.691	1.649
Kyrgyz Republic	93	0.689	3
Azerbaijan	94	0.687	1.7
Brunei Darussalam	95	0.686	1.796
Cameroon	96	0.686	4.543
Liberia	97	0.685	4.174
Armenia	98	0.684	1.575
Senegal	99	0.684	4.454
Paraguay	100	0.683	2.497
Nepal	101	0.68	2.055
Sri Lanka	102	0.68	2
Fiji	103	0.678	2.495
Malaysia	104	0.677	1.818
Hungary	105	0.677	1.56
China	106	0.676	1.281
Ghana	107	0.673	3.623
Korea, Rep.	108	0.672	0.837
Kenya	109	0.671	3.397
Belize	110	0.671	1.999
Sierra Leone	111	0.668	4.08
India	112	0.668	2.051
Guatemala	113	0.666	2.484
Myanmar	114	0.665	2.174
Mauritius	115	0.665	1.44
Malawi	116	0.664	3.995
Timor-Leste	117	0.662	3.247
Angola	118	0.66	5.371
Benin	119	0.658	5.048
United Arab Emirates	120	0.655	1.46
Japan	121	0.652	1.34
Kuwait	122	0.65	2.14
Maldives	123	0.646	1.712
Tunisia	124	0.644	2.114
Guinea	125	0.642	4.489
Vanuatu	126	0.638	3.778
Papua New Guinea	127	0.635	3.274
Nigeria	128	0.635	5.309
Burkina Faso	129	0.635	4.869
Turkiye	130	0.635	1.917
Bhutan	131	0.635	1.433
Algeria	132	0.634	2.942
Bahrain	133	0.629	1.832
Egypt, Arab Rep.	134	0.629	2.96
Qatar	135	0.629	1.816
Gambia, The	136	0.628	4.777
Tajikistan	137	0.626	3.237
Jordan	138	0.623	2.873
Mali	139	0.621	6.035
Togo	140	0.615	4.323
Mauritania	141	0.614	4.455
Cote d'Ivoire	142	0.606	4.472
Morocco	143	0.605	2.353
Oman	144	0.602	2.687
Lebanon	145	0.599	2.103
Saudi Arabia	146	0.599	2.465
Chad	147	0.596	6.346
Iran, Islamic Rep.	148	0.584	1.708
Congo, Dem. Rep.	149	0.578	6.206
Syrian Arab Republic	150	0.567	2.798
Pakistan	151	0.564	3.555
Iraq	152	0.53	3.551
Yemen, Rep.	153	0.494	3.886

anond:20230224010300に続く。

Permalink | 記事への反応(2) | 01:02

2022-12-02

■anond:20221202124309

2 - Since detailed World Cup records began (1966), there are only two instances of a team losing a game despite attempting 700+ passes:

Spain vs Japan tonight
Germany vs Japan last week

Formula. pic.twitter.com/nvsTSNqyI0— OptaJoe (@OptaJoe) December 1, 2022

記録が取られ始めた1966年から700本以上のパスをしたチームが負けたのは今年の日本戦のドイツとスペインだけ

つまり本来は相手にボールを持たれて好きにパスを回されると耐えきるのは難しいはずなんだよ

それを耐え切ってワンチャン活かして勝った日本が特異

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 12:49

2022-10-14

■anond:20221014012607

IMFが一昨日発表してますね

ご参照ください

IMF Growth Forecast: 2023
USA🇺🇸: 1%
Germany🇩🇪: -0.3%
France🇫🇷: 0.7%
Italy🇮🇹: -0.2%
Spain🇪🇸: 1.2%
Japan🇯🇵: 1.6%
UK🇬🇧: 0.3%
Canada🇨🇦: 1.5%
China🇨🇳: 4.4%
India🇮🇳: 6.1%
Russia🇷🇺: -2.3%
Brazil🇧🇷: 1%
Mexico🇲🇽: 1.2%
KSA🇸🇦: 3.7%
Nigeria🇳🇬: 3%
RSA🇿🇦: 1.1%
http://IMF.org/WEO-oct22 #WEO

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 01:40

2022-02-28

■どこに核落とす？

核保有国が、核をどこに落とすのがよいか考えてみた。

核を落とす目的としては

1. 敵対者への直接的な攻撃を行い、敵の戦争継続能力を奪う。

2. 示威行為として

の二つがあると思う。

WW2の際の広島・長崎への原爆の投下は、日本へのダメージを与えるだけではなく、戦後体制へ向けた他の主要国へのアピールでもあり、上記の二つを満たしていた。

ということで、上記の二つを満たすような対象を探す。

さて、追加で考えるべきことは、可能な限り自国が核報復を受けないようにすることだろう。

攻撃対象として核を持つ国を選択した場合、余すところなく相手を蒸発させるのでなければ高確率で報復が想定される。

なので対象は非核保有国がいいだろう。

ただ、非核保有国を核攻撃した場合、その同盟国や核保有国による報復を招くことももちろん可能性としてある。

そこで「誰が撃ったのかわからない核攻撃」を演出することで、報復の可能性をさらに下げることを考える。

もちろん、世界情勢から誰しもが「撃ったのはあの国だ」と思うとしても、「落としたのは別のあの国だ」と言い張れればよい。

そうして多少なりともその意見に同調する意見を生み出せれば、他国のために核を使おうという意見をかなり減らすことができるだろう。

以上より次の条件で国を抽出してみる。

・2か国以上の核保有国と(陸上・海上)国境を接する国（本当は"近い国"で抽出したかったのだが、面倒なので簡略化。問題もある。後述）

・核保有国か核戦力共有を行っている国でない。

すると下記の21ヶ国が該当する。（それぞれGDP順）

3ヶ国と接する

Norway

2ヶ国と接する

ノルウェーと同じく三ヶ国と接していそうな韓国が入っていないのは、中国ともロシアとも国境は接していなかったから。

近い国で抽出しなかったので同じような抜けが他にもあるかもしれない。

（国境が接していない国の間でも領有権問題があるのは寡聞にして知らなかった）

さらにここから、

・人口や経済の都市部集中度合い（一度に可能な限り大きい打撃を与える）

・攻撃後の汚染の広がりが自国に及ばない

・核保有国との同盟関係

などの要素を加味してランキングを決めたいが、面倒なのでこれも略。

ざっくりGDP順をそのまま採用して、

(-位韓国: 3ヶ国)

1位ノルウェー: 3ヶ国

2位日本: 2ヶ国

3位スペイン: 2ヶ国

の3+1ヶ国あたりが攻撃対象として良さそう。

おわり。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 23:48

2020-08-13

■ジンバブエですら視聴できるのにお前らときたら

赤毛のアン　オープニングテーマ：きこえるかしら
Allowed countries
AD - Andorra
AE - United Arab Emirates
AF - Afghani stan
AG - Antigua and Barbuda
AI - Anguil la
AL - Albania
AM - Armenia
AO - Angola
AQ - Antarctica
AR - Ar gentina
AS - Am erican Samoa
AT - Austria
AU - Au stralia
AW - Aruba
AX - Åland Islands
AZ - Az er baijan
BA - Bosnia and Herzegovina
BB - Barbados
BD - Ba ng ladesh
BE - Belgium
BF - Burkina Faso
BG - Bulgaria
BH - Ba hr ain
BI - Burundi
BJ - Benin
BL - Saint Barthélemy
BM - Bermuda
BN - Brunei Darussalam
BO - Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
BR - Br az il
BS - Baham as
BT - Bhutan
BV - Bouvet Island
BW - Botswana
BY - Belarus
BZ - Belize
CA - Ca na da
CC - Cocos (Keeling) Islands
CD - Congo (Demo cr atic Republic of the)
CF - Central African Republic
CG - Republic of the Congo
CH - Switzerland
CI - Côte d'Ivoire
CK - Cook Islands
CL - Chile
CM - Cameroon
CN - China
CO - Colombia
CR - Costa Rica
CU - Cu ba
CV - Ca bo Verde
CX - Christmas Island
CY - Cyprus
CZ - Czech Republic
DE - Germany
DJ - Djibouti
DM - Domini ca
DO - Dominican Republic
DZ - Algeria
EC - Ec uador
EE - Estonia
EG - Egypt
EH - Western Sahara
ER - Er itrea
ES - Spain
ET - Ethiopia
FI - Finland
FJ - Fiji
FK - Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
FM - Micronesia (Feder ated States of)
FO - Faroe Islands
FR - France
GA - Ga bon
GB - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
GD - Grenada
GE - Georgia (country)
GF - French Guiana
GG - Guernsey
GH - Ghana
GI - Gi bralt ar
GL - Greenland
GM - Gambia
GN - Guinea
GP - Gu adeloupe
GQ - Equatorial Guinea
GR - Greece
GS - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
GT - Guatemala
GU - Gu am
GW - Guinea-Bis sau
GY - Guyana
HK - Hong Kong
HM - Heard Island and McDonald Islands
HN - Honduras
HR - Croatia
HT - Haiti
HU - Hungary
ID - Indonesia
IE - Republic of Ireland
IL - Israel
IM - Isle of Man
IN - India
IO - Br it ish Indian Ocean Territory
IQ - Iraq
IR - Iran (Is lamic Republic of)
IS - Iceland
IT - Italy
JE - Jersey
JM - Jamaica
JO - Jordan
KE - Kenya
KG - Kyrgyzstan
KH - Cambodia
KI - Kiribati
KM - Como ros
KN - Saint Kitts and Ne vis
KP - North Korea
KR - Korea (Republic of)
KW - Kuwait
KY - Cayman Islands
KZ - Kazakhstan
LA - Lao People's Demo cr atic Republic
LB - Lebanon
LC - Saint Lucia
LI - Liechtenstein
LK - Sri Lanka
LR - Liberia
LS - Lesotho
LT - Lithuania
LU - Luxembourg
LV - La tvia
LY - Libya
MA - Morocco
MC - Monaco
MD - Moldova (Republic of)
ME - Montenegro
MG - Ma da ga sc ar
MH - Marshall Islands
MK - Republic of Macedonia
ML - Mali
MM - Myanmar
MN - Mongolia
MO - Ma cao
MP - North ern Mariana Islands
MQ - Martinique
MR - Mauritania
MS - Montserrat
MT - Ma lta
MU - Mauritius
MV - Maldives
MW - Ma lawi
MX - Mexico
MY - Ma laysia
MZ - Mozambique
NA - Namibia
NC - New Caledonia
NE - Ni ger
NF - Norfolk Island
NG - Nigeria
NI - Ni carag ua
NL - Ne th er lands
NO - Norway
NP - Ne pal
NR - Nauru
NU - Niue
NZ - New Zealand
OM - Oman
PA - Pa na ma
PE - Peru
PF - French Polyne sia
PG - Papua New Guinea
PH - Ph ilippines
PK - Pakistan
PL - Poland
PM - Saint Pierre and Miquelon
PN - Pit ca irn
PR - Puerto Rico
PS - State of Palestine
PT - Portugal
PW - Pa lau
PY - Parag uay
QA - Qatar
RE - Réunion
RO - Ro mania
RS - Serbia
RU - Russian Federation
RW - Rwanda
SA - Saudi Arabia
SB - Solomon Islands
SC - Seychelles
SD - Sudan
SE - Sweden
SG - Singapore
SH - Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
SI - Slovenia
SJ - Svalbard and Jan Mayen
SK - Slovakia
SL - Si erra Leone
SM - San Marino
SN - Se ne gal
SO - Somalia
SR - Suriname
ST - Sao Tome and Principe
SV - El Salvador
SY - Syrian Arab Republic
SZ - Swaziland
TC - Turks and Caicos Islands
TD - Chad
TF - French South ern Territories
TG - Togo
TH - Th ai land
TJ - Tajikistan
TK - Tokelau
TL - Timor-Leste
TM - Turkmenistan
TN - Tunisia
TO - Tonga
TR - Turkey
TT - Trinidad and Tobago
TV - Tuvalu
TW - Taiwan
TZ - Tanzania, United Republic of
UA - Ukraine
UG - Uganda
UM - United States Minor Outlying Islands
US - United States of Am erica
UY - Uruguay
UZ - Uzbekistan
VA - Vatican City State
VC - Saint Vi ncent and the Grenadines
VE - Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
VG - Br it ish Virgin Islands
VI - United States Virgin Islands
VN - Vi et Nam
VU - Vanuatu
WF - Wallis and Futuna
WS - Samoa
YE - Yemen
YT - Mayotte
ZA - South Africa
ZM - Zambia
ZW - Zimbabwe

Disallowed countries
DK - Denmark
JP - Japan

Permalink | 記事への反応(2) | 17:06

2020-05-10

■Shouldn't "whites" be correctly discriminated against in corona?

Shouldn't "white people" be correctly discriminated against in corona?

Why is "white people" not discriminated against?

Discrimination and persecution related to corona viruses is now widespread worldwide.

There is a concrete and wide-ranging summary of the situation.

―――

"List of Incidents of Foreign Fear and Racism Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic

―――

That is the English version of Wikipedia article.

With Google Chrome, right-click → Translate to Japanese, but the translation is a bit rough, but anyone can read it in Japanese.

The contents are like this.

―――

>> In France, after the new corona virus was confirmed on January 24, 2020, a lot of harassment and discrimination against Asians occurred [41]. It is aimed at Asians such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino [42], and taxis and trains that refuse to board Chinese, Korean, Japanese have appeared [41] [43] ].

>> French newspaper Le Courrier Picard featured an Asian woman in a mask on the top page on January 26, 2020 with the heading "Yellow Alert".

>> On March 8, 2020, a Japanese restaurant in Rivoli, Turin, Piedmont, was targeted for arson by a teenager who teased his owner and c alled him an epidemic carrier. [191]

―――

Not limited to the above, Wuhan and Africans in China, Chinese and infected people in Japan.

Discrimination, whether in the United States, Egypt, Africa or anywhere in the world, exists at all.

In a sense, it's almost equal. Under extreme circumstances, it is not uncommon for "weak" people to be able to keep themselves without creating enemies.

However, what I want to say is not a used phrase such as "Let's live kindly with philanthropy."

There is no objection to it. If the world can eliminate discrimination and prejudice, I naturally want it.

But what I felt was a big question before that. It can be called academic interest.

Chinese discriminate against Wuhan natives, Japanese discriminate against Chinese, and Europeans discriminate against Asians.

I see, there is a reason to that, considering the spread of corona virus infection. "From what you see, what's dangerous is that area".

Roughly, it may be the result of thinking about "weak" people.

But here's the strange thing. Asians, Africans, yellows and blacks, they are discriminated against in many places around the world.

Frankly speaking, it's safe to say that blacks have little to do with the corona virus. It's just that the original sense of discrimination has surfaced.

These ethnic groups and regions are equally discriminated against. It is a sense of discrimination that is based on fear but is incorrect but makes sense.

However. Then why isn't "white people" discriminated against?

From April to May, the corona virus showed an explosive spread in the West.

In the ranking of the number of infected people in the world, the United States is alone, with 1.34 million people, accounting for more than a quarter of the total infected people of 402 million people as of May 10.

After the second place, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Brazil and France are followed, and each has more than 100,000 domestic cases.

Excluding Brazil, everything from 2nd to 7th is Europe. The word "Western Europe" is clearly the most dangerous corona virus-contaminated area / infectious zone in the world.

However. Strangely enough, there is little talk that "white people, Europeans, and Americans are discriminated against in the world."

Of course it is not zero, but while looking for one "white discrimination", it is possible to find "Asian discrimination", "Black discrimination" and "Yellow discrimination".

It is said that what is currently expanding in the world is not the first wave from China, but the second wave from Europe, which is the pandemic.

With t his, it is still understandable that the "white man" continues to do the right thing cleanly and correctly and has succeeded in corona countermeasures.

However, white people have continued to discriminate among Asians since the beginning of the spread.

In January and February, it was not uncommon to hear that Asians were already walking around in the country, calling them "Corona Corona."

By all means, white people are the incarnation of evil. It's not a good thing.

Regardless of the early stages of the epidemic, now that the "hotbed of corona infection" has moved there, it should be possible for white people to hate it.

Otherwise, it cannot be called "equal discrimination". As a result, it is wrong.

If you think about the reason here, after all, "targets are races / objects that originally had hostility",

The hypothesis may be that "there are restrictions on mobility and there are white Asian societies, but few non-white societies are white."

It must be interesting to study the area academically.

However, historically, I've seen that "white people" crusade various places with the Crusades and do all they can to the contrary.

I think that the trilingual diplomacy of Britain has created the situation in the Middle East, where terrorism is frequent nowadays, and has repeatedly carried out wrongdoing by repeatedly discriminating against blacks, Indians, and yellow races.

So, isn't it right here to try to discriminate against white people correctly?

Non-white society is a little too kind to "white people".

It was around this time today when I was thinking about that.

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 18:00

2020-03-27

■「楽園はこちら側」の「事実に誠意を」をほぼdeepLで翻訳してみた　その２

その１https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20200327214055

12 Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura is one of the few professionals of mathematical models of infectious diseases in Japan, and it is well known that his ability is outstanding. However, many people don't understand mathematical models themselves (I must confess that I can't say that I understand a ll of the findings because I'm not a professional of mathematical models either), so his findings and comments are easily deified. Because the contents of the mathematical model are a complete black box to many people, it makes it seem like the oracle is coming out like a shrine's oracle. Much of Japan's infection control policy relies on the Nishiura theory. So there is nothing wrong with that, but one of the problems in Japan is that there is no plan B in case plan A goes bust. Dr. Nishiura is an excellent scholar. It is not God. Hence the need to have that Plan B with the possibility of making a mistake. I am greatly concerned that bureaucrats and politicians who are prone to infallibilism will mistake science for an oracle. It is only when falsifiability is assured that science can continue to be scientific.

感想：おみくじと神託が同じoracleだったので変な文章になったが直していない。

13 数理モデルは演繹法の活用産物である。演繹法は帰納法やアブダクションで補完するのが、学問の基本であり、臨床医学の常識である。演繹法的にどんなに正しく見えても実はそれは違っていた、ということはこの業界ではよくあることなのだ。ヘーゲルやマルクスのような巨大な知性でも演繹法オンリーでは間違うのである。

Mathematical models are the product of deductive methods. The deductive method is complemented by the inductive or abduction method, which is the bas is of scholarship and the common sense of clinical medicine. It's a common occurrence in this industry that no matter how deducibly correct it may seem, it's actually not true. Even a huge intellect like Hegel or Marx can make a mistake by deduction alone.

感想：「蓋を開けてみれば」を「実はそれは」に変更した。

14 モデルを使うな、といっているのでは決してない。ぼく自身、モデルを用いて論文を書く。しかし、モデルは無謬ではなく、そこには前提である仮定があり、仮定はしばしば間違っている。グラム染色を活用するとは、グラム染色にできないこと、分からないことを知悉していることであり、グラム染色万能論者にグラム染色は使えない。同じことだ。英国でも数理モデルは活用されているが、だからこそ英国人はその結語には非常に懐疑的で、常に反論、異論が起きている。健全で科学的な態度である。

　I'm not saying don't use the model at all. I myself write a paper using a model. However, the model is not infallible, there are assumptions that are assumptions, and the assumptions are often wrong. Making use of Gram's stain means having full knowledge of what Gram's stain cannot do and does not understand, and Gram's stain cannot be used by Gram's stain universalists. It's the same thing. Mathematical models are also utilized in the UK, which is why Br its are very sceptical of their conclusions, and there are always counter-arguments and objections. It is a sound and scientific attitude.

感想：「前提たる仮定」がうまく訳せていなかったので「前提である仮定」にしたが、assumptions that are assumptionsになってしまった。

「英国人は」がないと主語がIになってしまったので追加した。しかしBr itsじゃ意味違うよ。もっと正しく訳してくれない？

15 Japan's "now" is a well-controlled state of infection, which is much better than Wuhan at its worst, or Italy, Spain, France, England, or New York at the present time. The problem is that it doesn't guarantee that it will "always work".

感想：特にない。便利だなあ。

16 懸念されるのは東京だ。感染報告が増えたことだけが問題なのではない。クラスターを形成できない、トレースできない感染者が増えているのが問題である。そして、その陽性患者数に比べて検査数がずっと少ない。47人の感染者を捕捉するために100人未満（陽性者の検査日が不明だが、おそらくこのへんだろう）しか検査していないのは少なすぎる。

It is Tokyo that is of concern. The increase in reports of infection is not the only problem. The problem is that more and more infected people are unable to form clusters and cannot be traced. And the number of tests is much lower than that number of positive cases; it's too little that they only tested less than 100 people (the date of testing for the positives is unknown, but it's probably around here) to capture 47 infected people.

Again, it's not necessary to figure out all the infected people. However, it is troubling that the flow of infection, movement and clusters are out of sight. Therefore, the threshold for testing must be lowered in Tokyo. The threshold for testing varies with the circumstances. That's what I explained with the Korean example. Sticking to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's "standards" will lead to a misunderstanding of the phenomenon itself. Already in the Kansai region, infected people have been found with t aste and smell abnormalities, and clusters have been detected from there. I would like to make more use of the athletic sensibilities of these clinicians. I'm not sure "where" in Tokyo is the barrier to lowering the number of inspections, but that barrier needs to be removed immediately.

感想：「捕捉するのに」を「捕捉するために」に変更した。多分これでいいと思う。思いたい。

アスチュートがathleticになっているのはどう反応したらいいかわからない。

17 This conceptual diagram that everyone is looking at - lowering the peak of the infection and shifting it to the side. This is all a product of deduction, and I don't know if it's really true. As mentioned above, the UK estimates already suggest that this is not enough. It is possible that the damage that was shifted to the side could simply be "extra-long damage".

感想：特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

18 　そして、ここが肝心なのだが、ピークを下げるという理念が、「ピークを下げなければいけない」という観念になり、「ピークは下がっているはずだ」という確信になり、「ピークは起きていないんだ」という自己暗示に転じてはいけないということだ。プランAに固執する日本あるあるの失敗のパターンで、ダイヤモンド・プリンセスでは「二次感染が起きてはいけない」が「起きているはずがない」に転じてノーガード下船を許してしまった。「ピークが起きてはいけない」が「ピークなんて見たくない」にならないように現実を見据える必要がある。たとえ、それが我々の見たくない不都合な真実であったとしても。

And this is the key point: the idea of lowering the peak should not become the notion that the peak must be lowered, or the belief that the peak must be lowered, or the self-implication that the peak is not happening. In a pattern of Japanese failure to stick to Plan A, Diamond Princess allowed no-guard disembarkation by changing "secondary infection should not occur" to "it can't have happened". We need to keep our eyes on reality so that "peak shouldn't happen" doesn't become "I don't want to see a peak. Even if it is an inconvenient truth that we don't want to see.

感想：mustが違う文脈で二回出てきている。よくわかるように変更したいものだ。

カギカッコがないとうまく訳せなかったので追加しているが、なぜかカッコ閉じるがいくつか抜けている。この箇所以外にも抜けがある。

19 Repeatedly. It's common knowledge in this industry that deductive methods are complemented by inductive methods. Nevertheless, PCR is often false-negative and has little power to determine the status of infection. That's why "testing everything" is so wrong. However, a serum test measuring immunoglobulin IgM and IgG would provide a more accurate picture of the "status of infection in the population. This, however, is not infallible. It is difficult to use for individual cases because it misses early infection, which is why it misses early HIV infection.Whether antibody testing is useful in individual cases remains to be tested, but it is well suited for epidemiological studies on a population bas is. Roughly speaking, we can confirm whether the "infection is rampant" in Tokyo right now, or whether it's just an unfounded fear.

前例としては、ロンドンの血清検査で09年パンデミックインフルエンザが従来予測の10倍起きていたことが血清検査でわかっている。抗体検査はアウトブレイクのあとで事後的に行うことが多いが、慢性的パンデミックになりつつあるCOVID-19については、「今」こそが検証のポイントといって良い。

As a precedent, serology tests in London showed that the 2009 pandemic flu was 10 times more likely than previously predicted. Antibody testing is often performed after an out break, but now is a good time to examine COVID-19, which is becoming a chronic pandemic.

感想：「前例はあって」を「前例としては」に変えた。「前例はある。なおかつロンドンで〜１０倍起きていた」になってしまったからだ。

20 英国はさらにアグレッシブだ。家庭で抗体検査を行い、「感染者である」とわかればそれを自宅での自己隔離の根拠に使おうというのだ。ロックダウンが起きている中で、検査陰性は「自己隔離不要」を意味しないため、その戦略に欠陥はある。が、考え方としては「感染全体を抑え込みたい」というもので、検討の価値はあると思う。

The UK is even more aggressive. The idea is to test for antibodies at home, and if they are found to be infected, they will use it as a bas is for self-isolation at home. That strategy is flawed because with the lockdown in place, a negative test does not mean "no self-sequestration". However, the idea is that we want to control the infection as a whole, and I think it is worth considering.

感想：「戦略に穴はある」を「戦略に欠陥はある」に変えた。

21 東京でどのくらいの感染が起きているか、帰納法的確認は必要であり、有用だ。その結果がどうなるかは預言者ではないぼくには分からない。が、どんな結果が出てきても、それを受け入れ、場合によっては自説を変えて、プランBに移行することにも躊躇しない態度が科学者には必要だ。科学者は、首尾一貫していないことにかけて、首尾一貫していなければならないのだ。形式においては首尾一貫していなくても、プリンシプルやプロフェッショナリズムにおいて一貫しなければならないのだ。事実に誠意を。　

Inductive legal confirmation of how many infections are occurring in Tokyo is necessary and useful. I'm not a prophet, so I don't know what the outcome will be.However, no matter what the outcome, scientists need to accept it and not hesit ate to change their thesis and move on to Plan B in some cases. Scientists have to be coherent in their inconsistencies.They may not be coherent in form, but they must be coherent in principles and professionalism. Good faith in the facts.　

感想：首尾一貫という言葉を使いすぎて文章をアホっぽくしてしまったが他にいい方法が思いつかない。朝三暮四は理解してくれなかった。「自説を曲げ」は「自説を変えて」に変更した。

文章はもう少し整形できると思うがとりあえずこれで。

岩田健太郎先生とDeepLに敬意を。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 21:51

■「楽園はこちら側」の「事実に誠意を」をほぼdeepLで翻訳してみた　その１

https://georgebest1969.typepad.jp/blog/2020/03/事実に誠意を.html

これが原文です。

外国から問い合わせが来ているけれども時間がなくて訳せないということで、DeepLの性能確認ついでにやってみました。

この私訳と岩田健太郎先生は無関係なのでよろしくお願いします。

訳された文章を原文と見比べ、翻訳で文章がおかしくなったところや慣用句は「必ず日本語側の文章をいじることで」できるだけ解消しました。

よって改変した文章だけをこちらに載せ、改変する必要がなかったところは段落番号しか載せていません。元文章は元ブログを当たってください。

英語に詳しいパーソンが精査していただけると幸いです。

1 Most of what I'm about to write is no different from what I've said and done in the past. However, I have been asked the same question repeatedly, so I would like to reiterate it. We have received many inquiries from overseas as well, so we should have prepared the same content in English, but due to time constraints, I'm afraid I'll have to skip it. This article is designed to be read without basic knowledge of infectious diseases and jargon, but it is rather difficu lt to understand. Ple ase forgive me for that.

感想：「Chromeかなにかでそれぞれ母国語に訳してお読みいただけると幸いです。」がきれいさっぱり消えている。DeepLの自負心だろう。

2 The fa ct that the number of COVID-19 reports in Japan is very low compared to other countries is attracting attention from home and a broad. Is it true? It has been pointed out that the number of tests is so small that we may be misreading the actual number of infected people.

感想：home and a brodeでいいんだろうか？

3 However, this point is wrong at various layers. In the first place, Japan does not aim to capture all the numbers of COVID-1 9. Whether it's administrative testing or insured care, the state basic ally has a testing strategy in mind to diagnose, hospitalize, and isolate critically ill patients who need to be hospitalized. It is natural that they "haven't figured it out" and they don't intend to. That's not a bad thing.In fact, the situation is the same in every country, large or small, and no country, whether in the United States, Europe, or Asia, is aiming to "capture the who le number.

感想：最後の文はなぜか他の文と一緒に入力すると訳してくれなかった。この文一つだけ入力すると訳してくれた。

よく考えると「多かれ少なかれ」は通じないだろうから直した方がよかった。なぜかDeepLに繋がらなくなったのでもう直せない。

WHOもそんなことは求めていない。もっとも、そのわりに日本は帰国者無症状者にPCRをやってみたり、無症状な検査陽性者を入院隔離させてみたり（軽症者は自宅じゃなかったの？）、プリンシプルにおいて首尾一貫していない。だから、「彼らがなにがやりたいか私たちはよくわからない」ので、人々は不安になる。リスコミにおける失敗と言えよう。

The WHO is not asking for such a thing. But instead, Japan gives PCR to asymptomatic returnees and isolates asymptomatic test-positive people in hospital (wasn't it home for people with minor illnesses?). It has not been coherent in its principles. So, people get anxious because "we're not sure what they want to do". It's a failure in the press.

感想：「なにがやりたいかよくわからない」に主語を付与する必要があった。リスコミがpressになった。よくわかったな。

「〜は自宅じゃなかったの？）、」の、が.になっているのがよくわからない。なぜかDeepLに繋がらなくなったのでもう直せない。

4 The difference between Korea and Japan is the "result" and not the "purpose". In South Korea, where the number of infected people had surged in one place, we had to focus on inspections in and around the area. If such a phenomenon (let's call it an overshoot) occurs in Japan, the number of inspections will increase. When the situation is different, arguing only on the bas is of the number of tests without observing the situation is like trying to say, "That team made 50 sliding tackles while this team made only one," without watching a football game. In games where you don't have to slide (e.g., when you're in possession the who le time), even 0 times isn't a "mistake," and of course 50 times isn't a mistake.

感想：特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

5 全数把握ができていない疾患など山のようにある。日本ではインフルエンザの「全数」把握はしておらず、定点観測である。疫学上、感染対策上、それで十分な情報が得られているからだ。日本で毎年風邪が何例発生しているか、正確に把握したデータはない。レセプトデータを見ればわかるじゃないか、というのも間違いで、なぜなら多くの風邪患者は（ぼくのように）受診せずに自然に治るまで待っている。医療に限らず、経済学でも政治学でもデータはサンプリングから母数を推定するのがほとんどで、「全数」は非効率的な状態把握法なのだ。

There are many diseases for which the total number of patients is not known. In Japan, we do not have a "total" number of influenza cases, but only a fixed-point observation. Because that's enough information, both epidemiologically and in terms of infection control. There is no accurate data on how many cases of the common cold occur each year in Japan. It's also a mistake to say that you can tell by looking at the receipt data, because many cold patients (like me) don't see a doctor and wait until they are cured naturally. Not only in medicine, but also in economics and political science, data are mostly based on sampling to estimate population numbers, and "who le numbers" is an inefficient way of grasping the situation.

感想：ちょこちょこ変えてある。日本語の文章が多少おかしくなっているのは勘弁してほしい。接続詞を適切に入れると格段に翻訳が正確になる。

6 We have not seen the devastation in Japan as in Italy, Spain or New York City. There is no medical collapse in a critically ill patient, no use of the operating room as an ICU, no piling up of bodies on a skating rink with no place to put them. Even if the "numbers" are not known, it is a fact that the current situation in Japan (including Tokyo) is much better controlled than in other countries.

感想：特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

7 Even so, you may be interested in "Well, what about the actual situation? There are estimates. For example, Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura and his group estimate that the number of mild illnesses in Japan may be twice the reported number. The catch rate is 0.44, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.37-0.50.

感想：特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

8 Although the study was based on data from China, there is no guarantee that the Chinese COVID-19 demographic is the same as the Japanese one. Also, since the original study did not include asymptomatic patients or those with minor illnesses that did not require hospitalization, the number of infected patients estimated on that bas is would inevitably be an underestimate. If you are more paranoid, it's not unreas onable to believe that "the Japanese and Chinese viruses are different because of the mutation" (although I don't think so).

感想；特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

9 This does not diminish the value of the paper itself. The model must always use existing parameters, and it is often impossible to prove the external validity of these parameters. If the underlying parameters are not reas onable, the predictions will not be correct. A model assumes a simplified world insofar as it is a model. A model without simplification, which is an adjectival contradiction.

数理モデルのこうした「前提」にイチャモンを付けるのは、例えばAという疾患を対象にランダム化比較試験をしたときに、「Bという疾患については説明できないじゃないか」と文句を言うようなもので、業界の仁義に反する意味のない揚げ足取りである。

To complain about these "assumptions" of the mathematical model is like complaining, for example, "You can't explain disease B," when a randomized controlled trial is conducted for disease A. This is a meaningless tirade against the honor of the industry.

感想；「分からない」を「説明できない」に変えた。多分これでいいと思う。思いたい。

10 しかし、論文の読み手にとっては別である

However, it is different for the reader of the paper.

A mathematical model that assumes a certain hypothesis should have internal academic validity, but it is the responsibility of the reader, as a resident of the real world, to appraise it in the real world.

Aという疾患を対象にしたRCTの知見をBという疾患に使ってはならないように、数理モデルの制限を理解し、現実世界にアプライするときに十分注意するのは当然だ。

Just as the RCT findings for disease A should not be used for disease B, it is natural to understand the limit ations of the mathematical model and to be careful when applying it to the real world. For example, it would be wrong to read the paper and conclude that the total number of infected people in Tokyo is about 500 as of March 26.

感想；「読み手は別である」を「読み手にとっては別である」に変更し、「制限や限界」は「limit ations and limit ations」になったので片方削った。

11 People make mistakes. The models are also wrong. Being wrong is not a big deal. The problem is to notice your mistakes and make corrections. Already, a group at Imperial College London has admitted that its original estimate that the peak of the infection should be moderated was "wrong" and has revised its prediction that the ICU will soon fail if it does not fight the virus fairly aggressively.

感想：特に言うことはない。便利だなあ。

https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20200327215116その２

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 21:40

2020-03-25

■an on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain,[106] including Seville, Cáceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo.[107] The series also filmed in Dubrovnik, which is used for location of King's L

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042123173-26-03-2020-Отражение-радуги-13-серия-смотреть-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042128833--Доктор-Вера-13-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360041943674-26-03-2020-fsdgОтражение-радуги-13-серия-все-серии-сезона-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360041948774--Доктор-Вера-13-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-онлайн-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042126173-26-03-2020-В-шаге-от-рая-13-серия-Россия-1-все-серии-сезона-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360042121693--Жизнь-после-жизни-10-серия-26-03-2020-онлайн-сериал-смотреть-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360041948514--Отречение-25-серия-украина-ТРК-26-03-2020-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360042121733-26-03-2020-Жизнь-после-жизни-10-серия-смотреть-качество-HD-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360041943654--Отражение-радуги-13-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-качество-HD-от-26-марта-

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 22:10

■ch began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra, Guadalajara, Seville, Almeria, Girona and Peniscola.[104] Filming also returned to Dubrovnik, Croatia.[105] Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31, 201

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041948574-26-03-2020-Отречение-25-серия-украина-ТРК-смотреть-бесплатно-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360041947234--В-шаге-от-рая-15-серия-Россия-1-26-03-2020-все-серии-сезона-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041949514-26-03-2020-Доктор-Вера-17-серия-смотреть-качество-HD-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041942614-26-03-2020-Место-под-солнцем-27-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360041942154--Жизнь-после-жизни-10-серия-26-03-2020-последние-серии-смотреть-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041941994--Жизнь-после-жизни-9-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-качество-HD-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360042121893--Жизнь-после-жизни-11-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-качество-HD-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360041943654--Отражение-радуги-13-серия-26-03-2020-смотреть-качество-HD-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041942054-26-03-2020-Жизнь-после-жизни-9-серия-хорошее-качество-смотреть-от-26-марта-

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 22:10

■ark in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound.[97] Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21, 2013.[102] The fifth season added Seville, Spain, used for scenes of Dorne, as well as Córdoba.[103]

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360041949734-26-03-2020-Ничто-не-случается-дважды-2-сезон-13-серия-смотреть-онлайн-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360042128013-26-03-2020-Отречение-23-серия-украина-качество-HD-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360041942554-26-03-2020-Жизнь-после-жизни-11-серия-все-серии-сезона-от-26-марта-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360042121693--Жизнь-после-жизни-10-серия-26-03-2020-онлайн-сериал-смотреть-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360041943514-26-03-2020-Отражение-радуги-11-серия-смотреть-онлайн-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360041949914-26-03-2020-Ничто-не-случается-дважды-2-сезон-13-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/yjb/community/posts/360041949914-26-03-2020-Ничто-не-случается-дважды-2-сезон-13-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tvv/community/posts/360042121993--Жизнь-после-жизни-11-серия-26-03-2020-в-хорошем-качестве-

https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/ltv/community/posts/360041949454--Доктор-Вера-17-серия-26-03-2020-хорошее-качество-смотреть-от-26-марта-

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 22:10

2020-02-05

■治安の指標なんて死亡率でええやんな

事故で死ぬのは治安が悪くてインフラ整備されてへんからや。

病気を治せへんのも治安が悪くて医療機関が整備されてへんからや。

老衰が多いのは人口ピラミッドが崩れて治安リスクが高まってるいうことや。

そうして見ると日本は相当に治安が悪いんやと分かるで。

Country Name	Death Rate
Latvia	14.740
Lithuania	13.910
Croatia	13.206
Hungary	12.697
Estonia	11.835
Germany	11.392
Greece	11.035
Japan	10.865
Portugal	10.813
Italy	10.658
Poland	10.314
Slovenia	10.148
Austria	9.919
Finland	9.862
Denmark	9.848
Belgium	9.784
Puerto Rico	9.734
Uruguay	9.474
United Kingdom	9.413
France	9.365
Aruba	9.296
Spain	9.213
Sweden	9.145
Barbados	9.105
Curacao	9.018
Netherlands	8.908
United States	8.880
Trinidad and Tobago	8.601
Malta	8.530
Switzerland	8.091
Norway	7.960
Seychelles	7.921
Channel Islands	7.872
Canada	7.803
Taiwan	7.760
Argentina	7.612
Cyprus	7.159
Luxembourg	7.114
New Zealand	7.083
Bahamas	6.920
Hong Kong	6.828
Iceland	6.773
Australia	6.647
Antigua and Barbuda	6.474
Chile	6.311
South Korea	6.305
Ireland	6.229
New Caledonia	5.894
French Polynesia	5.806
Israel	5.323
Guam	5.320
Panama	5.136
Singapore	4.752
Macao	4.087
Saudi Arabia	3.557
Kuwait	2.908
Oman	2.451
Bahrain	2.450
UAE	1.586
Qatar	1.298

Permalink | 記事への反応(2) | 15:11

2019-06-21

■動画を再生できません

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghZpyHP7B_g

Eight Melodies - Mother OST

動画を再生できません
この動画には Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. さんのコンテンツが含まれており、お住まいの地域では著作権上の問題で権利所有者によりブロックされています。

https://polsy.org.uk/stuff/ytrestrict.cgi?ytid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DghZpyHP7B_g

Allowed countries

AD - Andorra AE - United Arab Emirates AF - Afghani stan AG - Antigua and Barbuda AI - Anguil la AL - Albania AM - Armenia AO - Angola AQ - Antarctica AR - Ar gentina AS - Am erican Samoa AT - Austria AU - Au stralia AW - Aruba AX - Åland Islands AZ - Az er baijan BA - Bosnia and Herzegovina BB - Barbados BD - Ba ng ladesh BE - Belgium BF - Burkina Faso BG - Bulgaria BH - Ba hr ain BI - Burundi BJ - Benin BL - Saint Barthélemy BM - Bermuda BN - Brunei Darussa lam BO - Bolivia (Plurinational State of) BR - Br az il BS - Baham as BT - Bhutan BV - Bouvet sland BW - Botswana BY - Belarus BZ - Belize CA - Ca na da CC - Cocos (Keeling) Islands CD - Congo (Demo cr atic Republic of the) CF - Central African Republic CG - Republic of the Congo CH - Switzerland CI - Côte d'Ivoire CK - Cook Islands CL - Chile CM - Cameroon CN - China CO - Colombia CR - Costa Rica CU - Cu ba CV - Ca bo Verde CX - Christmas Island CY - Cyprus CZ - Czech Republic DE - Germany DJ - Djibouti DK - Denmark DM - Domini ca DO - Dominican Republic DZ - Algeria EC - Ec uador EE - Estonia EG - Egypt EH - Western Sahara ER - Er itrea ES - Spain ET - Ethiopia FI - Finland FJ - Fiji FK - Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FM - Micronesia (Feder ated States of) FO - Faroe Islands FR - France GA - Ga bon GB - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GD - Grenada GE - Georgia (country) GF - French Guiana GG - Guernsey GH - Ghana GI - Gi bralt ar GL - Greenland GM - Gambia GN - Guinea GP - Gu adeloupe GQ - Equatorial Guinea GR - Greece GS - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GT - Guatemala GU - Gu am GW - Guinea-Bis sau GY - Guyana HK - Hong Kong HM - Heard Island and McDonald Islands HN - Honduras HR - Croatia HT - Haiti HU - Hungary ID - Indonesia IE - Republic of Ireland IL - Israel IM - Isle of Man IN - India IO - Br it ish Indian Ocean Territory IQ - Iraq IR - Iran (Is lamic Republic of) IS - Iceland IT - Italy JE - Jersey JM - Jamaica JO - Jordan KE - Kenya KG - Kyrgyzstan KH - Cambodia KI - Kiribati KM - Como ros KN - Saint Kitts and Ne vis KP - North Korea KR - Korea (Republic of) KW - Kuwait KY - Cayman Islands KZ - Kazakhstan LA - Lao People's Demo cr atic Republic LB - Lebanon LC - Saint Lucia LI - Liechtenstein LK - Sri Lanka LR - Liberia LS - Lesotho LT - Lithuania LU - Luxembourg LV - La tvia LY - Libya MA - Morocco MC - Monaco MD - Moldova (Republic of) ME - Montenegro MG - Ma da ga sc ar MH - Marshall Islands MK - Republic of Macedonia ML - Mali MM - Myanmar MN - Mongolia MO - Ma cao MP - North ern Mariana Islands MQ - Martinique MR - Mauritania MS - Montserrat MT - Ma lta MU - Mauritius MV - Maldives MW - Ma lawi MX - Mexico MY - Ma laysia MZ - Mozambique NA - Namibia NC - New Caledonia NE - Ni ger NF - Norfolk Island NG - Nigeria NI - Ni carag ua NL - Ne th er lands NO - Norway NP - Ne pal NR - Nauru NU - Niue NZ - New Zealand OM - Oman PA - Pa na ma PE - Peru PF - French Polyne sia PG - Papua New Guinea PH - Ph ilippines PK - Pakistan PL - Poland PM - Saint Pierre and Miquelon PN - Pit ca irn PR - Puerto Rico PS - State of Palestine PT - Portugal PW - Pa lau PY - Parag uay QA - Qatar RE - Réunion RO - Ro mania RS - Serbia RU - Russian Federation RW - Rwanda SA - Saudi Arabia SB - Solomon Islands SC - Seychelles SD - Sudan SE - Sweden SG - Singapore SH - Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha SI - Slovenia SJ - Svalbard and Jan Mayen SK - Slovakia SL - Si erra Leone SM - San Marino SN - Se ne gal SO - Somalia SR - Suriname ST - Sao Tome and Principe SV - El Salvador SY - Syrian Arab Republic SZ - Swaziland TC - Turks and Caicos Islands TD - Chad TF - French South ern Territories TG - Togo TH - Th ai land TJ - Tajikistan TK - Tokelau TL - Timor-Leste TM - Turkmenistan TN - Tunisia TO - Tonga TR - Turkey TT - Trinidad and Tobago TV - Tuvalu TW - Taiwan TZ - Tanzania, United Republic of UA - Ukraine UG - Uganda UM - United States Minor Outlying Islands US - United States of Am erica UY - Uruguay UZ - Uzbekistan VA - Vatican City State VC - Saint Vi ncent and the Grenadines VE - Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) VG - Br it ish Virgin Islands VI - United States Virgin Islands VN - Vi et Nam VU - Vanuatu WF - Wallis and Futuna WS - Samoa YE - Yemen YT - Mayotte ZA - South Africa ZM - Zambia ZW - Zimbabwe

Disallowed countries

JP - Japan

Permalink | 記事への反応(2) | 15:50

2019-01-19

■東アジアの現実

1) 名目 GDP（２０１７年）

アメリカ　約19.3兆ドル

中国　約12.2兆ドル

日本　約4.9兆ドル

韓国　約1.5兆ドル

2) 平均年収

日本人の平均年収(この政府統計が偽装データでないことを願う)　418万円　ただし年収の中央値は下がっている模様、つまり格差拡大が続いている

韓国人の平均年収　韓国国税庁によると、給与労働者の平均年収は7680万ウォン（約580万円）程度

3) 家電業界

韓国サムスン電子の2017年の売上高は約24兆円

日立製作所は約10兆円

次いでソニーが約8兆円

4) 世界の銀行時価総額ランキング上位13行

(2015年時点で中国４行、アメリカ４行、日本１行、イギリス１行、スペイン１行、オーストラリア１行)

1. 　Wells Fargo US

2. 　Industrial & Commercial Bank of China China

3. 　JP Morgan Chase US

4. 　China Construction Bank China

5. 　Bank of China China

6.　Agricultural Bank of China China

7.　HSBC UK

8.　Bank of America US

9.　Citigroup US

10.　Commonwealth Bank of Australia Australia

11.　Banco Santander Spain

12. Westpac Banking Australia

13. 三菱UFJ Financial 日本

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 15:43

■フュージョン聴きだしたのでおすすめ教えて

ベタだけどroom335とかspainとかnight birdsとか好き

あとフュージョンと言って良いのかわからんけどexiviousも好き

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 03:57

2017-09-10

■5分でわかるカタルーニャの住民投票と独立 問題

このへんの話。

http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20170907/k10011129891000.html

http://d.hatena.ne.jp/gryphon/20170908/p2

事情に詳しくない人からすると「なんでそんなにカタルーニャは熱くなってるの？」って感じだろうと思うので、簡単に解説したあとで補足説明をつけます。

5分でわかるまとめ

今のスペインには「民族（ネーション）」をめぐって2つの対立軸がある
- 「スペインは単一民族（ネーション）からなる国だよ（だから地方の独自色はなるべくなくしていくのが望ましいよ）派」と「スペインはたくさんの民族（ネーション）からなる国だよ（だからもっと地方分権して独自の言語を守っていこうよ）派」
  - 今の中央政府（国民党）はゴリゴリの単一民族派で、最大野党もどっちかというと単一民族派寄り、全国政党で多民族国家派なのは急進左派のポデモスくらい。カタルーニャ州政府はもちろんゴリゴリの多民族国家派
スペイン憲法はそんなに分権的な憲法ではないが、カタルーニャ州政府はその枠内で可能な限り地方自治を実現させてきた
- たとえば、憲法上スペイン語とカタルーニャ語は対等ではないけど、州内では対等に用いるようにしてきた
  - ところが、カタルーニャ州政府の地方自治拡大には違憲判決が出て、これまで積み上げてきた地方自治がむしろ縮小することになった。これにカタルーニャ人激おこ
スペイン政府（つまり国民党）の対応が最悪で、事あるごとに憲法を持ち出してカタルーニャの行動に難癖をつけては中央政府の権力で押さえつけようとしてきた
- 最近は「会計報告を義務付けて物理的に住民投票ができないようにしてやる！（住民投票やるにもお金はかかるのでそもそも支出をできないようにしようってこと）」なんて言い出してる
カタルーニャ独立論は、生粋のカタルーニャ出身者だけではなく、スペインの他地方からやってきた人やスペイン国外からの移民にも支持されている。つまり単なる偏狭な民族主義ではない
- 彼らが怒っているのは、カタルーニャ州の自治権が侵害されていること。そして、その自治権侵害にはスペイン憲法という裏付けがあるので、憲法改正か分離独立かの二者択一しかない

補足説明

背景を説明するためには、時代をいっきに40年ほどさかのぼる必要があります。

1975年に、スペイン総統フランシスコ・フランコが亡くなりました。その結果スペインは王政復古し、現国王の父であり当時国王だったフアン・カルロス1世のもとで民主化への道を歩んでいくことになります。この王様、退位前の数年間はひどく評判が悪かったんですが、民主化に反対する軍将校が起こしたクーデターを鎮圧したことで即位直後は民主化の守護者としてたいそう人気がありました。ちなみに現国王のフェリペ6世は当時10歳にもならない子供だったので深夜に行われた国王とクーデター首謀者との会談の席ではおねむだったのですが、船を漕ぐたびに「おまえは王様になるんだから王様のつとめをよく見ておきなさい」と父君に優しく揺り起こされていたそうです。なにそれ萌える。

閑話休題。このフランコ政権ですが、典型的な「スペインは単一民族国家だもん！」派の政権でした。彼が在世中はカタルーニャ語やバスク語をおおやけの場で用いることはひどく抑圧され、内戦前のカタルーニャ州政府首脳陣は殺されるか投獄されるか亡命するかという感じでした。そのフランコが死んだことで、亡命州政府のトップがスペインに帰国し、民主化が進展します。このとき、フランコ体制下で抑圧されてきた「スペインは多民族国家になるべきだもん！」派が一気に声をあげはじめます。

（ここでいう「民族」ってのは、英語のネーションにあたる、スペイン語のnación、カタルーニャ語のnacióのことで、「自分で国を作れる権利や能力のある集団」みたいな感じなんですよね……うまく説明できないんですが。なので移民とかは勘定に入れてません。この文脈だと「国民」と訳した方がいいのかも。「スペインは単一民族国家だよ」というのは「スペインにいるのは『スペイン国民』だけであり、カタルーニャ人もバスク人もひとしく『スペイン国民』だよ」ということで、カタルーニャ人たちは「スペインには『カタルーニャ国民』や『バスク国民』もいるんだ」と主張してるわけですね）

民主化したからにはちゃんと民主的な憲法を作らないといけませんが、これが紛糾します。単一民族国家というのはフランコだけの思想ではなく、熱心なスペイン・ナショナリストはフランコ死後も消えてなくなりはしなかったわけです。彼らは頑強にスペインの統一、つまりスペインが単一民族国家であることを守ろうとします。一方でこれまでさんざん煮え湯を飲まされてきた地方の側もそれでは収まりません。そんななか、妥協として制定されたのが1978年憲法でした。条文の英訳をウィキソースからコピペします。

Section 2
The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognises and guarantees the right to selfgovernment of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.

太字にしたところはテストに出るので覚えておいてください。ここではスペインがひとつのネーションからなり、不可分であること、そしてネーションの他にいくつものナショナリティが存在することが謳われています。ナショナリティっていわれると普通は「国籍」って意味なんですが、この文脈では「準ネーション」みたいな意味だと思ってください。つまり、ネーションはひとつしかないけど、準ネーションっぽいものはいくつもあるよ！　ってことですね。

（ところで、この憲法からもわかる通り、スペインは連邦制国家ではありません。連邦制かと見紛うばかりに地方に権限委譲がなされてはいますが、それでも「連邦制＝国の集まり」ではなく「スペインは不可分のひとつの国！」ということになっているのです。これを専門用語で「自治州国家体制」といいます）

この憲法にのっとってカタルーニャは自治州の地位を得、フランコ体制下で迫害されていたカタルーニャ語を復活させるための政策に着手します（これを「言語正常化」といいます）。使用が弾圧されただけでなく、工業化が進む中でスペインの他地方からの移民が来て、カタルーニャ語を解さない州民が増えていたのです。また、なにせ相手は数億人の使用人口を誇る言語ですから、話者数数百万人のカタルーニャ語など放っておいたら自然淘汰されてしまいかねません。州政府は公教育にカタルーニャ語を導入し、様々な場面でカタルーニャ語使用を義務づけ、カタルーニャ語の使用に助成金を出し、結果として今ではほとんどの州民がカタルーニャ語とスペイン語の見事なバイリンガルに育つようになっています。

（助成金は、たとえばパソコンのOSのカタルーニャ語訳とかに出されています。数億人が使ってるスペイン語は経済的にペイするのですぐに翻訳されて、なおかつ州民はみんなスペイン語ができるので、放っておくとみんなそっちを使っちゃうんですよね……）

ところでこの憲法、実はもうひとつトラップがあります。それは公用語について定めた条文です。

Section 3
C1. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.
C2. The other Spanish languages shall also be official in the respective Self-governing Communities in accordance with their Statutes.
C3. The wealth of the different linguistic forms of Spain is a cultural heritage which shall be especially respected and protected.

そう、カスティーリャ語（つまりスペイン語）は、スペイン市民（たとえバスク人やカタルーニャ人であっても）にとって知る「義務」があり、使う「権利」がある唯一の言語なのです。逆に言えば、それ以外の言語を使う「義務」を州が課すことは違憲になります。

この時点で、たとえばカタルーニャ州が州内の教育をカタルーニャ語だけで行おうとしたら違憲です。カタルーニャ州が州民に高度なバイリンガル教育を施しているのは、理想が高いのではなくそうせざるを得ないということです。またカタルーニャ州の言語政策も、たとえば「お店のメニューにカタルーニャ語を使う義務」「商品のラベルにカタルーニャ語を使う義務」「企業の広報活動でカタルーニャ語を使う義務」といったものを法で定めたりしていますが、これは個々人に対する義務ではないのでギリギリ合憲ということになっています。なっているはずでした。

ところで、カタルーニャも極楽ではなく、何をするにも先立つものがいることには変わりありません。つまりお金です。ところが、スペインの自治州には基本的に徴税権がありません。バスク自治州とナバラ自治州には歴史的な事情（ありていに言うとスペイン継承戦争で官軍についた）によって徴税権があり、その一部を国庫に納入していますが、カタルーニャはあくまで国が徴税して配分するお金を受け取る立場です。そしてカタルーニャはスペイン全体でみても豊かな地域であり、多くの税金がカタルーニャから徴収され、多額の税金がカタルーニャに還元されています。

しかし、その収支が赤字だということが大問題なのです。カタルーニャから徴収される税金は、カタルーニャに交付されたり還元されたりする際に8％ほど目減りしています。しかも、これだけ払っていながらもインフラ整備は後回しにされているのです。カタルーニャだけ高速道路は有料で列車の老朽化も放置、EUから勧告されたカタルーニャの高速道路整備も中央政府は拒否っておきながらマドリードなどカスティーリャのインフラはしっかり整備しています。他州より高く払っているのに他州より低いサービスしか受けられないのは何事だと、カタルーニャ州民が怒るのももっともです。

こうした状況を受け、2000年代に入ると自治憲章（要するに自治州の憲法ですね）改正の動きが活発化します。自治州議会は、徴税権やカタルーニャがネーション（nació）であることを盛り込んだ憲章草案を可決しますが、中央政府（当時は左派の社会労働党）との交渉で徴税権は削られ（かわりに公平な交付金の支給を約束。結局実施されてませんけど）ネーション条項は前文のみ。妥協のすえ2006年にようやくスペイン国会を通過して新自治憲章が成立します。

これに待ったをかけたのが国民党（現・与党）です。彼らからしてみれば、「一地方の自治権強化はスペインの統一に反する」というわけですね。彼らはこの自治憲章が憲法違反だと憲法裁判所に提訴、これに対抗してカタルーニャではデモが盛り上がり、「我々には自決権がある」という主張が登場します。そして2010年、憲法裁判所は自治憲章の多くの条文に違憲判決を下しました。しかもその判決は、これまでカタルーニャが行ってきた自治権強化政策を否定し、自治権をより縮小する方向のものでした。カタルーニャ語を行政において優先させる規定は違憲となり、カタルーニャをネーションとした前文は、スペインにおいてネーションはただひとつとして法的拘束力はないとされたのです。そしてこの違憲判決に基づいて、カタルーニャの学校ではスペイン語で教えるべし、という判決も出されました。

ここまで妥協しても憲法違反になるのか……という絶望が、一気に民意を独立へと傾けていきます。それまで20％前後を行ったり来たりしていた独立への支持率が、この違憲判決を境に一気に30％を超え、2013年には60％に達しました。今の憲法がある限り、スペイン国家に留まっている限り、カタルーニャは自由にはなれない、と多くの人びとが考えるようになったのです。移民の子孫だってカタルーニャに暮らしているわけですから独立に傾きます。

2014年、カタルーニャ自治州は「法的拘束力のない」住民投票の実施を計画しますが、違憲とされて差し止めが命じられました（提訴したのはもちろん中央政府です）。じゃあ非公式の模擬投票やろうぜ、と言ったらそれも違憲とされて差し止め命令が出されます（模擬投票も認めないなんて表現の自由に対する攻撃だと国際的に抗議が殺到した模様）。結局自治州は非公式の投票を決行しましたが、中央政府は憲法違反の投票を強行したとして当時の州首相らを刑事裁判にかけます。ちなみに裁判期日として指定されたのは、フランコ政権によって内戦前最後のカタルーニャ自治政府首相が銃殺された日でした。煽り力高い。州首相だけでなく州議会議長まで訴追するよう憲法裁判所は命じています。民主主義とは。

このような国民党政府の対応が火に油を注ぐ結果となり、今回の住民投票実施に至るわけですが、この期に及んでなお国民党は「カタルーニャ自治州に毎週会計報告を義務付け、違反した場合は交付金を停止する」と表明したり（http://www.pressdigitaljapan.es/texto-diario/mostrar/775503/）、プッチダモン州首相を訴追する準備を進めていたりして（http://www.politico.eu/article/catalonia-independence-referendum-spain-the-carles-puigdemont-factor/）、まあある意味通常運転です。「やっぱスペイン国家の枠内では自治権保証されないじゃん……」とカタルーニャ人に思わせるだけの簡単なお仕事。こうして着々と独立に向けたフラグが立っていくのでした。

スペイン政府はオプションとしてカタルーニャ自治州政府の停止も視野に入れているという報道があります。根拠となるのはスペイン憲法155条です。

Section 155
1. If a Self-governing Community does not fulfil the obligations imposed upon it by the Constitution or other laws, or acts in a way that is seriously prejudicial to the general interest of Spain, the Government, after having lodged a complaint with the President of the Self-governing Community and failed to receive satisfaction therefore, may, following approval granted by the overall majority of the Senate, take all measures necessary to compel the Community to meet said obligations, or to protect the abovementioned general interest.
2. With a view to implementing the measures provided for in the foregoing paragraph, the Government may issue instructions to all the authorities of the Self-governing Communities.

ぶっちゃけこのオプションが採られた場合投票は物理的にはできなくなるでしょうが、まあスペイン国家とスペイン憲法へのヘイトをためるには十分すぎるほどなので、余計に独立への意志を強めるだけですよね……という辺りが現状言えることです。部外者としてはワクテカが止まらない祭り出来事ですが、楽しむためには背景知識が必要だろうと野暮を承知で解説してみました。部屋を明るくして画面から離れて住民投票をお楽しみください。