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はてなキーワード: WHYとは
何かTM2502氏が（蛇足）あーんまーりだぁー！ - Why do you need ...?と嘆いていたので、実際青二才氏の該当エントリ（体罰と「想像力」と「公共性」と… - とある青二才の斜方前進）を読んでみたところ文章があまりにも汚いので、添削修正して翻訳してみました。え、何故自身のブログに書かないのかって……？ だって、何かヤじゃん、何かさ。
なお、強調するタグ等はiPhoneからの更新なのでありません！ ごめんなさい！ あ、あと青二才氏本人から消せと苦情が来たら消しますのでご了承ください。また私自身国語が苦手なので、もし何かおかしい部分がありましたら修正いたします。
では、以下が本文となります。
僕は経済学の人だから「公共財の概念」から見て、体罰は必要だと考える
Twitter等で「教育目的なら体罰も必要になる」と発言したところ「体罰が無くても教育はできるし、クラス運営もまともにできる」と反応が返って来た。この発言の問題点を浮かび上がらせる為に、ここで岡田斗司夫さんとの対談での東浩紀さんの発言を引用する。
「体罰ならまだ明確な線引きができるが、これがハラスメント（嫌がらせやいじめ）ともなれば、もはや線引きさえできなくなる。従って、生徒と関わらないように、関わらないようにすることこそ教員の合理的な行動である。」
以上の発言は「いじめ問題」だけに限れば的を得ている。つまりは「教師に与えられた「権限」と、教育者が「求められる水準」が不一致になっている」ことが問題である。
家の中で「しつけ」をする機会が共働き等で減れば、ますますこの「不一致」は拡大する。たとえば「子ども」が教育の現場に増えたら、教育の現場に「勉強教えろ！」と親御さんが言ったところで、現実は授業が聞けずコミュ力が無い子供がそうでない子供の授業を妨害し、勉強を教える以前の問題になる。これは病院や自動車教習所も同じだ。
ここで経済学を使って例えれば、確かに患者も生徒も（及びその保護者は）「お客様」ではあるが、その考えは50％は正しく、50％は間違っている。確かに、医者も先生も「正しいこと」は教えられるが、「正しいこと」を守ったり実行する気がない人には教えても無駄だ。
とりあえず学校も病院も、基本的には「病気を治す・免許取るのはあなただから、目的を果たしたければちゃんとやってね」という場所なので、体罰や反抗的な人が荒らしたりすることも少ない。（そして、利用者に「大人」の割合が多いからね）
だけど『公共財』という概念で考えたときに「リスクを負うのはあなただから、あなた自身がちゃんとやってね」では済まないのが「公教育」の難しさである。
ここでいう『公共財』とは、道路や学校の授業、映画館や電車のように「みんなで使う・共有するモノ・サービス」のことを指す。
経済学の用語だから難しく聞こえるが、要は「映画館でしゃべる客・暗闇でおっぱい触る男、喘ぐ女は死ねばいい」「電車の中で吐くなよ！臭いじゃないか！！あああ、そこ((((；ﾟДﾟ))))もらいゲロするなよ(´・ω・)」というだけの話だ。
しかしそんなお客でも、お金払ってる以上は排除できない、理由は原則として誰でも利用できる施設だから。例えば電車で隣の椅子に、横に巨乳女子高生が座ってても、臭いホームレスが座ってても、同じ料金を払わなければならないからだ。
この『公共財』という概念は、学校に対しても適用してもいいと考える。理由は授業はバカでも賢くても平等に受けられ、そこで授業中に騒ぐ奴がいれば「俺の勝手」ではすまない。
そして騒ぐ奴に限り「スクールカーストが高い」場合が多く、生徒同士で注意して自浄する事もできない事が多い。僕が体感した例としては、腕力の強い野球部部員が若い女教師いじめて辞めさせられる（注釈：「辞めさせられた」という述語が「野球部員」か「女教師」のどちらの主語に掛かってるかは不明）というパターンを目撃したことがあるし、そういう生徒は自分よりも弱い・優しいから殴ったりしない先生にはでかい態度をとる。
更に高校も大学も簡単には「停学・退学」を行うことはできないから、そういう生徒が教育サービスを劣化させるという事はどの段階の教育にも言える。
だが経済学上は「問題児は業務妨害・営利妨害」と判断でき、問題児に対してしかるべき制裁をくだせないような教育現場は、真面目で優秀な生徒に対し罪悪である。
自分の思想は「保守的な（個人的）功利主義者」と定義しているので次のように考えている。明らかに迷惑な生徒は「人権の範囲内で」殴られて然るべきであり、また殴られない現状こそがおかしい。（※私も宿題忘れて殴られたことはあるので。）
「公の利益の最大化」を考えるなら、むしろ体罰は人権問題と衝突しないで容認されるべきで、人権と衝突するのは「教育的要素がない」場合であり、つまりは「（迷惑な生徒の）暴力」に対して衝突するのだから、悪いのは体罰というツールではなく、体罰を振るう相手や目的を定義しない「人間」の方だ。
そもそも教育現場を『公共財』として見て、教師を「インフラ」として見れば、教師に高いハードルを求めるような「体罰は絶対ダメ」だという論調や、「偏差値が高くなるような教育をやれ」という論調を、教師の仕事として定義するのはおかしい。
学校は塾の代わりじゃないし、教師はあなた達の召使いじゃない！
公共財を守るために、躾の悪い子どもに体罰を振るのは仕方ない事で、まして体育会系の学校だとなおさらだ。それを体育会系でも関係なしに「全面的に（いついかなる時も）体罰禁止」という言い方をメディアで、ネットで、報道が、政治家が、庶民が主張するのはイかれてる！
スポコン的なシゴキを否定するなら、au等が「巨人の星」を使うのは「体罰推進作品」を使うのは不味いのではないか。
だけど、体罰反対論者に聞きたいのは「星一徹は飛雄馬憎しで、体罰を行なっていたか？」という議論。
あらゆるハラスメント（嫌がらせやいじめ）でも同じ議論ができるけど、体罰そのものを「悪」という人達は、体罰された相手との相互関係を考慮しておらず「頭ごなしな人達」こそ愛がないのではないか？
一徹氏を全面的に賛同するわけでは無いが、星飛雄馬がプロになって注目選手になれたのは間違いなく一徹のしごきがあったからだ。
学校においても、全国区のスポーツ学校になるために「体罰」は切っても切れない関係のはずた。それを文科系の知識人等が自分の価値観、愛情の形で「あれは暴力だ」と言っているに過ぎないのではないか？
例えば、自分の子が万引きしたときにビンタしたと打ち明けた母親がいるが、その場合は子どもが「被害者」なんですか？ 親が感情的になったから、悪いのは親なのですか？
答えは求めてないから、いらないよ。てめーの脳天に杭を打ち込んでやりたいと思ってるだけだ！
＞まさにあなたのような人が、なんで（Why）ポインタがわからなくなるのか知りたかったんだけど、あなたの記事を読んでもやはりわからなかった。
正確に言えば、分からなくなったのではなくて、その前にやめちゃっただけです(笑)
プログラムの書き方は、個々人によって色々なんでしょうけど、僕なんかはほんとに一人で作ってばっかだったてのもあるけど、仕様書も何もなしに、それこそ得たい結果だけがあって（しかもそれが大抵漠然とした形でしかなかった）、それを目的に頭の中の考えをほとんど直接コードに書いて行ってるようなものでした。
なので、いっつも手探りで動かしては修正の繰り返し。
そんな行き当たりばったりでプログラムを覚えていったような感じっすかね。
C言語習得が仕事で求められているのならまだしも、特に求められているわけでもなかったし、めんどくさいじゃないですか。
たぶん、ポインタのちゃんとした理解なんて結構なハードルだと思いますしね
id:fut573が、情報収集の重要性について述べています。
その通りだと思います。
ネットではすぐに調べて答えを得てしまい、自分で考える癖がつかない、と言われることがままあります。
ネットやってるとさ、考えるよりもすぐ調べて答え探す習慣付くじゃん | ライフハックちゃんねる弐式
しかし私は現実には全く逆のことが起こっていると思います。ほんのちょっと検索して情報を集めることすら面倒くさがり、手持ちの貧相な知識を元にぐにょぐにょ考えて発言する。そういった行動様式が完全に定着しきっており、ソースすら読まない２ちゃんねるやはてなブックマーク、一歩も外に出ないtwitter上の議論によって糞な発言が堆積し、インターネットは疲弊しています。
１つ例を挙げます。
昨年のGDCでPhil Fish氏が「日本のゲームは糞」と発言した、ということが結構話題になりました。
日々是遊戯：波紋を呼ぶ「日本のゲームはクソ」発言――「数百人の視線と声で嫌な汗が流れた」 - ねとらぼ
実際にどんな議論がなされたのか気になるところですが、少なくともPhil Fish氏が批判した日本のゲームの具体例は簡単に調べられるものでした。
@GaymeBar @GrisserBunny me and jon blow went into more details, comparing the first zelda, and the latest one...
@GaymeBar @GrisserBunny ...and citing a few examples of why we dont like most modern japanese games.
@tiooonnn @Dan_Tsukasa it is. i like oldschool japanese games. it's the new ones i think are terrible.
具体例は「ゼルダの伝説 スカイウォードソード」だったわけです。
これは現在においても簡単に遡って確認できる程度の浅い階層にある発言で、当時はせいぜい30tweetほど探せば見つかる発言でしたし、twitterのアカウントも、アカウント名を見れば分かる通り、簡単に見つかるものでした。
しかし、誰も調べませんでした。
そして、「確かに日本のゲームは糞だな。任天堂とカプコンを除いて。」「ムービーゲーはクズ」「萌えゲーオタゲーばかりで和ゲーは終わってる」といった、単に自分の言いたいことを言うだけの発言がされていったわけです。
んで、
この件に関して、twitter上で録に調べもせずに、適当な推測をかましている人がいたなぁ、ということを思い出しました。調べたらid:fut573とid:kanoseでした。
日本のゲームって昔の日本映画みたいな立場になりつつあるんだなあ…／と思ったが、Your gamesというのは後藤勝氏がFF13のカットシーン担当なのでFF13のことなのかねえ
このyourは「日本の」と取っていいのかなぁ。あなたが作ったゲーム(ファイナル・ファンタジー１３とか)がクソゲーと言っているだけとかありえるように思ったんだけど。
@fut573 後藤誠氏ってFF13のカットシーン担当なんですね。「お前みたいなのが作るムービーばかりのゲームはクソ」とも取れそうですが、素性を理解して返事したのか？という疑問も
@kanose 後、この手のイベントで取材する時、身分証明カードみたいなもの首から下げる事多いので、僕は素性理解していた可能性があると判断しました。
英語の解釈や、質問をした人の素性に思いを巡らせる前に、なぜほんのちょっと調べることができないのでしょう？情報の検証が趣味な方でもこうなのですから、id:TM2501があれぐらいの感じになるのはしょうがないですね。
大統領選でニューヨークタイムズのネイト・シルバーの数理モデル予測が全50州で的中―政治専門家はもはや不要？ | TechCrunch Japan
PECOTA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Election Forecasts - FiveThirtyEight Blog - NYTimes.com
Amazon.co.jp： The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don't: Nate Silver: 洋書
ワグナーは投票日よりかなり前の段階で民主党候補の勝利を予測（しかもこの予想の誤差が150票ほどだったことも開票後に判明）した。
政治コンサルタントの実態暴露だ．彼等は相手候補への中傷と票割れの誘導が仕事 アローの不可能性定理からわかるように完璧な投票システムはない
レンタルブログサービス「Blogger」をご存知だろうか？
ブログサービスを手がける業者は数多くあるけれども、Google本体が行なっているのはBloggerだけ。
そこに書いていたブログが削除された顛末をご紹介したい。
Bloggerはもともとサンフランシスコのパイララボという会社が手がけていたサービスだったが、2003年Googleが買収して今の形になった。
日本では利用者が少ないけれども、SEO対策に優れている（らしい）ことやGoogleAdsenseとの連携が簡単なこともあって、利用者には好評だ。
かくいう私も、現在Bloggerで日本語のブログを240日以上、毎日公開している。
ブログを書く人の目的は様々だと思う。表現欲求を中心に、仲間、人脈を増やしたい人もいるだろうし、顧客を増やしたい法人もいるだろうし、アフィリエイトで儲けたい人もいるだろう。
最近の私の目的は、ブログを書きつつ英語も学ぼう、というもの。
海外の人気サイトを和訳・意訳して紹介するようにしているが、そのうち（海外サイトを紹介するだけでは面白くないよな、日本語サイトにも面白いもの、たくさんあるんだから、それを海外に紹介していこう）
と考えた。
いろいろと逍遥するうちに思い至ったのが「ボケて」（ http://bokete.jp/ ）の英訳だ。
一文が短い、それを訳すのは多少のセンスが要求されるので頭を使う。
それに、海外でもhttp://everythingfunny.org/のようなサイトでも人気のようだ。
他人のふんどしで相撲を取ってやろう、という下世話な感情があったことは否定しない。
（「ボケて」の中でも厳選されたネタを紹介すれば、海外の巨大マーケットからたくさんの人がやってきてウハウハだな！）
というね。
そこは批判されてもしかたない。
ブログの名前は「Silly Captions」にした。
最初はFunny Captionsという名前やStupid Captionsというサイト名にしようとしたが、同じ名前のサイトが多すぎて閉口し、まだ検索数の少ないこのお題に落ち着いた。
お題となる写真を掲載し、そこに英訳したコメントをつけ、その下にアマゾンのアフィリエイトを貼り、その下に、「ボケて」の日本語サイトのリンクを貼る、というシンプルな構成にした。
Bloggerに「ボケて」のリンクを貼ると、ちゃんと元ネタの写真やコメントも表示される。
オリジナルを尊重していたはずだった。
１日目。
http://bokete.jp/boke/2361756
のお題についた
「エヴィバディ！セイ！法〜王」
を、
「Everyboooody! Saaaaay!! Pooooope!」
と訳した。
これは単純で訳しやすかった。
２日目
http://bokete.jp/boke/2387111
のお題についた
「先生がシックスと言う度に振り返ってくる」
を、
「My friend usually looks back to me when the teacher says "Kant".」
と訳した。
英語圏では、sixもsexもありふれている言葉で、そこに子供が敏感に反応することはなかろう、と思って卑語辞典を調べてどうにかそれらしい訳をひねり出すのに呻吟した記憶がある。
３日目
http://bokete.jp/boke/2315945
のお題についた
「俺の中の悪魔が『ヒップホップで食っていけ』とささやいている」
を、
「My Daemon whispers to me that Hip Hop is my calling.」
と訳した。
「俺の中の悪魔が……」というコメントと黒人という組み合わせが、海外じゃ人種差別に取られかねない。
そこでソクラテスのダイモーンを持ちだした。また「食っていけ」というのをどう訳すかでも悩み、
calling＝天職を思いつくのにも小一時間かかった。
４日目。
http://bokete.jp/boke/2271602
のお題についた
「ゴルフ場にしましょう！」
（個人的にはこれが一番のツボ）を、
「"Let's dig up tar sands !」
と訳した。
日本人ならゴルフ場開発が環境破壊をするという問題を共有しているが、海外ではそのような声は聞かれないという。
http://ameblo.jp/terfgrass-rd/day-20111206.html
そこでどう訳そうか……といろいろ考えて、この訳にした。
ご存じの方も多いだろうが、北米では、これまで採算が合わずに放置されていたオイルサンドと呼ばれる揮発成分を失った原油の発掘による環境破壊が大きな問題となっている。
トナカイの繁殖地である森を切り開き、表土をまるごと削り取っていくのだから、ゴルフ場開発など目ではない環境破壊が行われているのだ。
http://www.amakanata.com/2012/10/desmogblog_12.html
そこで、こちらの方がわかり易かろう、と思った、自分でも自信作だ。
そして５日目。
http://sillycaptions.blogspot.jpは、ご覧になった通り、一切合切消えてしまった。
なぜ？ Why？
特にアダルトな内容もないのに……。
Googleから届いたメールは、これだけだ。
「Hello, Your blog at http://sillycaptions.blogspot.com/ has been reviewed and confirmed as in violation of our Terms of Service for: SPAM. In accordance to these terms, we've removed the blog and the URL is no longer accessible. For more information, please review the following resources: Blogger Terms of Service: http://blogger.com/terms.g Blogger Content Policy: http://blogger.com/go/contentpolicy -The Blogger Team」
それだけ。
他の理由は一切なし。
５日目のボケはうろ覚えだが(キャッシュが残っていないので確かめられない)、
http://bokete.jp/odai/126309
のお題についた
「うるせーババア！だから、初めてのお客様にドモホルンリンクルは売れねえって何度も言ってんだろ！」
を
「Shut up! We, Am*y, couldn't sell you our goods if you brought your friends to our company!」
と訳したものだったはずだ。
ドモホルンリンクルじゃ海外ではわかるまい。
ア*ウェイだったら、海外でもネットワークビジネスというその手法に批判が集まっているので、共感してもらえるだろう。
企業名を出すといろいろとはばかれるので、一部伏字にすれば大丈夫だろう……。
その目論見が、みごとはずれた。
株式会社オモロキ（ボケての運営会社）から、抗議が来たなら、あきらめましょう。
このエントリー自体、はてな匿名ダイアリーから消します。
でもね、まだページビューは50人程度。ほとんど注目されていないのを株式会社オモロキがわざわざみつけて、抗議してきたとは考えられない。
だとすると、Googleが主体的に消したのだろう。
Googleは機械的に作業を行なっているはずだから、一企業に対して批判的なコメントを書けば、ブログ自体を削除するような、そんなプログラムを仕込んでいた、ということか？
Googleは、ア*ウェイのようなお得意さんから批判が届いたら、あっという間にブログ自体を消してしまうのか。
日本のSNSだったら、普通は、メールで詳しい理由をちゃんと説明し、該当記事の削除を要請し、従わないならば削除する、というステップを踏む。
そんなこともなく、一方的に削除して、後は口を拭っておしまい。
それがGoogleという会社のやり口だった。
企業のアカウンタビリティーもへったくれもありゃしない。
先日『スタンフォードの自分を変える教室』という書籍を読んだ。
面白かったのが、
「自分たちは良いことをした、と満足する人間は、そのあと、ちょっとくらいは悪いことをしてもいいとか、自分には悪いことをする権利（ライセンス）がある、などと思い違いをしてしまう」
という記述だ。
ご存知の通り、Googleには「邪悪にならない」をモットーに掲げているけれども、彼らがそれを大声で提唱するうちに、この手の雑なユーザーの取り扱いが慢性的になっているんじゃないだろうか。
そりゃ、オモロキに許諾を得ていない、「ボケて」に転載されている写真そのものに著作権があるのかどうかを確認していないなど、突っ込めば問題はいろいろ出てくるだろう。
しかし、規制のゆるいネットでも、最低これだけは抑えるべきなライン、人種差別やホームページ丸パクリをしたわけでもないのに、これはどういう訳だろう？
私の上記のブログがどういう過ちをしたのかさっぱり分からない。
いきなり何の通告もなく一切合切削除する理由が、まったく分からない。
ネットでの不文律を、私が犯したとは到底、思えないのだ。
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Hi. I am the author of "Interviewed 20 Greeks". There are lots views about Greeks on the Japanese web, but most Japanese people haven't had a discussion with Greeks on the recent crisis. We have to imagine other's emotions in order to understand them correctly. When we discuss the world, we have to be actors or novelists. Of course, it is not always true that understanding is accepting. Even if we don't feel sympathy for somebody, we need to correctly know his emotion in order to know his view or logic.
As you can see, it is difficult to say that my English is sophisticated. However, I can communicate with non-Japanese speakers by this. I can do. Of course, you must be able to do. Why don't you have any attempt to communicate with foreign people? Although you have ways to listen to, why do you ignore players' voices? Tell me the reason why you think that you can say something about Greece without talking with Greeks.
Honestly speaking, I don't want to show you my English skill, because Japanese people often criticize other Japanese people's linguistic skills. The reason why I did that is because I want you to know that it is possible to know the world more deeply by your English. Unfortunately, many Japanese people are virtually blind on the world. Our views are often "galapagostic".
『道徳の理由』という本(かなりの古書だ!)を再読したのでちょろっと。
※私はethicsに関しては全くの素人であり、ロールズの正義論でなり、ミルの功利主義なりもまともに読んでいない。
倫理というのはヴィトゲンシュタイン的に言えば一つの言語ゲーム。すなわち、そこに所属している成員に対して要請される規則といえる。もっというと、その社会に所属している成員に対し、「私」が期待するルール。
すると、倫理を私に適用する理由はないように見える。その通り、「ない」とするのが私の見方だ。つまり、倫理とていうのは、あくまで、「オレ」から「オマエ」に発信される言語でしかない。
Why be moral? という語は本質的に why should I be moral?と Why should you be moral? に分別される。後者の方が本質的であるとみるのだ。
しかしながら、倫理には自分自身も縛られる。本来的には「私が道徳を守らねばならない」理由は何も無い。
ただし、この規則は両刃の剣であって、倫理はこの概念が、その社会に所属する全員に適用される時のみ、「倫理」と呼ばれる。つまり、倫理は社会の所属員全員からなる相互監視システムである。
この考えとしては、倫理っつーもんは、村の掟となんら変わるところが無いわけだ。
補足すると、社会は多層的であるから、メンバＡ，Ｂ，Ｃが社会Ｘを形成し、同時に同じメンバが社会Ｚを形成している、ということは用意に想起しうる。人は一枚岩の思考で動いていない。
例えば、クラスの全員が、いじめは慎むべき行動だ、と考えている。(社会成員Xのメンバ)。しかし、同時に、クラスのリーダーであるAに対して不快な行動をとった者に対し、いじめを行うことは推奨される、と考えている。(社会成員Zのメンバ)
話を戻す。この相互監視システムは、相互監視であるから、単体では監視機能は働かない(とひとまず考えることにする。まず主体をyouにおくのだ!)つまり、密室状況において倫理を構成する要素は何も無い。
これは幾分思考実験的な状況だ。現実的な意味で密室などこの世に存在し得ないといえる。猫箱の中で倫理は問えない。しかし、実質的な猫箱なんて社会にはなかなか存在しないのだ。
まぁ、例えばあなたと一人を除いて他の観測者がいない世界で、どうやって第三者があなたを監視するのだ、という問題である。誰も監視できないじゃないか。このような環境下では、そもそも倫理という語が成立しない、というのが原語ゲーム的な倫理観です。(実際には、このような環境化でも倫理は存在しうる。例えば一人で行う行為に対する倫理の第二者からの倫理的判断や、意識の無い第二者に対して行う第一者に対する第二者の遡及的倫理判断など。例えば、地球の存在者一号たるあなたが存在者二号が気絶している間にアッー！をアッー！して、意識がある第二者が何らかの要因でそのことに気づくなど。尻が痛いとか。)
更に問題をややこしくするのが、相互監視システムによって監視されていることは、人間は自分ではなかなか感知できないことにある。知能の高い社会の成員はこの言語ゲームによる制裁を受けないように、証拠の残る反倫理的行動は取らないように務めるが、知能の低い成員はそうではない。また、どこからその制裁の追求が来るかわからないから、人はうかつな行動が取れない。
さらにさらに、言語ゲームでよく言われる話だが、人は一人でも社会を形成する。人は自分と対話することができるが、これは自分のうちに一つの社会を形成しているに等しい。ここでも言語ゲームによる制裁は成立する。これが自分を倫理的に行動せしめる要因の一つだと思う。人は一貫した規則性に基づいて行動するような文化的特性を獲得しており(そりゃ獲得してない人もいるだろうが)、その中には動物的本能から立脚すると思われる特定の行動を含む、ある種の言語ゲームが存在するのだ。これがWhy shoud I be moralに対する根源的回答になるのではないかと思う。
つまり、人が倫理的に、道義的に何かせねばならないと判断をする時、そこには価値判断が伴っている。その価値判断は、本能的形質的文化的なさまざまな要因から定められた判断を取るのだが、それにいいもわるいもないということになる。だって、判断してんの本人だもの。勿論、第三者が介入していい、とか、わるい、とか論じることはできるが、そいつは俺らの言語ゲームであって、彼の言語ゲームではないのである。
逆説的に、自分で自分の行為が道徳的に正しいかどうかを判断しているというのは、極めて社会的なアクションだと言える。そういうわけでは、監視者としての神の存在というのは、実に都合のいい概念なのかもしれないね。
倫理が善概念と結びつくことが多いのは、この種の言語ゲームがひとつのロールモデルを通じて語られることが多いからではないかと思う。
例えば、ギャングの掟なるものを考えてみる。これは、ギャングが他のギャングにあってそうあって欲しい姿であり、かつ、ある程度自分がそうありたいと望む姿になるだろう。これは、ひとつの共同幻想であるとも言える。
さてさて、このような言語ゲームによる倫理の規定は、多くの倫理的問題をすっ飛ばしてきているようだが、少なくとも功利主義的倫理論よりはうまく倫理の現実のありようを捉えているような気もするが、なにぶん門外漢なので、功利主義的説明で説明でき、言語ゲーム的説明では説明できない、本質的な倫理的判断に関する問題があったらご指摘願いたい。まる。
※書いてからコンマ1秒考えたけど、結局これはアプローチの仕方の問題であって、何が正義であるか、何が道徳的であるかということに関しては「なんでもいいんだけどさ」で逃げてるなぁ。だから、「なぜ道徳的であらねばならないか」はぼんやりと答えているけど、「道徳的であるとは(ソクラテス的な意味を前提した上で)なんであるか」ということに対しては、回答を拒否している。それこそ言語ゲームによるよね、と。イワシを祭ろうが隣人を石でぶとうがしったこっちゃねーや、という考えだ。そして、列車急停止のジレンマに対してこんなとんでもない回答を出すのだ。「おい、目の前の人間の顔色伺えよ。どっち答えて欲しそうなんだよ。そっちって言っとけ。」
ホッテントリに上がっていた以下の記事と記事内にあった動画を見ました。
大阪教育基本条例はアメリカで破たんした落ちこぼれゼロ法とそっくりと指摘した報道番組VOICEに逆上する橋下氏
http://akiharahaduki.blog31.fc2.com/blog-entry-776.html
このブログ自体は、記事一覧（http://akiharahaduki.blog31.fc2.com/archives.html）
を見るかぎり反橋下記事で埋め尽くされていますので、そういうスタンスのブログであり、大した検証や理解もなく自分に都合のよい情報に飛びついただけであろう、という事は分かります。
アメリカのNo Child Left Behind Act（落ちこぼれゼロ法）について失敗であったと断じ、ことさらネガティブなイメージで報道していますが、一体何を根拠にこんなことを言っているのでしょうか。
動画内に登場するDiane Ravitch教授が著名な学者あり落ちこぼれゼロ法支持から不支持に変わった人物であることに間違いはありませんが、それはあくまで彼女個人の思想の問題です。
（Why I Changed My Mind About School Reform - http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704869304575109443305343962.html）
動画では彼女のコメント以外に失敗と断じた根拠が一切示されていません。
グラフの一つすらも出てきません。実際見た方の中には違和感を覚えた方も少なくはないと思います。
それはある意味当然でしょう。
現在、アメリカでは落ちこぼれゼロ法で示された教育改革の方向性はむしろ加速しています。
確かにオバマ大統領は落ちこぼれゼロ法の撤回を決めましたが（http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/09/gop-pounces-on-obamas-education-changes.php）
それは当初設定された、2014年までにアメリカ全土の学生全ての学力レベルを一定以上に引き上げる、という目標値が高すぎたためにその目標を断念したというだけです。
学力テストがなくなるわけでも以前の教育制度に戻るわけでもありません。
更に、校長と教員の評価システムについては今後も推し進めるとしています。
Under Obama’s new plan, states can request flexibility from specific NCLB mandates, but only if they are transitioning students, teachers, and schools to a system with college- and career-ready standards for all students and developing built-in accountability that reports the lowest performing 5 percent of schools and the 10 percent with the largest achievement gaps, as well as teacher and principal evaluations that include student performance.
この教員評価システムは現在、全米で強く進められている政策で（http://ameblo.jp/terada1963/entry-11039010391.html）
例えば、フロリダ州マイアミでは、学力テストの結果を元に教員にボーナスを支給するとしています。
更に複数の州で導入されている教員評価システムでは教員の長期雇用保障をなくし、毎年更新する形にするともしています。
The law also eliminates long-term job protection for new teachers, instead putting them on one-year contracts.
このように、もしアメリカの教育改革を持ち出すのであれば、どちらかというと橋下さんに味方するものといっても良いくらいでしょう。
もちろん現段階でこの政策、教育改革が将来、成功であったと評価されるのか失敗であったと評価されるのかそれは分かりません。
しかし、それを
【 1 】 searching. Summer mood
Warm sunshine in the body and melted the remaining the sorrow, but increase some warm meaning. Half a narrowed her eyes, look long rear its head, the suspension of the golden ball still smiled at me. The window, have always liked position, whether in the coffee shop or the teahouse or is a fast-food restaurant, as long as is the place all to sit down for the habitual by a window. So, I can clearly see the outside world, see clearly in the outside walk every one.
I am a fear of stay in that vague world people, can now, are steps into the relationship that vague. Once the countless times told himself, the person to work to clear and plainly, clean, neat. But, now of oneself, not only drag, ya, indecision is at sixes and sevens, blurred.
Summer, is a hot season, also is a easily lose season. Each people all have everyone's temper, and summer, let everyone's temper to acme. Stimulate each other's sensory nerve, little the release of anger. They have with anger, with anger passing, also have with anger of fighting the performance...
All kinds of people are full of all kinds of release methods, and I still slowly, don't worry about being by your side. Pay attention to you every day the fickle mood, ponder your mood every day of good and bad. Sometimes think, time is like a medicine, and like a poison. It makes us forget the pain before, but start the next paragraph sad. It let we abandon our past and desolate, but to a desolate.
【 2 】 summer. Away from grief
Spring as the fallen petal go, wearing a suit LuYeEr of summer in the jump in the warm wind coming, I like winning, jubilant welcome the arrival of the summer. I like summer, like the warm sunshine. Like the sunrise, also like the sunset. Like the golden sun, also like the warmth of sunshine.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my world will not too cold.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my life not too dark.
Where there is sun, and I think the world is full of hope.
Had the sunlight, I have confidence has been waiting for you.
The recent weather and began to change is full of sunshine in the morning, and at noon, will see the sun's trail, the change is the roaring winds, bully touching each corner, don't allow a little resistance. Recently is always looking for a variety of ways, to ease his trouble and sorrow. No longer let oneself and sad hook, no longer let yourself with tears become attached to, so, no longer let their sorrow.
Recently, always looking for all kinds of things to do, like have do not like, just like it or not, will be serious to do. So it won't have too much time to think some the mess of things, so that it doesn't always have my insignificant problem into the inside and you weep alone.
[3] night. sensational
With only a sunshine gradually exit out of the window, the moonlight slowly emerging, tight with all kinds of the stars also slowly appeared in the sky. The earth is a light moonlight and the stars into romantic ornament night. Little stars sings like pearl inlaid in under the canopy, ShanShanDe with a light, and the next you said nothing, as if to see this wonderful night.
Into that familiar with the place, the habitual open air conditioning, open the curtains, the outside world is still so wonderful, the stars and not because night and receding, but more glow. At the moment, finally understand, why do so many people like stars in the night, the night the crush.
Tonight's you, different from ordinary, striking a little can't believe. Don't know is his vision, or a real feelings, whether true or not true world. All like tonight's you, suddenly a few days before the fall of all scores brought. Perhaps that is part of your charm.
Night, still as black, so quiet. Just, tonight's night, less afraid.
I and, as usual, quiet looking at the sleeping you, the mouth cape raise filar silk smile and this is that light taste happiness?
__________________________________________________________________
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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やけくそで「光の射す方へ」向かって、I can fly！なんてしてはいけませんよ。
さて、そんなみなさまの「帰りたい 帰れない」の思いを
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 勇次 | 長渕剛 | 1985年 | 過去 | 若気の至りで家出した | ★ |
| 新しいスタート | 岡村孝子 | 1991年 | 過去 | 人生の門出を前に意気込む | ★ |
| 郷愁 | 斉藤和義 | 1997年 | 過去 | 帰省が終わって、また普段の生活に戻らないといけない | ★ |
| Gates of heaven | Do As Infinity | 2003年 | 過去 | クスリがやめられない | ★ |
| 手のひら re-birth | MCU | 2006年 | 過去 | 自分探し | ★ |
| 鼓動 | GLAY | 2007年 | 過去 | 大人になるのって哀しい | ★ |
| 矛盾だらけのWedding Song | GiFT | 2008年 | 過去 | 子供の頃好きだった女性が他の男と結婚した | ★ |
| 燻-くゆる- | ナイトメア | 2006年 | 穢れなきセピア（過去） | 汚れる前に初期衝動を思いだせ（初心を忘れたくない） | ★ |
終わった恋は取り返しがつきません。
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 落葉の駅 | 八代亜紀 | - | 恋人 | 何も言わず恋人の元を飛びだして | ★ |
| 風立ちぬ | 松田聖子 | 1981年 | 恋人 | 恋人と別れてセンチメンタル | ★ |
| 無言坂 | 香西かおり | 1993年 | 恋人 | 恋人が浮気したので家出した | ★ |
| 涙の海峡 | 松原のぶえ | 1996年 | 恋人 | 北国の冬は人肌恋しい | ★ |
| 山吹色の木の下で | タオルズ | 2005年 | 恋人、過去 | いつもの風景に、昔を思い出した | ★ |
八代亜紀の「落葉の駅」なんて、
男が自分の為にあたふたしているのをみると
めんどくさいですねぇ。
でも、おじさんはそういうのキライじゃないよ。
日本歌謡曲における「北国」「津軽」「海峡」の頻度は異常でございます。
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 津軽 | 岩木淳 | - | 故郷 | やけ酒してホームシック | ★ |
| 帰りたい帰れない | 加藤登紀子 | 1970年 | 故郷 | 母からの手紙でホームシック | ★ |
| 望郷しぐれ | 山本譲二 | 1986年 | 故郷 | 実家からの小包でホームシック | ★ |
| カントリー・ロード | 本名陽子 | 1996年 | 故郷 | もう故郷に帰れない | ★ |
| 上野発 | 和田青児 | 1999年 | 故郷 | 上野発北国行きの電車 | ★ |
| 夢千里 | キム・ヨンジャ | 2002年 | 故郷 | 海を荒れてたからホームシック | ★ |
| 津軽慕情 | 山本謙司 | 2004年 | 故郷 | 酒飲んでホームシック | ★ |
| リンゴのふる里へ | 和田青児 | 2005年 | 故郷 | 雲が北に流れていたのでホームシック | ★ |
| ひだまり | 石野田奈津代 | 2009年 | 故郷 | 上京して大変だけど私は元気です | ★ |
| 帰りたい | 千田裕之 | 2010年 | 故郷、過去 | ふと思いだしてホームシック | ★ |
| 東京シャボン玉 | 天童よしみ | 2011年 | 故郷 | 上京したけど思い通りいかない四畳半生活 | ★ |
| バイ マイ タウン | HOW MERRY MARRY | 2011年 | 故郷 | 上京して大変だけど負けないよ | ★ |
昔はたまに来る手紙だったのが、
そんな中でも、最近の若い人の歌は、
上京したての初々しさが伝わってきていいですね。
「ひだまり（石野田奈津代）」は、いずれ「東京シャボン玉（天童よしみ）」状態になるのも、
頑張れ、若い人！
どのように歌われているのでしょうか。
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 大迷惑 | ユニコーン | 1989年 | 家 | マイホーム買ったら転勤を命じられたでござる | ★ |
あるあるｗｗｗ
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 雨の子守唄 | リサ | 2009年 | 家 | 子どもが家にいるのに水商売な自分 | ★ |
| 曲名 | アーティスト | 発売年 | 帰りたい場所 | 概要 | 歌詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tell me why? | Lil'B | 2009年 | 家 | デートしてるのに恋人に冷たくあしらわれた | ★ |
デートやめて家に帰っちゃえよｗｗｗ
DV男ばっかり引き寄せちゃうんだよ！
なるほど、「帰りたい 帰れない」は様々ですね。
が！
よくよく観察するとw
寝ているのかな～？(-_-)zzz
Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451
For a long time, I am in a dark box.
According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.
When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.
I must say, how terrible the situation is.
It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.
Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.
Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.
Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.
Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.
As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.
No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.
The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!
Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?
I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.
There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.
Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.
Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.
I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.
In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.
I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.
About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.
I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.
If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.
My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!
At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.
Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.
No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.
In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.
Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.
I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.
The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.
The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.
Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.
I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.
合コンに行ったはいいが、話が続かなかったぞ！どないしたらええねん！内輪で盛り上がるしかなかったぞ！なんて思ってる人いませんか？
相手の好きなこと、好きなものを聞き出す
ということはすごく大事。自分の好きなものについて人に話すのって、楽しいでしょ？
これを引き出す質問の具体例としては、
「休みの日は何をしてるの？」
「趣味とかってある？」
「どんな音楽聴くの？」
「食べ物は何系が好き？」
「どんなところを旅行するのが好き？」
とかですね。「でも聞き出したけど、すぐに会話が終わってしまったぞ」っていう声が聞こえてきそうですね。相手の好きなものを聞き出したら、どのようにその話を深めていくのでしょうか。
「写真を撮るのが好きなの」
【いい例】
「どこかに出かけて写真撮るの？」（Where）
「何の写真を撮るの？」（What）
「どんなカメラを使ってるの？」（How）
【悪い例】
×「あ、僕も好きですよ」（Me）
×「他に何が好き？」（話変えちゃった！）
ほんとによく言われることだけど、
5W1Hに沿って臨機応変に質問し、相手に気持ちよく話してもらう
っていうのが基本なんだよね。自分の話は最低限でいい。合コンでは相手に気分良くしゃべらせてあげましょう。注意点としては、共感しながら聞くこと。「うんうん、そうだよねー。それは楽しいよねー」って。そうでないと、面接の質問みたいになっちゃうから。
で、もう一つ、聞くときのコツなんだけど、
相手の話をまとめながら聞く
これが重要。
「なるほど、休みの日に一人で車に乗って山の方まで行くのかあ」
「そっかー。～～～しなきゃいけないのに、うっかり～～～しちゃったんだー」
というような感じ。相手の話をまとめることで、相手が「聞いてくれてる！」っていう気持ちになるという利点があります。また、これをすることで、自分の中で、相手の話をしっかり聞こうという意識が高くなる。
で、まとめた後はそしてこんなふうに続ける。
「山の方まで行って、それからどうするの？」
「その失敗のあと、どうなったの？」
パターン化すると、
「～～なんだね。それで？」
ということです。まだイメージがわきにくい？じゃあ、恋のから騒ぎでの明石家さんまをトークを聞いてください。あの人は、ちゃんと相手の話をまとめながら聞いてます。YouTubeにも上がってます。さんまのトークをコピーしろなんて決して言わないけど、相手の話を引き出す超一流の技術をぜひ学んでください。
■相手の好きなこと、好きな物を聞き出す（相手の「うれしい」「楽しい」を引き出すトーク）
■相手の話の「いつ」「どこで」「誰が」「何をした」「なぜ」（5W1H）を、相手の話をまとめながら聞き出す
では、頑張って合コンに行ってらっしゃい！
You bring me right back down to the Earth from the Promised Land
We’re getting close to the center of the Earth with an honest plan.
確たる意志を携えて ぼくらは世界の中心にいくんだ
You’ll never be your mother or your father do you understand?
きみはとうさんやかあさんみたいになれない わかってる？
Until you understand!
なら きみがわかってくれるまで
We don’t have too much time here, and time it travels far too fast!
We’re not too far we’re turning, before they take it from our hands!
いつだってぼくら 引き返せるよ あいつらに全部うばわれるまえに
Why don’t you teach your heart to fill, and give your love love,
きみの心を満たしておくれよ そして 愛を 愛を
Give your love love and give it all away
愛をちょうだい そして すべてさらけだして
Why don’t you teach your heart to talk and give your love love,
きみの心を打ち明けておくれよ そして 愛を 愛を
愛をちょうだい
ぼくの欲しいもの ちょうだい
We’ll takのe you right back down to the Earth from the Motherland,
きみは呼ばれてここにくるんだ ぼくらは母国から君を呼ぶんだ
This is a first-class journey from the gods to the son of man.
You’re at the gates of human evolution don’t you understand?
きみは門の前まで来てるんだ 人類の進化の門の前まで わかるだろ?
Why don’t you understand [understand]?
わかってくれよ
We don’t have too much time here, and time it travels far too fast!
We’re not too far we’re turning, before they take it from our hands!
いつだってぼくら 引き返せるよ あいつらに全部うばわれるまえに
Why don’t you teach your heart to fill, and give your love love,
きみの心を満たしておくれよ そして 愛を 愛を
Give your love love and give it all away
愛をちょうだい そして すべてさらけだして
Why don’t you teach your heart to talk and give your love love,
きみの心を打ち明けておくれよ そして 愛を 愛を
愛をちょうだい
ぼくの欲しいもの ちょうだい
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
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