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はてなキーワード: Changeとは
で、知り合いに付け焼き刃でなんとか旅行行きたいんだけど、
会話帳探すの手伝ってくれないか、とか言われたから手伝って、ついでにアンチョコ作った。
せっかくなんで、ここに書いとくことにする。
なお、これは中学高校と英語の授業寝てた人間へのアンチョコであって、そこが完璧なら普通に話せるはずだ。
タクシーの運転手に、ホテルの名前と外観が印刷されたプリントアウトを渡せば、大抵連れてってくれる。
これは21世紀にもなって自動翻訳機がなかなか出来ないのと、全く同じ理由だ。
だから、発音が不味くてもaやtheを付け忘れても問題ない。結局伝わるからだ。
トラベル英会話というか、サバイバル英会話のポイントは、「前置詞」だ。
とりあえずタクシーに乗ったら、to AAAと言えば、だいたい連れてってくれる。
人間は文脈で判断するとは言っても、伝わりやすさには格段の差がある。
「キンカクジ」を連呼する外人さんには困るが、「キンカクジ、ヘハ、ドゥ、イケバ、イーデスカ？」なら理解できる。
長い文章のほうが相手が推測できる部分が増えるから、発音のまずさをカバーできるわけだ。
応用が効く文章なら、覚える数をぐっと減らせる。
トイレを探すときにも使えるし、どのバスに乗れば良いか聞くときにも使える。
「Where can I find AAA？」と店内の売り場所を聞いたり、
「Where can I try this one?」とか服持って聞くと、試着室の場所も聞ける。
「What time is the last show start?」で最終公演の時間も聞けるし、
「What time is the first bus?」で始発のバスも聞ける。
繰り返しになるが、aやtheが付いてなくたって、別に問題ない。
ネイティブにはちょっと変に聞こえるだろうが、丁寧な態度で、ちゃんと意志が伝わることが重要なのだ。
「How do I get to bus stand? from here to tower.by bus」とか言えば、意志は伝わる。
「How do I get to tower? by walk」とかでも良い。身振り手振りも交えれば、発音の不味さはカバーできるだろう。
これに、1~100までの数字を聞き取れるようにしておくと、大体事足りる。
1～99までの発音ができれば、時刻や搭乗ゲート、部屋番号などで困ることもなくなる。
「I'd like a taxi now」と言えるのが良いのは確かだ。でも、ホテルの人に「taxi, please?」って言えば大体わかってくれる。
観光地回ってると「写真撮って」って言われるかもしれないが、「Say cheese!」って言えなくても「1, 2, 3!」で撮れば良い。
ここまでで、４＋３＋１０で、１７個だけだ。
（１～１００までとかズルはしてるが、まあそこは大目に見てくれ）
17個（しかも文章はたった3つ！）暗記するだけなら、飛行機の中でなんとかなるだろう。
buy, find, try, first, last, nextとか、そういった使えそうな単語を覚えておけば良い。
そして、常に応用を利かせてみる。
サンドイッチ屋とか、なんか色々聞いてくる店なら「your recommend? オススメは？」って聞けば、向こうが悩んで選んでくれる。
（自分が選びたいなら、それを何とかして伝えれば良い。右だとか左だとか、上だとか下だとか）
Delicious!とか、have fun!とか、I'm fullとか、そういった単文を覚えれば、伝えられる意志は増えていく。
相手に意思を伝えるために「英語」を使うんだから、多少変でも可笑しくても意思が伝われば構わない。
ただ、ホテルで「両替だよ、両替！日本円からドルにしてくれ！」と日本語で叫ぶのは、意思は伝わっても誠意も謙虚さも無い。
「I'd like to have this money changed, please.」と言えなくても構わない。
「Where can I change money?」と聞けば、「ここでできるけど、レートこれだよ」とか教えてくれる。
なんか飛行機の搭乗ゲートが変更になったアナウンスが流れているような嫌な予感がしたら、係の人に
「Where is the boarding gate for this flight?」って聞けなくても、
「How do I get to this flight?」って搭乗券を見せながら聞けば、十分だ。
きちんと旅先の相手に敬意を払いながら、可能な限り手を抜いて意思疎通をする。
旅の指さし会話帳とか、相手に負担を強いるタイプの手段は、双方がコミュニケーション目的の時にはうまく働く。
例えば、英語しか話せない相手と旅先でなんとなく交流する時には、だ。辞書使ってもメモ帳に書いてもらっても良い。
でも、目的を達成するためには、直ぐにパッとでる文章を覚えておいて、組み合わせた方がずっと良い。
もちろん、レストランで食事だの、土産物屋で買い物だので、必要な会話はあるだろうけど、それこそ会話帳を見ながらで良い。
店に入る前に「Please bring a spoon スプーンを下さい」とか
「I'm just looking 見てるだけです」をアンチョコ見て短期記憶に刷り込むのはそう難しくないだろう。
3つばかり文章を丸暗記して、後は使う直前に会話集を短い時間だけ覚えとけば良い。
「Excuse me」で呼び止めて、「Thank you」で笑顔を見せれば、嫌がられたりはしない。
では、良い旅行を！
「国際会議で世界の科学者の八割が、炭酸ガスが原因だと認めています」と言う。しかし、科学は多数決ではないのです（バカの壁）
ヤンガードリアス - Wikipedia 数年で7℃という非常に急激な温暖化
Amazon.co.jp： 貝が語る縄文海進―南関東、+2℃の世界
地球は最後にどうなってしまうの？｜地球の不思議｜キッズスクール
太陽の寿命はだいたい100億年といわれている。
太陽は、1億年に1パーセントずつ明るくなってきている。
5億年くらいたつと、地球は太陽の熱のために海水が蒸発(じょうはつ)してしまい、生き物がすめなくなってしまう。
そしてあと50億年後くらいには、太陽が大きくふくらんで地球をのみこんでしまうといわれているよ。
精神医学は科学を標榜しているが､多数決で結論を出すこの学問のどこが科学なんだろう
ＤＳＭ-Ⅳの作成委員長を務めたアレン・フランセス氏は自著『〈正常〉を救え』の中で、「うつの条件に科学的な必然性があるわけではない。どこに基準を設定するかの最終判断は主観的になる」と断言している。
批判
DSM-IVには374の病名があるが、病名及びその病名の症状はアメリカ精神医学会の委員の挙手による多数決によって決められている、権威のある“曖昧なマニュアル”であるとの批判がある[15][16]。
すべての精神科医がDSMを信じ込むほど愚かではなく、2001年にロンドンで行われた精神保健専門家による国際調査で精神医学書のワースト10に入っている。英国王立医科大学のデニス・ドーマン博士は「精神医学にエセ科学的なイメージを与える本」「関係者に入るのは懐に入るのは血税」と批難している[17]。
薬物療法なしで統合失調症が治療できると主張しているローレン・モシャーは、「DSM-IVは、精神医学が概して医学によって認められるように模造して作ったものである。内部の者はそれが科学的というよりも政治的な書物であると知っています。DSM-IVはその最大の欠陥にもかかわらず権威ある書物となり、カネを生み出すベストセラーになった。」と述べている。
治療対象からの除外
現在、WHO（世界保健機関）の疾病分類「ICD-10」、米国精神医学会「DSM」等では、同性愛は「異常」「倒錯」「精神疾患」とはみなさず、治療の対象から外されている。そして同性愛などの性的指向については、矯正しようとするのは間違いとの見方が主流となっている。
かつて「DSM-Ⅰ」で同性愛は「病的性欲をともなった精神病質人格」と規定されていたが、1973年12月、アメリカ精神医学会の理事会が同性愛自体は精神障害として扱わないと決議した。
同性愛をDSMの精神障害から削除する 5854票
Number of “ No” votes-votes to keep “homosexuality” in the DSM as a mental disorder: 3,810
Number of “Yes” votes-votes to remove “homosexuality” from the DSM as a mental disorder: 5,854
Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles - NYTimes.com
88% の人々が UFO を信じているのだから、UFO は実在する。
世界中の大多数が神を信じているのだから、神は実在する。
医学生物学論文の 70%以上が、再現できない - 目次 | Nature
心理学の研究結果、6割以上が再現不可能 検証調査 写真1枚 国際ニュース：AFPBB News
心理学研究の信頼性に疑問を呈した論文は「誇張」、米ハーバード大研究者ら 写真1枚 国際ニュース：AFPBB News
マウスの実験結果は、研究者の「性別」で大きく変わる：研究結果 « WIRED.jp
「国際会議で世界の科学者の八割が、炭酸ガスが原因だと認めています」と言う。しかし、科学は多数決ではないのです（バカの壁）
精神医学は科学を標榜しているが､多数決で結論を出すこの学問のどこが科学なんだろう
ＤＳＭ−�X 利益相反問題で批判／米国医療事情 医師の一分/ウェブリブログ
IPCCのSRREN報告書をめぐる利益相反の疑い | Nature Climate Change | Nature Publishing Group
IPCCの決定者の利益相反はどうチェックされているのですか。
有効回答なかったので再質問。IPCCの報告作成者に利益相反チェックはあるのですか
はてなブックマーク - 週刊金曜日ニュース» ブログアーカイブ » 子宮頸がん予防ワクチンの厚労省審議委員７割が利益相反――委員の４割が受領「不申告」
相関と因果について考える：統計的因果推論、その(不)可能性の中心
「相関関係は因果関係を含意しない (Correlation does not imply causation)」
You belong to me サヨナラ言えなくて
I belong to you 火を吹きそうになる
この記事を 君に差し出して
We belong to Earth 遥かな宇宙(そら)のもと
悲しみはそこから始まって
愛しさが そこに帰るのさ
ああ ﾎｯﾃﾝﾄﾘの輪から抜け出せなくて
いくつものﾌﾞｺﾒを繰り返す
離れても変わっても見失っても
輝きを消さないで
You can change your numeric ☆の数を
You can change your color ☆の色を
We can share the article 捜してゆく
稼ぎ合えるその日を
☆という 風邪に導かれて
あやまちの ※に揺られてく
We belong to Earth 生きてゆけるのなら
いつかまた もどれる日がある（正気に）
君だけが色星つけていた
根がなくて由々しくて安っぽい
ちきりんのように閉じないで
You can change your numeric ☆の数を
You can change your color ☆の色を
We can share the article 捜してゆく
配り合ったあの日を
You can change your numeric ☆の数を
You can change your color ☆の色を
ああ もう一度君に
巡り会えるなら
ﾎｯﾃﾝﾄﾘの宇宙を越えて
そりゃね、この国の検察もひどいと思うよ。冤罪だの証拠のねつ造だの。
表になっているのは氷山の一角だという意見にも激しく同意する。
でも、だからといって片山氏を盲目的に擁護し、無理やり検察批判に繋げていいわけがない。
何でもかんでも陰謀陰謀って決めつけるその行為。まさに容疑者を犯人だと決めつける検察と一緒。同類ですよ。
ということで、ちょっと冷静に考えれば解消するであろう疑問点について、一つ一つ解消していこう。
自宅においてたら、送信してすぐ家宅捜索されると思ったからじゃないかな？
あるいは、自宅の電波等を傍受監視されていることを想定したのかもしれない。
尾行してたんだから取れるだろ？おかしいだろ？って言うけれども、埋めた場所をもう一度よく考えてみよう。
河川敷だよ？河川敷ってどういうところかわかるよね？見通しの良い場所です。
そんなところでぴったり後ろについて尾行ができるわけがない。すぐに気付かれるわ。100メートルでも200メートルでも離れた場所からしか、尾行出来ないの。
もちろん、大きな望遠レンズがついたカメラ何か持って来れないわけ。目立つわー、それ。僕が片山氏ならむっちゃ疑うね。振り返ったらいつもでっかいカメラ持っている人が（人は変わるだろうけど）こっそりついてきてたら。
そりゃコンデジくらいは持ってただろうけど。離れたところで撮っても鮮明に取れるわけがない。
一体何の罪で逮捕するの？スマホの不法投棄罪？現行犯で捕まえられるの？仮に捕まえられたとしても、別件逮捕だ！ってまた批判の的になるんじゃないの？
また③で述べたように遠くから尾行していた可能性があるので何をしているか良く分からなかったんじゃないかな？
片山氏を泳がせたかもしれないし、掘り返したところを捕まえるつもりだったかもしれないし、もしかしたらメール送信後、片山氏の行動を振り返って再調査して見つけたのかもしれない。
いろんな理由が考えられるけど、どれも不自然な理由には思えないな。
PC遠隔操作事件の時にも明らかになっていたけれども、Torは受信元からは送信元は分からないけど、送信元が判明したら、送信元からTorの接続履歴というのは分かる。
だから片山氏に嫌疑がかかってから、片山氏が利用していたネカフェから
行方不明って警察が発表しているわけではなく、弁護士、マスコミが連絡取れなくなっているだけ。
家で突っ伏して泣いているかもしれないし、外出してても尾行されているとは思う。
とりあえず、警察が行方不明だと発表してから、そのリアクションをしよう。
偶然、犯人と同じ江ノ島の同じ野良猫グレイ（ゆたかくん）に接触
偶然、iesys.exeのプロパティにあったHewlett-Packard Companyと同じ機種のPCをゆうちゃんが使ってた
偶然、開発環境も同じVisual C# Express2010だった
偶然、最後のウィルス2012年９月10日14時16分34秒を作成した直後の2012年9月18日に開発環境を削除していた
偶然、iesys開発フォルダ C:\Users\TKY-DEV-PC07_2 と同じアカウントTKY-DEV-PC07_2をゆうちゃんが使っていた
なおかつ、裁判では職場PCのHDDから「イベントログ」「ファイルスラック領域」「レジストリ」「USN Change Journal」などウイルス作成の多種類の痕跡が、整合性を保ったまま見つかっているし、専門家からそれら痕跡を第三者が遠隔操作で、意図的に残すことは難しいと鑑定されている。
そんな状況で、裁判では弁護士は検察に対して敵意むき出しで、裁判中に怒号や罵倒などを繰り返し、裁判官にかみついたりしてる。でも検察が出された証拠に対してはすべて認める手法？を取っていて、論理的な反論もできていない。
全然無罪遠いですわー。はっきり言って。犯人である蓋然性が高いと言わざるを得ない。裁判官からの心証もむっちゃ悪いと思いますわ。
メールの本文で無罪濃厚って書かれたのは、まさに片山氏が焦ってメールを送ったと思われないようにするために決まっているし、
スマホ、職場PC、自宅PC、ネカフェPC、すべてを遠隔操作・監視して、なおかつその痕跡を残さないなんていう超絶スーパーハカーの存在を信じているの？しかも、感染していたUSBメモリを物理的に消去することができるジェームスボンド的才能ももっている人物。あっ、ごめん、偶然か、偶然捨てちゃったんだよね。
とりあえず、そういうのはそのUSBメモリなり、遠隔操作されていた証拠なりを見つけてから主張しようか。OK？
一番ひどい妄想がこれ。皮肉で言ってる人も多いけど、ガチで信じてそうな人も多くてびびる。
何？警察は暗殺部隊でも養成しているの。上司の命令があれば、人を殺すこともいとわない人物が、公務員やってるの？すげーうける。
それに、片山氏を殺しても全然口封じにならないよね。だって真犯人が別にいるんでしょ？また真犯人からのメールが届いたらどうするの？幹部たちがぐぬぬっ、そう来るとは思わなかった……、てなるの？（笑）
以上、こんな感じで皆様の疑問はほぼ解決したのではないかと思うのですが、いかがでしょうか？
とりあえず反論があればブコメでどうぞ。
みんな『SAY YES』だの『YAH YAH YAH』だの、大喜利のネタがいかにもありきたり。確かに『SAY YES』とか『僕はこの瞳で嘘をつく』は汎用性高いけど。
ということでファン歴5年（つまりほぼ新参だけど）の俺が、ASKAの曲の中で、薬物疑惑と絡めて聴くと味わい深い曲を紹介します。
自分達を犯罪者になぞらえて、もう後戻りは出来ない、俺たちはひとつに結ばれちまってるぜ、このまま進もうぜーと歌い上げる。
今聞くともう、薬物中毒でありながらCHAGEandASKAにとってなくてはならない存在であるASKAが、CHAGEや事務所の人間に語りかけてるようにしか聞こえない。
もう出だしが良い。
びくびくするな 顔を変えるな
何もなかった そのままでいい
誰も思わない 聴かれもしない
すべてを認めるな
今まさにこんな感じなんじゃないんですかねえ。
これに続く、
手抜かりは掃いて捨てるほど
あるにはあったさ
それでもここまで潜り抜けてきたさ
サビの
とか、CHAGEや事務所の人間が今聞いたらどんな気分になるんだろうと思う。
とりあえず俺は本当にこれぐらい開き直ってほしいと思ってる。
一番目のサビはそうでもないんだけど、
二番目のサビがいい。
Nothing will ever change. We are the ONE
俺たちの鐘の音がどこかで鳴るはずだ
Cracking open the cage. Close to the line
俺たちはひとつ名で結ばれちまってるよ
ケージ（直球）
開けるんですか。
いや、実際にはあけられないんだけど。クラックっていうか多分ただの保釈だけど。
そして、それに続くフレーズがこの曲で一番強烈だと思う。
だってまあ、CHAGEandASKAだもんね……J-WALKとかラッツと違うもんね……ふたりの名前堂々と載せたんだもんね……。
Ah みんなこっちだよ 素敵なとこだよ
出だしド直球
Ah みんなこっちだよ 他人同士さ
汗の出所と来た。
結局は尿でしたけどね。
楽しんだ人が勝ちです 怒った人が負けです
（略）
口を汚すケーキのようなもんだよ
納得する人は少ないかもしれないけど、この曲、何か詞の調子が『パラダイス銀河』とかの頃に戻ってる。変な敬語で。
これを歌ってる光GENJIとかアリだと思いますがどうでしょうか。
で、サビ。
みんなで行こう 仲良しこよしで行こう
裸足で行こう 行こう 行こう
何にそんなうきうきしてるんですかねえ。
この曲、詞がシニカルな分、メロディをポップにしたとASKAは語ってたんだけど、もう残念なぐらいマッチしてる。
そのピークがやはりこのサビ。
極めつけはCメロ
刺激好きですジャパニーズ
ブレーキなかったんだね（悲嘆）
一部週刊誌では渡英したときに薬物を覚えたとされてたけど、この『ONE』こそはASKAのソロアルバム唯一のロンドンレコーディング。
本場でキメてはしゃいでたんですかね。
と。こんな感じで、将来きっと『夢の中へ』に並ぶことになる名ネタ曲だと思う。
最後に言っておくと、
ASKAの詞はだいたい、クスリ決めながら書いたとか言われても仕方ないぶっ飛び方のものが多い（実際キメて書いてたの曲があるのか、それがどれなのかはもちろんわからん）。
コード進行も笑えるぐらい複雑だし。
薬物騒動を面白がってる初心者はどれ聴いてもげらげら笑えるはず。
まあそういう奴らを全員殺してやりたいけど今は我慢してやる。
他に味わい深い曲を聴きたいやつは、
『kicks』に入ってる薬物について直接言及してる『kicks street』を抑えるといい。
後は、最近の曲である『いろんな人が歌ってきたように』とか『birth』を聴けば良い。
2000年代後半以降のASKAは輪廻転生だとかめぐりあわせだとか宗教じみた思想を取り入れた末に、「すべては愛なんだ、君も認めたっていいだろう」と繰り返す地獄に踏み込んでた。
4年前、18歳の時に大阪から上京した時は夢に満ち溢れていた。
地元の友達には、「東京の109の広告、乗っ取ったるで。まるまるっと1年な。」っと豪語して上京した。
JJの表紙を飾るつもりだった。CanCamの表紙を飾るつもりだった。
ゆくゆくはドラマにも出て、香里奈、北川景子を超えるつもりでいた。
私は本当にそのつもりでいた。
本当に本当に本気(マジ)だった。
もちろん、それを叶えるためには血の滲むような努力が必要なのもわかっていた。
うまくいかない日々に、心がブレてしまうだろう事にも勝たなければいけない事も分かってはいた。
１日 1800kcalを超えないように食事制限した。ずっと、温野菜中心の生活だった。
毎日5kmジョギングした。腹筋100回した。体幹トレーンングも行った。
遊んでいても、19:00には途中で帰宅するようにした。
4年間、ずっとずーーーーとこんなんだった。
でも、、、、うまくいかなかった。
仕事が決まらなかった。所属事務所が雑誌に載せてくれなかった。
載せてくれても、読モ扱いの小さな写真だった。(あたいは読モじゃない。職業 = モデルだぃ！！(激オコ))
思い切ってフリーランスになってみるものの、状況は変わらなかった。
東京に来て、何もかもうまく行かなかった。。。
本当の本当にうまくいかなかった。
もう限界だった。。
もう叶わないんじゃないかって、もう自分には向いてなかったんじゃないかって。
終わりの見えない暗いトンネルを、手探りで進み続ける体力はもう残ってなかった。
わたしの中のあたしが、毎日、”大阪戻りたい”って泣き叫んでいた。
つらかった。自分が若くなくなっていくのも辛かった。おばさんになっていくのがつらかった。
強くなりたかった。でも、なれなかった。
。。。。
2014/05/05 17:00 品川発 新大阪行 のぞみ299号
4年間帰らなかった大阪に帰るつもりだった。
”売れるまで帰らへん！！”ってママに言って出てきたから、ウソつき敗北者の帰還だ。
”明日、夜には帰るね。”
”うん、わかった。夜ごはん中華ちまきでいいでしょ。あと、シーチキンキャベツも用意しとくね。”
ママはそれ以外の言葉は言わず、”待ってるねー”だけで、電話を切った。
私は安心からか涙が止まらなかった。永遠に泣き続けていられるような気がした。
ずっと１人で戦い続けてきたから。。私を守ってくれる人を実感できた事がうれしかった。
いままで飲めなかったお酒をいっぱい飲んだ。山盛りフライドポテトも食べた。
モッツアレラチーズたっぷりピザを食べた。1300円もするアボカドハンバーガーを食べた。
ティラミスも食べた。
行った事のないおしゃれなレストランやバーにたくさん連れていってもらい、
気づいたら、翌朝5:00になっていた。
2014/05/05 05:19am 震度 5弱の地震が発生
あたしはその時、早朝までやっているレストランのトイレにいた。
とても大きい揺れだった。東北大震災の時と結構いい勝負だった。
”そろそろ、帰ろうっか”って言ってきた。
あれ、みんな気付かなかったのかな？
でもすぐに、こう思った。
これは、私だけに起きた地震なんだと。。
あたしの中の何かを壊す、地震なんだと。。
これは何かを覚悟した者にだけに訪れる、make changeしてくれる地震なんだと。
そう思いたかった。
生中継をやっていた。
”表参道の交差点、信号は普通に動いています。。車の流れも普通にあります。”
私はすぐに地震の事だと気づいた。
でも、これはアタシだけの地震なんだ。ア・タ・シが覚悟を決めたんだ。
”地震なんてないよ。”
※これはフィクションです。
The Swedish integration debate should focus on the difficult trade-offs needed in a country that is not structurally optimal for immigration, rather than getting bogged down in the semantics of racism, argues political scientist Andreas Johansson Heinö.
There is a lack of political action in Sweden to address integration that has long been compensated by strong rhetoric that bashes old policies. "We might even stop talking about immigration policy," Ola Ullsten, a prominent Liberal Party (Folkpartiet) politician, said in the 1970s.
When the term "integration" came into vogue in the 1990s, it was meant to replace the then stigmatized concept of multiculturalism. And when Iranian-born professor Masoud Kamali presented the findings of a state inquiry on structural discrimination in 2006, the solution was to scrap integration policy.
More recently, some suggested ahead of the Social Democrats' party congress in Gothenburg last week that if they take power, they should abolish the job of integration minister all together. The party's governing board said that integration is "a problematic concept" that should preferably not be used.
Commentators from different political camps applauded the initiative.
Per Wirtén, a columnist with the centre-left Dagens Arena newspaper, wrote that he sympathizes with the spirit of the proposal, but would rather see a name change: let one anti-racism minister take over the fight against "structural racial discrimination."
The word "immigrant" has been purged from the new proposed party programme. While both the 1990 and 2001 programmes dealt with integration problems, the 2013 analysis says it time to face racism with a general policy of equality. The programme warns that "poor groups and impoverished areas" will be translated into an ethnic problem in the public debate. Accordingly, the Social Democrats have since called itself an "anti-racist" party.
Is this a return to traditional social democratic equality policy, a settlement with the last remnants of the craze for identity politics under the former leadership of Mona Sahlin? Hardly.
私が最初にそれらしいのを知ったのは、
Kiva - Loans that change lives
だったと思う。
アフリカとか、アジアの貧しい農民とかにお金を貸して、彼らを支援しようというものだ。
自分が寄付でおしまい。ではなく、自分が貸したお金がどのように使われたかを知ることができてなかなか面白い。
んでもって、別に善意のためじゃなくてもいいし、相手は貧しい人じゃなくてもいいじゃん。
んでもって、利子返してもらえば儲かるじゃん。
銀行とかサラ金がやってたのを中抜きして、人件費かからないシステムにしたら儲かるんじゃね？
ってできたのが、
Personal Loans and Online Investing - Peer to Peer Lending - Prosper
Zopa UK Loans - Get a great rate loan from Zopa Lenders
のように思う。
これはマイクロファイナンスって言うのかな。
んでもって、やっぱりクレジット借金地獄みたいな奴には金貸したくねーな。
せっかくだからもっと世間のためになるようなプロジェクトに金を出したいなってのが、
おなじみの
CAMPFIRE（キャンプファイヤー）- クラウドファンディング
とかになる。
これはクラウドファンディングだな。
結局は金を借りるのは、人か組織ってわけで、
それが、豊かな人間か貧しい人間か、プロジェクトのためか借金返済のためか、くらいの違いしかないのか。
そのうち、ルネサスとか、潰れそうな企業に対する融資も税金じゃなくて、キックスターターのように募集するようになるのかもね。
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It had been a little situation of one's before one of the many high-end camera makers learned the particular Live life Access manner with a DIGITAL SLR requested a good online video media picture after which you can created a way to help you listing the item. Olympus seemed to be hinting at the capability in Present cards 2006, as soon as E-330 (the very first video camera by means of survive viewing) is released. Nonetheless Nikon was towards the blog post while using the D90 along with Cannon is definitely soon after along with the just-announced Canon EOD 5D Mark II Battery.
Typically the 12. 3-megapixel D90 carries LARGE DEFINITION online video from a conclusion with 1280 back button 720 pixels at 27 frames/second using the understanding and also depth-of-field restrain which usually simply a DIGITAL SLR offer. Naturally, Nikon isn't going to space an expensive precedence about this skill (and not undertake most people, finding the software when alot more of the adjunct you'll take advantage of once in a while, than only a main objective just for obtaining that D90). But, because this can be a 'world first', Photography Analyze is going to tackle the application ahead of moving on that will alternative further important qualities.
Virtually no owner guide book was initially supplied with a analysis camera still (after some hassles) most of us made it possible to down load an important PDF FILE type from Nikon European union ?nternet site. Surprisingly, this manually operated exclusively devotes one-and-a-half of 270 pages of content for you to video clip producing tasks and approximately a couple thirds of the site to help you videos playback. Less a page can be specified up to a show frame proportions in addition to appear possible choices : the 120 websites following on from the primary arguments belonging to the video clip manner.
Picture Abilities
Training video in any DIGITAL CAMERA is really a important loan -- primarily for the Nikon D90 Battery cost. Beforehand, any time you required a fabulous video camera by using compatible contact lenses, which you were taking a look at round $7000 for just a unit which will would not quite possibly track record high-definition, widescreen picture. However the D90 presents way more for just a cheaper package price by providing visitors while using same sorts of manipulate in excess of centering, subjection and additionally depth-of-field like they have having a DIGITAL CAMERA digicam, combined internet site snap by using almost any Nikkor website.
But, the actual D90's online video media model is absolutely not fantastic. As movie can certainly sole often be captured throughout Are located Perspective application, you are jammed aided by the prohibitions this means that (see below). The actual noise is normally taped monaurally and then the video recording formatting is certainly AVI which will, even though it truly is best with a large number of updating functions, uses so much ram (roughly 400MB for minute). Within assessments, some 24-second cut saved for 1280 times 720 LARGE DEFINITION method for 176 kbps appeared to be 40. 7MB dimensions.
Amazingly, this high-end camera works iwth using the premier random access memory playing cards. SOME SORT OF 32GB SDHC should help you track record as much as sixty units for training video, even though a different reduction is definitely which will video plans will be available to personal training minutes for HARLEY-DAVIDSON function and 20 short minutes with typical quality.
Saddest of can be the possibility that any autofocusing procedure :Nikon D90 Charger as well as some other primary adjustments - are not to be implemented if you find yourself photographing online video media. You can actually place emphasis quickly well before taking any preview not to mention make use of the manual place emphasis wedding ring within the contact lens even while photographing. Although if the content steps near as well as from everyone as long as you're taking, blurring might be unavoidable.
Different works that need to be placed well before taking a good movie involve getting exposed compensation, vivid white stability in addition to tact surroundings. For anyone utilizing aperture-priority AE, you can actually transformation a aperture functions even though tracking your movie and as well lens quality in and additionally available - nevertheless it will be hazardous seeing that sticking to center is usually hard.
Well before beginning online video grab you have to find the wished-for audio mode from Dvd movie Controls sub-menu while in the firing navigation. 3 selections are offered: 1280 back button 720 (16: 9), 640 back button 424 (3: 2) not to mention 320 x 216 (3: 2). You too can change this reasonable producing at as well as out (the default setting up might be ON).
Most of online video media photographing pattern goes as follows:
1. Arranged this high-end camera to have Perspective way by simply hitting a LV tab.
step 2. Target about them just by half-pressing a shutter mouse if you are throughout autofocus form; also concentrate personally.
3. Marketing a O . K . key in the center from the arrow topper to get started producing.
check out. Prevent the theme presented plus centred throughout the taking progression.Nikon Coolpix S3100 Charger for anyone within information option, you can actually switch totally focus by hand while you step on the way to and / or clear of this issue. Cautious mainly vigilant while blasting close-ups when smallish differences within the place emphasis position can display simply because blurring on the content. (To confuse issues, you'll find it tough to ascertain if the appearance within the LCD is definitely pin-sharp through bright normal light while you can not use a viewfinder on Take up residence Check out manner. )
5. To cure documenting, advertising OKAY all over again.
Taking part in lower back taped video tutorials is simple. Mass media all the LV control key the next time for you to disengage Live life Watch consequently touch typically the review button in the software. Make use of the arrow mattress pad to pick out your snap you need to have fun with not to mention press RIGHT to begin the process preventing this video clip playback.
The green environmental protection battery is to point to in recent years has been put into use or are development, the development of kind of high performance, no pollution batteries. At present already use large nickel metal hydride battery, the lithium ion battery and is expanded use of mercury free alkaline battery manganese zinc and rechargeable batteries and is research and development of lithium or lithium ion plastic pack and fuel cells belong to this category. In addition, it is widely used and use of solar energy for photoelectric convert solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.
Nickel metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) and nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd) have the same working voltage (1.2 V), due to the adoption of rare earth alloy or TiNi alloy anode materials for the activity of hydrogen storage material, replacing the carcinogen cadmium, which not only makes this battery became a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery of energy than increased nearly 40%, to 80-60 Wh/kg and 210-240 Wh/L. The battery is 90 s gradually realize industrialization PANASONIC VW-VBK360 Battery , and the first to use in the cell phone battery. At present although it on their dominance of the gradually be lithium ion battery replaced, but mobile phone applications in Europe and America, and its market share is still at about 50%.
The lithium ion battery (Li-ion) is by can make the lithium ion embedding and take off the carbon embedded as negative, reversible intercalated-li metal oxide as the positive (LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMn2O4) and organic electrolyte constitute, the working voltage of 3.6 V, so a lithium-ion battery is equivalent to three cadmium nickel metal hydride battery or nickel. Thus the batteries than energy is the over 100 Wh/kg and 280 Wh/L, and considerably more than the nickel metal hydride battery than energy. In view of the above advantages, since the 1993-2000 in just a few years, its production and usage with extremely high speed growth.
Alkaline manganese zinc dry (alkaline) compared with ordinary dry cell size has higher capacity PANASONIC CGA-S005E Battery, and have high discharge current ability. In recent years has been used on mercury zinc powder, therefore make the battery become a green battery, and become the mainstream battery products, at present the alkaline xinmeng dry cell is still BP machine use most power supply. At the same time, the world is the battery charged on the sex, an American company has launched a charged battery alkali manganese, product and application of slow growth. Such batteries keep the battery discharge characteristics, but also can be recharged using a dozen times to hundreds of times (deep recharge cycles life of about 25 times).
Lithium plastic battery (LIP) is for lithium metal anode, conductive polymers of electrolyte for new battery, the energy than has reached 170 Wh/kg and 350 Wh/L. The lithium ion battery is will present plastic of organic lithium ion battery electrolyte stored in a polymer membrane, or use conductive polymer as electrolyte, make a battery in no free the electrolyte. Such batteries can use aluminum plastic composite membrane realize hot pressing encapsulation, with light weight, shape can be arbitrary change, safety better characteristics.
Fuel cells (FC) is a kind of use of fuel (such as hydrogen or contain fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) for power generation device directly, because avoided the carnot cycle limit, this power unit is not only high efficiency (electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can be as high as 40% or more), and no pollution discharge gas, so is the future of efficient and clean power generation method. Many companies at home and abroad are engaged in development for mobile phones, notebook computers, the PEM fuel cell, once put into application, and its economy benefit greatly.
Seal lead-acid battery is a kind of lead-acid batteries.
The following new green battery technology and related industry development is rapid.
1. Hydrogen storage material and nickel metal hydride Battery-the nimh batteries (PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery)
2. Lithium ion embedded material and liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
3. Polymer electrolyte of lithium battery or lithium ion battery
4. Zinc air battery and PEM fuel cell
In addition to the above, in view of the communication industry growth, China's battery industry is with extremely high speed to promote environmental protection mercury-free alkali manganese zinc original pool and rechargeable batteries and seal lead-acid battery technology development and application expansion market.
If users want to prolong battery the efficient use of the time, in addition to the quality of the charger to have the guarantee, the right skills and charging is essential, because of low quality charger or wrong charging methods would affect battery time and life cycle, the following is about to charge skills:
1. The battery before they leave the factory, manufacturers were activated processing, and the charge, so the battery are more electricity, my friends say battery charging adjustment period in accordance with the time, standby still seriously insufficient, assuming that the battery is really quality goods battery of words, this kind of circumstance should extend the setting and then 3 ~ 5 times fully charge and discharge.
2. If new phone is lithium ion battery, so before 3 ~ 5 times charging commonly known as adjustment period, should be charged more than 14 hours, in order to ensure that the fully activate lithium ion activity. The lithium ion battery no memory effects, but have very strong sui sex, should give full activated PANASONIC CGR-D220 Battery, to guarantee the use of after can reach the right performance.
3. Some automation intelligent quick charger when instructions lights change, said only full of 90%. The charger will automatically change with slow charge will batteries. Best will use after batteries, otherwise, it will shorten use time.
4. Before charging and discharging lithium battery does not need special, but will not discharge damage to the battery. As far as possible when charging at the slow ChongChongDian, reduce the way quick charge; Time don't more than 24 hours. The battery after three to five times fully recharge cycles of internal after chemical will be all "activate" to achieve the best use effect.
5. Please use the original or the reputation of the good brand charger, li-ion battery to lithium battery charger with special, and follow the instructions, otherwise, it will damage to the battery, and even dangerous.
6. Have many users often in charge still leave her cell phone, actually such will be very easy to PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery damage the service life of the mobile phone, because in charge of the process, the circuit boards of mobile phone can calorific, if this time more exotic phone, may produce instant backflow current, internal parts to mobile phone damage.
7. The battery life depends on the number repeatedly charging and discharging, so should try to avoid more battery electric charge when, this will shorten battery life. Cell phone time more than 7 days, supposed to completely discharge the cell phone battery, enough electricity before use.
8. The cell phone battery have self-discharge, need not when the nimh batteries will press the residual capacity every day, about 1% of the discharge, lithium battery every day to 0.2% ~ 0.3% discharge. In for the battery, try to use the special socket, don't will the home appliance such as the Shared and the TV charger socket.
9. Though the phones in the network coverage area, but in the cell phone charge, cell phones have been unable to accept and call. At this time, can use of the mobile phone is not transfer function, will be transferred to the mobile phone side of fixed telephone in order to prevent calls lost, this kind of method for mobile phone is not in the network coverage of the area or weak signal and temporarily unable to the applicable also.
10. Don't will be exposed to high temperature or cold PANASONIC DMW-BCG10E Battery , as the dog, should not put the phone on the car, and the sun blazed through the; Or get air conditioning room, in air conditioning to be blown continuously place. When charging, the battery is a little heat is normal, but can't let it what the high temperature "suffer". In order to avoid the happening of this kind of circumstance, had better be in charge at room temperature, and don't cover anything on the mobile phone.
11. Nickel cadmium (N iCd) before the battery must ensure that the batteries are no electricity, recharging the battery must ensure that sufficient electricity after.
12. If the cell phone battery placed too long and not use, the best maintenance department to cell phones to the application for a live processing, also can use a constant dc voltage is the voltage adjustment for 5 ~ 6 V, current 500 ~ 600 mA reverse connect battery. Note that a touch namely release, the most repeated three times can, through such treatment after another, with the original adapter to "adaptation" charge.
13. Charge is not as long as possible, to no protection circuit batteries that should stop after charging, or the battery will with fever or overheating impact performance.
14. Lithium ion battery must choose special charger, otherwise may not reach the saturated state, affect their performance. Charging completes, should avoid to place in charger on more than 12 hours or more, long-term need not when should make a battery and cell phone separation.
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
___________________________
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1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
【 1 】 searching. Summer mood
Warm sunshine in the body and melted the remaining the sorrow, but increase some warm meaning. Half a narrowed her eyes, look long rear its head, the suspension of the golden ball still smiled at me. The window, have always liked position, whether in the coffee shop or the teahouse or is a fast-food restaurant, as long as is the place all to sit down for the habitual by a window. So, I can clearly see the outside world, see clearly in the outside walk every one.
I am a fear of stay in that vague world people, can now, are steps into the relationship that vague. Once the countless times told himself, the person to work to clear and plainly, clean, neat. But, now of oneself, not only drag, ya, indecision is at sixes and sevens, blurred.
Summer, is a hot season, also is a easily lose season. Each people all have everyone's temper, and summer, let everyone's temper to acme. Stimulate each other's sensory nerve, little the release of anger. They have with anger, with anger passing, also have with anger of fighting the performance...
All kinds of people are full of all kinds of release methods, and I still slowly, don't worry about being by your side. Pay attention to you every day the fickle mood, ponder your mood every day of good and bad. Sometimes think, time is like a medicine, and like a poison. It makes us forget the pain before, but start the next paragraph sad. It let we abandon our past and desolate, but to a desolate.
【 2 】 summer. Away from grief
Spring as the fallen petal go, wearing a suit LuYeEr of summer in the jump in the warm wind coming, I like winning, jubilant welcome the arrival of the summer. I like summer, like the warm sunshine. Like the sunrise, also like the sunset. Like the golden sun, also like the warmth of sunshine.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my world will not too cold.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my life not too dark.
Where there is sun, and I think the world is full of hope.
Had the sunlight, I have confidence has been waiting for you.
The recent weather and began to change is full of sunshine in the morning, and at noon, will see the sun's trail, the change is the roaring winds, bully touching each corner, don't allow a little resistance. Recently is always looking for a variety of ways, to ease his trouble and sorrow. No longer let oneself and sad hook, no longer let yourself with tears become attached to, so, no longer let their sorrow.
Recently, always looking for all kinds of things to do, like have do not like, just like it or not, will be serious to do. So it won't have too much time to think some the mess of things, so that it doesn't always have my insignificant problem into the inside and you weep alone.
[3] night. sensational
With only a sunshine gradually exit out of the window, the moonlight slowly emerging, tight with all kinds of the stars also slowly appeared in the sky. The earth is a light moonlight and the stars into romantic ornament night. Little stars sings like pearl inlaid in under the canopy, ShanShanDe with a light, and the next you said nothing, as if to see this wonderful night.
Into that familiar with the place, the habitual open air conditioning, open the curtains, the outside world is still so wonderful, the stars and not because night and receding, but more glow. At the moment, finally understand, why do so many people like stars in the night, the night the crush.
Tonight's you, different from ordinary, striking a little can't believe. Don't know is his vision, or a real feelings, whether true or not true world. All like tonight's you, suddenly a few days before the fall of all scores brought. Perhaps that is part of your charm.
Night, still as black, so quiet. Just, tonight's night, less afraid.
I and, as usual, quiet looking at the sleeping you, the mouth cape raise filar silk smile and this is that light taste happiness?
__________________________________________________________________
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I know how to become a super-easy Your Life?
Tips on how to live it happily for everyone
I become more comfortable with the power off
Also suffering are all spicy sloppy vision, and white security.
The emptiness of the first pain and sadness.
Can even change to ease the suffering.
If you can make your day burdened with dirty
It should be possible to throw away what we have so
I understood just how sloppy or the world?
Suffering and illness, and we insist on such things.
Cling to the things that you hear.
Taste and smell differ from person to person
What is also not helpful.
The bad stick to tea mind wavers.
A big talk and while it is alive, various things are.
You can see what a miserable so difficult.
But I go place to place with us.
Which is invisible to anyone.
I try to be bright and without force.
Because you will enjoy about You can not see the future.
What guy I'm feeling it alive.
Be difficult to live and certainly correctly.
But I'll live can even brighter to anyone.
Tips have a Bodhisattva living. There is no need to live in suffering.
I enjoy living in it becomes Buddha.
Once knowing the risk would be quite bad
Reasonable fear of living is help.
It is misread
Throw away your heart you are, It's not to say.
Do not forget your dreams and fantasies, and compassion,
Once nirvana But even where it is located.
Life is no need to change anything, just the perception of change.
If you have plenty in mind, anyone become a Buddha.
Remember the wisdom of this melt. But few words.
Make sense I know that I'm fine without thinking.
It would be nice suffering becomes smaller.
You all suffering admits even lie no more bullshit, I like that.
Let the past may be a prelude to forget all.
But just want to remember it.
Look tweeting If you're so inclined,
It's just good chanting in the mind
You see, open your ears listen well
"You'll cast, the bad idea is disappears, the soul is silenced, all things in here, it's beyond everything. "
"At that enlightenment will come true. All will be fulfilled in this mantra. "
元記事探してたら、たくさん見つかったのでメモ。世界を変える方法は無限にある、きっと。
http://www.marcandangel.com/2011/09/04/140-ways-to-change-the-world/
（あなたでもできる【世界を変えることができる102の魔法の言葉】http://yukkuri.livedoor.biz/archives/357515.html の元記事）
http://richmondacademy.org/102WaysofChange.aspx
http://abundance-blog.marelisa-online.com/2011/03/25/ways-to-change-the-world/
http://www.lyved.com/life/20-ways-to-change-the-world/
http://www.amazon.com/Ways-Change-World-Your-Twenties/dp/1402221096
Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451
For a long time, I am in a dark box.
According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.
When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.
I must say, how terrible the situation is.
It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.
Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.
Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.
Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.
Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.
As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.
No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.
The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!
Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?
I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.
There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.
Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.
Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.
I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.
In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.
I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.
About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.
I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.
If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.
My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!
At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.
Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.
No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.
In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.
Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.
I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.
The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.
The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.
Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.
I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.
先日の（はてブも何もしなかったからタイトル忘れた）、女子サッカー優勝の件で、お前ら騒ぎすぎなんだよm9(^Д^)ﾌﾟｷﾞｬｰな人が居たような気がするから書いてみる。
といっても、私が書くわけじゃなくて某所で見た沢選手のインタビュー記事なんだけどな
澤選手のあるコメント
アメリカでは美談として流れているものの
何故か日本では報道や掲載されないのだ
日本語コメントの英訳を再び和訳する事に違和感ながら
日本のマスゴミが報道しない為にあえて和訳する
http://sports.yahoo.com/soccer/news;_ylt=AmArrRdFEVrJjWgo3hlE1WA5nYcB?slug=ro-rogers_japan_win_pay_tribute_tsunami_071711
澤選手のコメント：
“We knew that what we were doing here could be about a little more than just a football tournament. If winning this makes one person, someone who lost something or someone or was hurt or damaged by the events that touched our country, feel better for even one moment, then we have really achieved a most special thing. If it makes everyone happy and joyful and gives them a reason to cheer after such difficult times, then we have been successful. Japan has been hurt and so many lives have been affected. We can not change that but Japan is coming back and this was our chance to represent our nation and show that we never stop working. This is like a dream to us and we hope our country shares it with us.”
「我々のしていることは、ただサッカーをするだけではないことを、意識してきた。我々が勝つことにより、何かを失った人、誰かを失った人、怪我をした人、傷ついた人、彼らの気持ちが一瞬でも楽になってくれたら、私達は真に特別な事を成し遂げた事になる。こんな辛い時期だからこそ、みんなに少しでも元気や喜びを与える事が出来たら、それこそが我々の成功となる。日本は困難に立ち向かい、多くの人々の生活は困窮している。我々は、それ自体を変えることは出来ないものの、日本は今復興を頑張っているのだから、そんな日本の代表として、復興を決して諦めない気持ちをプレイで見せたかった。今日、我々にとってはまさに夢のようで有り、我々の国が我々と一緒に喜んでくれるとしたら幸いです」
http://yanashu.tumblr.com/post/7801129614
サッカーが好きな人が、サッカーで勝つこと以上の何かを望むことは傲慢なのかもしれない。
だけど、私も（日本代表のしたことに比べると些細なものだが）自分の仕事をするとき、この仕事がクライアント、そのお客さん、そのまたお客さん…といった大勢の人に「いいな！」と言ってもらえるものを…と、いつも考えてる。
スポーツで自国の選手が勝った・負けたで一喜一憂するのは、そりゃチームが国ごと編成で戦ってるからで、
ソレを「ナショナリズムどうのこうの！」と不快に感じてしまうなら、国別やめようぜ・とFIFA辺りに送ることができるような提案書・というかアイディアを本気だして考えたら、なかなか面白いかもしれない。
で、表題のとおり、スポーツで「日本代表」の人達が頑張る事を、日本の人が応援したり・喜んだりすることってのは、そんな変なことじゃないと思うんだ。
でも環境っていうのはすごく大事で、女の子がサッカーすること自体珍しい国では世界を目指す！とか、なかなか期待できないだろうし
もっとスポーツのエリート教育ガンガンやってる国だったら逆に、物心ついた頃には既に差はできてて、夢見るレンジも狭まってたかもしれない。
「もしかしたら同級生の●●ちゃん」が、そこで頑張ってるかもしれない事実、
自分と同じ条件下、そういう子達が夢を掴んだ事実、こういうのも「自国を応援する理由」の一つとしてあるんじゃないかなぁと思う。
スポーツで偉業を為した人に自己投影するなよ、って事なんだろうが。
尊敬したり・目標にしたり…彼らの歓びを我がごとのように喜んだり、ってそんなに悪いことなんかいな。
私も「好きなことしてるんだから！」ってバイト掛け持ちしてた下積み期間があった人間なんで、普通に我が事のように嬉しいよ。
つまり何が言いたいのかって言うと、
【サンプル】
// --2009.01.05 山田(××) ADD START sb.append(" WHERE A.CUSTOMER_CODE = B.CUSTOMER_CODE?"); // --2011.04.02 大山(△△) CHANGE START //sb.append(" AND A.COMPANY_CODE = ?"); //// --2010.07.10 佐藤(○○) ADD START //sb.append(" AND A.BUSINESS_TYPE = ?"); sb.append(" AND A.COMPANY_CODE IN( ").append.(cList).append(")"; sb.append(" AND A.BUSINESS_TYPE IN( ").append.(bList).append(")"; // --2011.04.02 大山(△△) CHANGE END // --2010.07.10 佐藤(○○) ADD END sb.append(" AND EXISTS("); // --2009.01.05 山田(××) ADD AND
私の会社ではソースの変更(追加、変更、削除)をソース内に記載する文化があり、こういうソースコードにあふれている。
調査も改修もできやしねえ。。
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
最近のファッション雑誌は誰が使うんだっていう付録がついて800円とかだしうざい広告ばっかだし買う気がしないよね。
最近は普通のコーディネートのスナップサイトとかも結構あるから、タダだし脱オタから服オタまでそっちを参考にするといいと思う。
アンチ糞雑誌ということでメンズスナップサイトを特徴付きでまとめた。
順番はおすすめ順。
http://xn--zcka4asan6g1gsg.com/
・他のサイトに比べ、参考になる(奇抜でない)スナップばかりで脱オタにも優しいし、服オタにも良さそう
・身長別や年齢別、○○系別とかの絞込検索ができる←これは超使える。自分の身長やスタイルのみ見れるから。
http://www.style-arena.jp/street/
・全員オシャレレベルが高いのにそんなに奇抜ではないのがとても参考になる。
・脱オタ向きというよりは結構おしゃれなメンズノンノ読者層向きという感じ。
http://scrapture.org/streetsnap/
・奇抜なのが多いが参考になるのもちょいちょいある。
http://www.mycloz.com/closet/1339
・良く言えばリア充的、悪く言えばそれほどオシャレではないファッションしかない。ちょっと昔のchokichokiっぽい感じ
・なぜかイケメンばっかり。
・高校～大学生の若者ばかりで、大人はあんまり参考にならないかも
・一覧表示が画像小さすぎて超見づらい。
・http://www.mycloz.com/closet/907 ヘアスナップもある。
http://www.fashionsnap.com/streetsnap/
・奇抜なのが多いが参考になるのもちょいちょいある。でもオシャレ上級者向き。
・外人が多い。
・スナップとは関係ないがこのサイトは毎日更新のファッションニュースが素晴らしい。
http://www.naigai-p.co.jp/chokichoki/street/
・マイクロと一緒で「リア充っぽい」ファッション、当たり前だがchokichokiっぽい。
・平日一人更新
・着てる服のブランドと値段が書いてある。
http://life.oricon.co.jp/mens/
・↑のマイクロみたいにイケメンが多く、リア充的ファッション。
・一人につき写真点数が多い。
・しかしスナップ自体は、結構普通なのが多く、脱オタ向きというかんじで良い。
・更新頻度低すぎて止まってるようにすらみえる。
・奇抜なのばっかだが↓のdropよりは普通。オシャレ上級者は参考になるのもあると思う。
・男率少。
・姉妹サイトが右にリンクされてる。（メンズはmintとavalon)どっちも同じくらい奇抜。
・超奇抜率高。ほぼ参考にはならない。これはネタだろってのが多い。
・ユーザビリティ糞すぎでみづらい。
http://changefashion.net/snap/
・外人ばっか。奇抜ばっか。
・男率少
・ユーザビリティ無視って感じで見づらい。
今回取り上げなかったけどスナップブログとかも最近ちょっとあるからもっと見たかったら検索するといいかも。
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%C7%B4%C3%E5%BF%DF%28%A4%CF%A4%C6%A4%CA%C8%C7%29?kid=303643
はてなキーワードにおける自称自治厨のこと。基本はあらゆる屁理屈を出して編集者を貶め、最終的に強引に削除する人のこと。
id:?、id:?両名は特にその傾向が強く、歪んだ正義感からキーワード編集を阻害する。なぜか彼らが関わったはてなキーワード編集の数は上位であるため、恐らくそれ自体が目的であると考えられる。みみっちい小さい人たちである。
idのところは伏せ字にしてあります。
# mouseionmouseion 2010/09/25 18:28 これはさすがにアウトなので。
* 粘着厨(はてな版)@20100925182812 (2010/09/25 18:28:12)mouseionmouseion change category to 削除予定キーワード CommentsAdd Star
* 粘着厨(はてな版)@20100925182143 (2010/09/25 18:21:43)mouseionmouseion appendCommentsAdd Star
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%C7%B4%C3%E5%BF%DF%28%A4%CF%A4%C6%A4%CA%C8%C7%29?kid=303643&mode=edit
アウトです。
http://twitter.com/nofrills/status/19987860905
RT @when_we_cry: ヒアリングできないのに癒されてしまいますたｗ
QT @nofrills: 男は…何故クリスチャン・ショップに強盗に入ろうと / BBC… http://htn.to/psJAkf
すげー聞き取りにくいのでヒアリングの練習してみたw === 向こうのカウンターで強盗開始 === M: OK. Scared? F: No-no? M: OK M: (何か指示したっぽい？ここは正直さっぱり判らなかった) === 神の名の下に反撃開始 === F: You know what? <- 意を決して説得開始（以後の頻度から口癖かね） F: I know you can do whatever you want with me. F: But we can talk with yourabout the Jesus like I. あなたの状況について神を前に話しませんか ＃ Jesus and I でいいのか？ M: A what? えっ ＃他にどう訳せというのか・・・ F: The Jesus like I. Before you leave. M: ...God bless you for that. ・・・あなたは良い人だ ＃「えっえっー」と訳したい気持ちで一杯です === 男、言い訳モードに突入 === F: I'm Christan and... M: So am I and I have to say I hate doing this. F: I know. M: I do. I-I, OK, I'm embarassed for doing this. But I have no choice. 俺だってキリスト教徒・・・だけどどうにもならないんだ（涙 ＃つかどんだけアメリカでは宗教は重たいんですか === 女、主導権を握る。この時点でもう男は撃てない === F: Ah...I'm the one charge. ...and...never havn't haven't looking before. ＃「ここは私が責任者（なので話ができるし）、別の方法を ＃ 一緒に考えない？」と提案始めたが割り込みもあり尻切れトンボに F: You know what? You wonk(?)? ＃これわからん F: You have beatiful life(?). You don't need to... 他にも道はあるわ！人生を大切にして！ ＃と訳しては見たものの、聞き取れる言葉からだと意味が出せない M: How about making a quarter. 頼むよ ＃ 「慈悲のカケラもない==no quarter」の応用と思われる === そして説得の王道へ === F: You know, you don't need to get difficulty(?)...find a way better for you ...for everyone out there. あなたがこんなに苦しむ必要ないはずよ！もっと良い方法を 見つけましょう・・・ね？ F: I'm not blaming you or not judging you...don't know what you're going through, but all of us are going through a hard time right now... ...very hard time right now. あなたのせいとかそういうんじゃないの。 何があったのかは判らないけど、大変な時期なのよ。みんな本当に苦しいの。 M: XXXXX police(?) are pleased to do anything to anybody up in the street. Never had time like this before. あいつら何でもやっていいと思ってるんだ・・・こんなのは始めてだよ・・・ ＃ついに心を許し愚痴る男。しかし事情不明なのでなんのことかわからない === 驚愕の事実発覚と怒涛の進行 === F: You know what. I can try to help you. Try to find a job. I have lot of friend in charge. 仕事とか、見つけられると思うの。たくさん知り合いがいるの。 M: I have a job. いや仕事はあるんだ F: You do? Then why you're doing this? ＃「な、なんだってー」と翻訳したい気持ちで(ry M: Because I might be depicted if I don't come up with $300. ＃んーとわからん。明日までに$300ないと裁判沙汰とか収監されるとかかなー？ === リア充の口撃がぐさぐさ === F: You mean you don't have any friend that could borrow you? M: I'm sorry for doing this to you. F: You don't have any friend that could borrow you the money? えー、金を借りれる友人がいないのは小学生までだよねーキャハハー ＃・・・なんて酷いことは言ってません。言ってませんが、 ＃この時点で発砲する奴はいるはず === しかし切羽詰った男も最後の説得を試みる === M: I spent last 3 days trying to do that. M: Look, I know that you have to call the police. I know that you have to do what you have to do. M: I'm not really good at these stuff.... M: There's no money in the store?... Can you show me... わかってる、わかってるんだ・・・もう３日も走り回ったんだ・・・ でもお願いだから！ === 新たな驚愕。そして男の後悔 === F: That all we have. We only keep these for change. ごめんなさい・・・おつり分しかないの・・・ M: You own the store? ここ、あなたのお店？ F: No. M: You don't own the store. あなたの店じゃないんだね（ほっ）＃（じゃあお金だけは・・・） F: I'm the manager. I'm, the one who take care of anything. Anything that happens. 店長なの。店のことは全て私が ＃「全て」が伏線だとは男は予想だにせず M: Then it wouldn't be hurting you. I'm sorry. I have to take it with that. I'm sorry. 会社の金なのなら・・・すまない、貰っていくよ・・・ F: They will ...charge me for it. でも私が・・・払うの・・・ M: They will charge you for it...!? ＊驚愕＊ あなたが・・・！？ ＃「な、なんだってー 」。男、迷惑をかけた反省の念で心が一杯に ＃ つか雇われ店長にこれは酷くないか。They vs Us で男女一体となった瞬間 F: I'm the one responsible. Nobody comes here. I'm the one to deposit the money. I'm the one to order. ＃先の「全て」の伏線がここで回収完了。無限責任社員・・・ === 反省、そして撤退 === M: I don't...I didn't mean to do that to you. I'm sorry. そ、そんなつもりじゃなかった。すまない。申し訳ない・・・。 M: I understand you still have to call the police. け、警察呼ばなきゃいけないのも判ってるから。 ＃相手が優しすぎて通報しなかったらまずい立場になることを ＃考えて、気を遣ってわざわざフォロー。これはなかなかできない。 F: You know... you don't need to do that. M: I'm sorry, I'm sorry. God bless you. F: You know Jesus! He can help you! He can change your life! M: God bless you. F: Jesus helps you! He can change your life! 「こんな・・・こんなことしなくてもよかったのに！」 「すまない。本当にすまない」 「キリストに縋りなさい！助けてくれるから！変えてくれるから！」 「ありがとう、ありがとう」 「助けてくれるから！変えてくれるから！」 F: Go back to church! F: Find a job! Get real friend from church! F: Talk to a path(?) that can pray for you! ＃だめだ・・・日本語にすると現実感のない話になって訳せない
