「the Time」を含む日記

■anond:20180217192243

For the time being, the theme of gender discrimination has been actively discussing at MASUDA.

"For the time being" は「今の所」(*until some other arrangement is made*) の意味があるので Recently とかが穏当． あと has actively been *discussed* ですね．

It will be evidence that people's attention is gathered to various problems and inconsistencies arising from gender difference between men and women.

Spotlight is starting to be applied to the darkness that has been overlooked so far.

It will be *the* evidence. ですが別に今後証拠になるだろうという文面ではないので It is the evidence とか It signifies とかでいいのではないでしょうか． Spotlight は apply より focus とか put をよく使うようです．

Before Human underlying desire ~ the transformation desire as LGBT deliver the death blow against Japan which is declined birthrate, Japanese must bring back from the dark side to the light side.

これは*the desire underlying humanity* とかのほうがスッキリしそう． which *has* declining birthrate とか， whose birth rate is declining, かな

Lord, and light, guide our Masuda who will get lost.

迷える子羊は stray の方をつかうのでそっちに合わせてもいいかも．

流し読みで失礼しました．

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 20:17

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■anond:20171207113409

Hey Steve! How have you been? It's exactly the time to reconstruct Apple. I strongly plead you to go back to there and employ nvidia gpus on mac as the very first!

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 11:41

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■http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170429110724

Google翻訳：

Although I am a college college student but recently I went to the test site of the Futamata River by the license renewal I was suddenly inverse of an Afro hair woman like Esperanza Spalding but my hair style was so beautiful but my face was so beautiful that I exchanged the tension and exchanged the line that day Although I broke up but the message arrived and it was invitation of the gong consomme so it got even more tension Soon after talking to the department's friends I gathered members and gathered at the private room pub in Ikebukuro yesterday Esperanza Spalding Because I got urgent, I joined up late, so I started drinking with men and women 3, for the time being, for the time being I started to drink 4 girls 3 and the situation of the three girls was obviously crazy and everyone's cute but the face is cute, but the behavior has been consistently suspicious and constantly dull Absolutely by moderation We are not trying to fit together what the matter These children are becoming uneasy but I come with pins at once so that they are all virgins and not quite accustomed to men so I think they are getting nervous so tense If that happens, the men are reincarnated again in the meaning that it is exciting but even if we struggle hard we can not relax their tensions, oh well, if you are confused with what you've done already Unexpected development One of three visited us to take out the booklet from the bag as a matter of fact and began to distribute it to our male team and it seems that if we look closely it is a group name that we have never heard of as an admission guide for emerging religion but we are staggering as to what I got to say that they started to recruit us seriously and spirited about the wonder of the cult and the greatness of the guru and the depth of history and the appreciation of the interests But all three of the girls changed their hands a little while ago and now we are relaxing and we have to stay silent for the time being silent as soon as we go into time like hell and fall apart suddenly the branch of the private room suddenly As the girls screamed at once with all the girls shouting "Guru-sama!" As they all looked at, look at them and wear a rag in the whole body and gods of Afrohair with a golden stick stand standing and see well with Esperanza Spalding While placing a nice smile on the placard, "There is a great success! Although it was all written as it was written as it was all It was a genuine thing seemed to be the entrance guidance of the cult but if it asked what you want to do is to cooperate with friends of the design major, The greetings and the history of the cult and so forth are written carefully and photographs and illustrations are abundantly used and the layout is also getting stuck. I thought that this wasteful energy pouring condition is usually thoughtful but usually they are beauty and theater theater circle Doing it and it seems to be an actor fellow there, just a while ago I came up with this fake religion Dokkari and looked for a target It seemed me that I was captured in the truth so it seems that three of my friends took care of the collaboration but since I was made a solicitude Girls who were suspiciously behaviorally suspicious because they got tension relaxed at once Espana spallding was also funky at the highest Espana Spalling was also funky so I was already enjoying it too much I drunk quite drinking I felt memory flew from the way I seemed to have collapsed apparently but when I woke up 4 men were at an internet cafe and everyone remembered too much I am not sure, girls are not found anywhere Even if I line it to Esperanza Spalding I will not be read Alright, while thinking that gossip with beauty students is dangerous, I wrote this in a private room of a net cafe now.

再翻訳：

私は大学生ですが、最近は二代目川の試験場に免許更新で行きました。私は突然エスペランサ・スパルディングのようなアフロ髪の女性とは逆でしたが、私の髪型はとても美しいですが、私の顔はとてもきれいでしたその日に緊張を交わしてその日のラインを交換しましたが、メッセージが届きましたが、それはゴングコンソムの招待で、もっと緊張しました。すぐに部署の友人と話した後、私はメンバーを集め、池袋のプライベートルームパブに集まりました昨日エスペランサ・スパルディング緊急事態になったので、私は遅く入社したので、当分の間、私は男女3人で飲み始めました。私は4人の女の子3を飲み始めました.3人の女の子の状況は明らかに狂っていました。誰もがかわいいが、顔はかわいいですが、その行動は一貫して疑わしく、常に鈍いです。絶対に適度には私たちは一緒に取り組もうとしていません。不安ですが、私は一度にピンを持ってくるので、彼らはすべて処女であり、男性にはあまり慣れていないので、彼らは緊張していると思います。そのようなことが起きれば、男性は再び興奮するという意味で生まれ変わります。あなたがすでに行ったことと混同している場合は、緊張を緩和することはできません。予期せぬ開発3人のうち1人が、実際にバッグから小冊子を取り出して、男性に配布し始めました私たちが密接に見ると、それは新興宗教の入学ガイドとしては聞いたことのないグループ名ですが、私たちは真剣に私たちを募集し始めると言うことを驚かせています。カルトの偉大さと歴史の深さと利益の尊重しかし、少女の3人はすべて少し前に手を変え、今はリラックスしているので、私たちは静かなまま静かにしなければならないすぐw地獄のように時間が掛かり、突然個室の枝が崩壊する突然、女の子たちが一瞬に叫んで「女達さま」と叫んだ。彼らが見ているように、それらを見て、全身にぼかしをかけ、アフロヘアの神々を金色の杖で立って立て、Esperanza Spaldingとよく会ってください。プラカードに素敵な笑顔を浮かべている間、「大成功です！それはすべて書かれたようにすべて書かれていました。それはカルトの入口指針と思われる本物のものでしたが、あなたがしたいことを尋ねるなら、デザイン専攻の友人と協力することです、挨拶と歴史写真やイラストが豊富に使われてレイアウトも詰まっているこの無駄なエネルギー注ぎ込みは普通は思慮深いと思っていましたが、通常は美しさと演劇劇場サークルですそこの俳優になってください、ちょっと前に、私はこの偽の宗教のDokkariを思いついて目標を探しました。私は真実に捕らえられたようでしたので、3人の友人が協力してくれたようです私は恋人となったので、疑わしい行動が疑わしい女の子たちは緊張感を緩和していたので、Españaも最高のファンキーであった。Spallingもファンキーだったので、私はすでにそれを楽しんでいた。私は明らかに崩壊したようでしたが、私が目を覚ましたときにインターネットカフェに4人の男性がいて、みんながあまりにも多くを思い出していました。私はよく分からない、女の子はどこにも見られません。私はEsperanza Spaldingに行けても、美容師とのゴシップは危険だと思って、ネットカフェのプライベートルームにこれを書きました。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 12:27

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■鉄血

ホモだホモだって叩かれるんかな

富野がインタビューで「アムロはシャアが好き」「二人はホモじゃないかと思うくらい肉感的な部分が出せたらいい」、

あとBEYOND　THE TIMEはシャアがアムロを想う気持ちの歌とかそんな感じのこと昔から色々言ってるけど

今やったら腐媚びだって言われるんだろうか

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 17:40

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■http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170219143625

曲とアニメAnilogia IDの対応表です。

ご確認お願いします。

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 14:39

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■ナイチンゲールと斧

http://b.hatena.ne.jp/entry?eid=315450106

ブコメに書ききれなくなったので増田で。

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005752638/enの論文で、エドワード・クック「ナイチンゲール伝」(1914年)1巻に記載があると書いてある。

ネットに原著があったので読んでみた。

原著の該当らしき部分は203p

https://archive.org/stream/lifeofflorenceni01cookuoft#page/202/mode/2up

この本には、ナイチンゲールが斧を持って薬箱を叩き割ったという逸話は記載されていない。

シャツ等の物資の入った政府貨物を強制的に空けたという話も「一般に広く流布している」ものの「確証はない」となっている。

ただ一方で”I think that Miss Nightingale was quite capable of the dreadful deed." (ナイチンゲール女史は荒事に非常に長けていたはずだと思う）とも言っている。

「公式記録はないが、あの人ならやりかねん」みたいなニュアンスなんでしょうか。

（ちゃんと訳せてないかもですが。Roebuck Committeeってなんだ？）

以下抜粋。

"February 1855, she received a requisition from the medical

officers at Balaclava for shirts. She knew that 27,000 shirts

had at her instance been sent by Government from home,

and they were already landed. But the Purveyor would

not let them be used ; "he could not unpack them without

a Board." Three weeks elapsed before the Board released

the shirts. The sick and wounded, lying shivering for want

of rugs and shirts, would have expressed themselves forcibly,

I fear, if it had been explained that they must shiver still

until the Board of Survey's good time had arrived.

Miss Nightingale's impatience at such delays was the

origin, doubtless, of a story which had wide currency at

the time that on one occasion she ordered a Government

consignment to be opened forcibly, while the officials wrung

their hands at the thought of what the Board of Survey

might presently say. The story was mentioned in the

Roebuck Committee ; and, though it was not confirmed, I

think that Miss Nightingale was quite capable of the dreadful

deed."

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 19:35

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■http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20150915095945

Google

You is regrettable not even let go of the proceeds from the Education Returning to the Showa era killed been caught off imaginary.

エキサイト

Even if you leave the income by the educational background when it's caught off guard, and the time is killed and returns in Showa, it isn't valuable.

Yahoo

It is not precious even if I part with an income by the educational background if it is made a surprise attack on, and you are murdered, and the times return to Showa.

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 10:02

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■これだけは聞いとけ卒業スピーチ7+1(英語学習者向け)

"The secret I've learned to getting ahead is being open to the lessons." by Oprah Winfrey, Stanford 2008

David Foster Wallace, Kenyon College, 2005

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CrOL-ydFMI

Full Transcript: http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drkelly/DFWKenyonAddress2005.pdf

The only thing that's capital-T True is that you get to decide how you're gonna try to see it. This, I submit, is the freedom of a real education, of learning how to be well-adjusted. You get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn't. You get to decide what to worship.

Conan O'Brien, Dartmouth College, 2011

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELC_e2QBQMk

Transcript: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~commence/news/speeches/2011/obrien-speech.html

It is our failure to become our perceived ideal that ultimately defines us and makes us unique. It's not easy, but if you accept your misfortune and handle it right, your perceived failure can become a catalyst for profound re-invention.

or, "Nietzsche famously said "Whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger." But what he failed to stress is that it almost kills you."

Jeff Bezos, Princeton 2010

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBmavNoChZc

Transcript: http://www.businessinsider.com/we-are-what-we-choose-2010-6

"Cleverness is a gift, kindness is a choice. Gifts are easy -- they're given, after all. Choices can be hard. You can seduce yourself with your gifts if you're not careful, and if you do, it'll probably be to the detriment of your choices."

Dick Costolo, Michigan, 2013

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqRPesTumlA

You can’t plan a script. BE in THIS moment.

or, "You need to make more courageous choices. Take courageous risks."

David McCullough, Wellesley High School 2012

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lfxYhtf8o4

Transcript: http://www.myfoxboston.com/story/18720284/2012/06/06/full-transcript-youre-not-special-speech

And read… read all the time… read as a matter of principle, as a matter of self-respect. Read as a nourishing staple of life.

You're not special. Because everyone is.

Ellen DeGeneres, Tulane 2009

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JccudODwwY

Transcript: http://gradspeeches.com/2009/2009/ellen-degeneres

"If you don’t remember a thing I said today, remember this, you’re going to be ok, dum de dumdumdum, just dance.

or, "the most important thing in your life is to live your life with integrityand not to give into peer pressure to try to be something that you’re not, to live your life as an honest and compassionate person, to contribute in some way. So to conclude my conclusion, follow your passion, stay true to yourself. "

Steve Jobs, Stanford, 2005

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc

Transcript: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to Heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because death is very likely the single best invention of life. It is life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

おまけ Elon Musk, TED

Chris Anderson: Elon, how have you done this? These projects are so -- Paypal, SolarCity, Tesla, SpaceX, they're so spectacularly different, they're such ambitious projects at scale. How on Earth has one person been able to innovate in this way? What is it about you?

18:33

Elon Musk: I don't know, actually. I don't have a good answer for you. I work a lot. I mean, a lot.

Transcript: http://www.ted.com/talks/elon_musk_the_mind_behind_tesla_spacex_solarcity/transcript?language=en

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 23:21

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■なぜiPhoneやiPadに表示される時間はいつもAM9:41なのか？

Why 9:41 AM is always the time displayed on iPhones and iPads

Yoni Heisler | Apr 14th 2014 2:00 PM EDT

via HackerNews

http://m.tuaw.com/2014/04/14/why-9-41-am-is-the-always-the-time-displayed-on-iphones-and-ipad/

タイトルでお腹一杯。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 07:53

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■http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20140220180940

冬のオリンピックからフィギアスケートは既に無くなっているよ

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Cinquanta

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オッタヴィオチンクアンタ（ローマ、 1938年8月15日生まれ）は、国際スケート連盟の会長と国際オリンピック委員会のメンバーです。

彼は1996年から1994年ISU位置とIOC位置を開催しています。

2000年、彼は、IOC執行委員会は、彼が2008年まで開催されているという立場のメンバーに選出された。

前に、ISU会長になることに、彼はISU副社長だったショートトラックスピードスケートのための技術委員会の委員長の前に。

チンクアンタ氏は、陸上競技でのアイスホッケー選手として、アイススピードスケートとして実施ミラノ、イタリアで育った。チンクアンタは大学に出席し、彼は経営学を中心に活躍した。 ISU議長に彼の選挙の時に、 56歳の時、彼は国際的な化学会社の経営者としての立場から引退した。

チンクアンタが最初にISU議長に選出されたとき、彼は最初に、ABCスポーツとの重要なテレビの契約を含むいくつかの商業契約を交渉した後、ISUのイベントで賞金を導入した人プログレッシブとした。これは、ISUがそうで、トップスケーターに大規模な出演料を提供していた承認されていない作のためテレビのプロスケート競技会に参加するオリンピック適格スケートを残している可能性がアスリートを保持することができました。テレビのお金もISUを含む、両方のフィギュアスケートとスピードスケートの分岐で開発プログラムのさまざまなを維持することができ、例えば、フィギュアスケートのISUグランプリ。

しかし、彼のスピードスケート背景、チンクアンタは、特にカナダと米国では、フィギュアスケート界からの批判にかなりの量の対象となっている。 2002冬季オリンピックはスキャンダルフィギュアスケートの間に、彼は彼の曖昧と、彼は「図がうまくスケート知っている」しなかったことを彼の入学を批判された。 [ 1 ]スポーツについての知識の彼公言不足にもかかわらず、彼は提案した[ 2 ]主な特徴、これまで個々の裁判官が競争をマークしたのかを知ることから誰かを妨げる秘密であるフィギュアスケートのための新しいスコアリングシステム。ワシントンD.C. 、 2003年世界フィギュアスケート選手権で秘密審査の実施は、彼が紹介されたときはいつでも、 [ 3 ]チンクアンタと個人的に視聴者jeeredされ、そのイベントでファンの抗議をもたらすのに十分な論議をした。 [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

彼はそのイベントの開会式では、滑走のローカルスケート好きなカート·ブラウニングを防止するための専門性を呼び出した後にチンクアンタは、以前大声[ 6 ] [ 7 ]と再びで、エドモントン、アルバータ州にある1996年世界フィギュアスケート選手権でファンからブーイングされていたミネアポリス、ミネソタ州にある1998年大会は、 [ 8 ]

チンクアンタは連続してすべてのISU選挙学会でISU議長に再選されており、それは[誰によって？]と推定され、1994年に彼の最初の選挙以来、約30の技術革新は、図の投与2枝に関する国際スケート連盟に導入されていることをスケートとスピードスケート

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Ottavio Cinquanta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

2011 Rostelecom Cup - Ottavio Cinquanta.jpg

Ottavio Cinquanta (born 15 August 1938, in Rome), is President of the International Skating Union and a member of the International Olympic Committee.

He has held the ISU position since 1994 and the IOC position since 1996.

In 2000 he was elected member of the IOC Executive Committee, position that he has held until 2008.

Prior to becoming ISU President he was ISU Vice President and before the Chair of its Technical Committee for Short Track Speed Skating.

Cinquanta grew up in Milan, Italy, where he practiced as an ice hockey player, in athletics and as an ice speed skater. Cinquanta attended university and he was mainly active in business administration. At the time of his election to the ISU Presidency, at the age of 56, he retired from his position as a manager of an international chemical company.

When Cinquanta was first elected to the ISU Presidency, he was initially regarded as a progressive who introduced prize money at ISU Events after negotiating several commercial contracts, including an important television contract with ABC Sports. This allowed the ISU to retain athletes who might have otherwise left Olympic-eligible skating to participate in unsanctioned made-for-television professional skating competitions, which were then offering large appearance fees to top skaters. The television money also allowed the ISU to sustain a variety of development programs in both Figure Skating and Speed Skating branches, including, for example, the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating.

However, because of his speed skating background, Cinquanta has been the subject of a considerable amount of criticism from the figure skating community, particularly in Canada and the United States. During the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal, he was criticized for his evasiveness and his admission that he didn't "know figure skating so well".[1] In spite of his professed lack of knowledge about the sport, he proposed a new scoring system for figure skating[2] whose major feature is secrecy which would prevent anyone from ever knowing how an individual judge had marked the competition. The implementation of secret judging at the 2003 World Figure Skating Championships in Washington, D.C., was controversial enough to result in a fan protest at that event,[3] with Cinquanta personally being jeered by the audience whenever he was introduced.[4][5]

Cinquanta had previously been loudly booed by fans at the 1996 World Figure Skating Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, after he invoked a technicality to prevent local skating favorite Kurt Browning from skating in the opening ceremony of that event[6][7] and again at the 1998 Championships in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[8]

Cinquanta has been consecutively reelected to the ISU Presidency at all the ISU elective Congresses and it is estimated[by whom?] that since his first election in 1994, approximately thirty innovations have been introduced in the International Skating Union regarding the two branches administered of Figure Skating and Speed Skating.

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Permalink | 記事への反応(2) | 21:48

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■中国による防空識別圏設定について国際法の観点から書いてみる

追記(2013年12月1日9時04分)

先日、江沢民に対して逮捕状がだされた件（http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20131120204514）について書いた増田です。

本稿の内容一部手直ししました。何か間違いがございましたら、遠慮なくご指摘お願いします。

　つい先日中国がADIZを設定したことで世の中は大盛り上がりのようです。ここはてなでも極東ブログさんが

中国が設定した防空識別圏について

http://finalvent.cocolog-nifty.com/fareastblog/2013/11/post-46f6.html

　こんな記事を書いたり、scopedogさんが

“中国の防空識別圏だけが異常”って本当？

http://d.hatena.ne.jp/scopedog/20131128/1385658620

　という記事を書いたりとそこそこに盛り上がっていたと思います。ただ、このお二方は残念ながら国際法の観点から書いておらず、どうにも政治的態度の表明に終始している感が否めません。なので、本稿では国際法、国家実行の観点からADIZ及び空の自由に関して記述していきたいと思います。

大前提(領空主権とは何か)

　まずは領空主権を巡る国際法についてさらっとおさらいしおきましょう。

　ライト兄弟による飛行機の実験、ブレリオによるドーバー海峡横断などは言うまでもないでしょうが、飛行機の歴史は比較的最近のものです。そのため、かつては原則的空域自由説や、無害飛行権を認める条件付空域主権説が主流でした。ところが、ここで第一次大戦が発生してしまったのです。この大戦では近代兵器が初めて大規模に使われましたが、飛行機もまたその例外ではありませんでした。なので、空域主権説をとる国が増加しました。

　第一次大戦後に結ばれた1919年のパリ国際航空条約、そしてそれに続く1944年のシカゴ航空条約を読めばその変化がはっきりとわかります。こうして領空においては国家の主権が完全に及ぶことになったのです。ところで、領空とは国境もしくは領海の外側の限界までですが、裏を返せば、それよりも先、つまり公海や排他的経済水域(EEZ)の上空では飛行の自由が認められています。このことは国連海洋法条約でも明示されています。

　以上を見れば分かるように、許可なしに他国の領空を飛行するときは領空侵犯と見なされるため、実生活では大変な不便を強いられることはすぐに分かりますね。そこで、領域国の着陸要求や航空路の指定等にしたがうことを条件として、不定期航空の民間航空機に限って他国の領空を飛行し、同時に運輸以外の目的における着陸の権利を認めました。当然ながら、国の飛行機には認められません。

　なら、定期国際航空業務に就く民間機はどうなるのかというと、こっちは特別の許可を必要としています。なので、定期国際航空運送は、二国間の特別協定を通して行われています。現在ではアメリカによるオープン・スカイ政策に倣った協定も多く結ばれるようになっています。これは文字通りいちいち政府の許可をとらなくても民間は自由に航路を変更できるというものです(もちろん例外はありますが)。

　最後になりましたが、外国の飛行機が違法に領空に侵入してきた場合、どんなことが起きるでしょうか。

　当たり前ですが、民間機の場合だと侵犯状況の如何に関わらず、撃墜することは不可だとされています。旧ソ連による大韓航空機撃墜事件後に改正されたシカゴ条約でも、武器使用を認めてはいるものの武力行使は禁止しています。

　ただ、9.11以降この流れはやや変化し始めており、例えば大規模テロ攻撃に対しては例外的措置をとれるとする見解が出始めていますし、ADIZのような新たな問題も出てきています。

前提(領空を超えて)

　実は先述したシカゴ条約は主に民間機に対するもので、軍用機を規律する国際法はないのです。1982年の国連海洋法条約でEEZが設定されたこともより一層事態をややこしくしました。ブラジルを始めとした一部の沿岸国がEEZにおける軍事活動を許可制にしようという動きがあったのですが、そのときにEEZの上空においても領空と同じ主権を認めるように求めたのです。この提案は国際民間航空機関の法委員会によって否定されましたが、この考えは心の隅に入れておいたら、中国による防空識別圏の設定と中国当局の考えに対する理解をより深めることができます。

　また、廃棄物投棄に係わる海洋汚染防止条約(通称"ロンドン条約")も領空を超えて空域を規律しようとする考えに対して、重要な位置を占めています。この条約は上空から海洋に廃棄物を投棄することを禁止していますが、国の飛行機は例外としているのです。さらには、管轄権を行使できる海洋においてのみ適用されるとしているので、EEZの上空はここに含まれない訳です。

　そこでここから先は各国の国家実行を眺めていく必要がある訳ですね。そこで、まずはオーストラリア空軍のハンドブック(http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/List/36/RAAF-Doctrine.aspx)を見てみましょう。ガイドブックによると、

Military and civil aircraft are free to operate in international airspace without interference.

　としており、ここでいうinternational airspaceとはEEZの上空を含まれるとしています。アメリカのレーガン大統領が1983年にアメリカのEEZを設定したときも、EEZ上空ではあらゆる国は公海上の飛行と同じ自由を享有すると宣言しています。同様の宣言あるいは解釈は、イタリア、イギリス、オランダ、ドイツなどが行っています。一方で、ブラジルのように、EEZにおける軍事活動を規制できるとする国内法を有している国家も存在していますが、9カ国のみ(バングラディシュ、ミャンマー、中国、インド、イラン、マレーシア、北朝鮮、パキスタン、ウルグアイ)と少数です。そういったことを示唆しているのが5カ国、その他もろもろの主張をしている国を合わせると20カ国弱がEEZ上空における権利を主張しています。ここ、重要です。こういった考えが少数派であっても存在することは押さえておきましょう。

　以上を踏まえると、EEZ上空を規律できるかどうかは怪しく思えるかもしれません。なら、EEZ上空の自由を推進しているアメリカですら設定しているADIZとは一体何なのでしょうか。

本題(ADIZとは一体何なのか)

　ADIZ自体は冷戦期から存在しており、現在でもノルウェーやイギリスは維持しています。

　さて、アメリカは冷戦期、1950年の朝鮮戦争に端を発する旧ソ連との緊張関係から全部で5つのADIZを設定していましたが、アメリカの連邦規則集(Code of Federal Regulations)がどのようにADIZを定義してるか見てみましょう。

Air defense identification zone (ADIZ) means an area of airspace over land or water in which the ready identification, location, and control of all aircraft (except for Department of Defense and law enforcement aircraft) is required in the interest of national security.

(14 CFR 99.3)

(a) A person who operates a civil aircraft into an ADIZ must have a functioning two-way radio, and the pilot must maintain a continuous listening watch on the appropriate aeronautical facility's frequency.

(b) No person may operate an aircraft into, within, or whose departure point is within an ADIZ unless—

(1) The person files a DVFR flight plan containing the time and point of ADIZ penetration, and

(2) The aircraft departs within five minutes of the estimated departure time contained in the flight plan.

(c) If the pilot operating an aircraft under DVFR in an ADIZ cannot maintain two-way radio communications, the pilot may proceed, in accordance with original DVFR flight plan, or land as soon as practicable. The pilot must report the radio failure to an appropriate aeronautical facility as soon as possible.

(d) If a pilot operating an aircraft under IFR in an ADIZ cannot maintain two-way radio communications, the pilot must proceed in accordance with § 91.185 of this chapter.

(14 CFR 99.9 - Radio requirements)

　ここでDVFRとはDefense Visual Flight Rulesのことで、この文脈においてはADIZを飛ぶときに提出しないといけない飛行計画のことですが、通常のVFRと中身は同じで単に何かあったら軍に連絡したりADIZの中では相互無線が必須なだけで、どうせ必要となるものです。

　まあADIZとは、ざっくり言えば例外を除いて全ての飛行機に対して諸々の情報を安全保障上の観点から問い合わせがあったらすぐに答えないといけない空域のことですね。この文面を見る限りでは、国による飛行機はどうも明確に除外していないようですが、国家実行そのものは軍用機であっても、アメリカの領空に入る予定のものを除けば、自由に飛行させています。実際に、アメリカがアラスカ方面に設定したADIZで、ロシアによる軍事訓練が行われたときも、監視をするのみで抗議もせずに放置していました。つまり、ADIZというのはその名前に反して意外と緩いものだということが分かります。別にADIZを設定したからといってどうこうなる訳ではありませんし、設定国がどうこうできるわけでもありません。これは他のADIZを設定している多くの国についても同様です。(ただ、ロシアはやや例外に入るかな？)

で、結局中国によるADIZの設定は何なのよ

　とまあおおざっぱに書いてきましたが、実は、中国によるADIZ設定は本質的な問題ではありません。上でも述べましたが、EEZ上空における主権のあり方の認識がそもそも違うのです。今回ADIZの設定で大騒ぎになっていますが、事の本質は、EEZをどう捉えるかというものなのです。EEZは天然資源の保護のために設定された区域ですが、この区域において主権と同様の権利を行使できるかどうかが問題となるのです。中国による失策との声がありますが、それは中国の国際法に対する態度を無視したものです。この辺は、中国の国際法学会の動向も踏まえて書けたら面白いのですが、本稿はそこまで立ち入りません。

　何分この分野は専門外なので、何か間違いがあれば遠慮なくご指摘お願いします。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 09:05

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■突然2chに書き込めなくなりました

Request Time-out

The server encountered an internal error or misconfiguration and was unable to complete your request.

Please contact the server administrator, ch2anag@banana8309.maido3.com and inform them of the time the error occurred, and anything you might have done that may have caused the error.

More information about this error may be available in the server error log.

Apache/2.2.21 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.21 OpenSSL/0.9.8q PHP/5.3.8 mod_antiloris/0.4 Server at anago.2ch.net Port 80

知恵袋読んでも分からない、関連ブログ行っても(専門的過ぎて)分からない

かっこいい増田のお兄さまお姉さま、どうか教えて下さい。

書き込めなくなる前後にやったのはJavaスクリプトの更新とFireFoxのアップデートのみです。

あと、ZAQです。

そういえば、書き込めなくなる前日位に2chが急に重くなった気がしてルーターを一度切りました。

上の質問回答のサイトでは欲しい情報が得られませんでした。

プログラミング等に普段から馴染まれていると伺いましたので、増田ならと思い質問に至りました。

何をどうすれば元通りになるのか初心者にも分かるよう教えて下さい。

何卒宜しくお願いします。

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 14:56

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■アレックス・カブレラ（西武）の薬物問題について

Sometime in mid-September 2000, a cl

ubhouse employee with the Arizona

Diamondbacks discovered a bottle of anabolic ster

oids and several hundred pills in a package

that had been mailed to the Diamondbacks’ ballp

ark in Phoenix. Clubhouse attendants knew that

the package had been intended for Alex Cabrera,

then a player on Arizona’s major league roster,

who had been searching for the package for seve

ral days. They gave the box to the team’s

athletic trainer and told Cabrera that

the package probably had been lost.

After he learned of the incident, Joe

Garagiola, Jr., the Diamondbacks’ general

manager at the time, reported the discovery to

the Commissioner’s Office.

The Commissioner’s

Office retrieved the package and sent the drugs

to the Drug Enforcement Administration for

evaluation, which confirmed that the vial contained

Winstrol (stanozolol), an

injectable anabolic

steroid, and that the pills in the

box were over-the-c

ounter diet pills.

265

By the time the DEA confirmed that the shipment to Cabrera had contained

steroids, his contract had been

sold to the Seibu Lions in the

Japan League. Manfred therefore

did not seek permission from the Players Associat

ion to subject Cabrera to “reasonable cause” testing for steroids.

ミッチェル報告書p.142。あかん真っ黒や

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 17:25

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■ロボットでそれっぽく英訳する方法

文科省の専門家会議は、朝鮮学校も基準を満たすとしたが、当時の民主党政権内で異論が出され、「審査中」のまま政権交代に至った。

↓　日本語をむりやり変換する

文部科学省の専門家委員会が結論した「朝鮮学校は基準をも満たす」。当時の民主党政権内が異論を出した。そして、政権が交代したとき、 彼らは「審査中」を残した。

↓　google翻訳（英日）

The Committee of Experts of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science has concluded that "Korean schools also meet the criteria." Democrats in the administration has issued an objection at the time. And when the regime was replaced, they left the "under review."

ソースは北海道新聞

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 21:25

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■教育と観光と啓蒙と

They insist the excursions, which are endorsed by the Ukrainian Government, are not ghoulish but instead are intended to educate visitors about the human and environmental disaster which occurred on April 26 1986 when reactor 4 exploded of the power plant exploded releasing large quantities of radioactive material into the atmosphere.

Visitors are taken inside the 20-mile exclusion zone are allowed to get to within 300-metres of the reactor itself which is now housed in a concrete sarcophagus and will remain highly radioactive for an estimated 20,000 years.

They also visit the nearby ghost town of Pripyat where most of the power station’s workers were housed at the time of the accident.

The entire 50,000 population was evacuated in the aftermath of the disaster leaving schools, shops and homes locked in a time warp of more than quarter of a century ago.

A bus then takes visitors through the so-called Red Forest, which was virtually completely destroyed after being exposed to massive levels of radiation.

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 13:08

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■Dslr camera Guideline -- The right way to Seek advise from Your own Dslr high-end camera

When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.

Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera

Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.

The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:

1. Shutter Full speed

step 2. Aperture

3. ISO

A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.

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Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.

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In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.

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Applying it on whe whole

At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.

The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 18:13

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■Article 14 the mobile phone will know the battery skills

If users want to prolong battery the efficient use of the time, in addition to the quality of the charger to have the guarantee, the right skills and charging is essential, because of low quality charger or wrong charging methods would affect battery time and life cycle, the following is about to charge skills:

1. The battery before they leave the factory, manufacturers were activated processing, and the charge, so the battery are more electricity, my friends say battery charging adjustment period in accordance with the time, standby still seriously insufficient, assuming that the battery is really quality goods battery of words, this kind of circumstance should extend the setting and then 3 ~ 5 times fully charge and discharge.

2. If new phone is lithium ion battery, so before 3 ~ 5 times charging commonly known as adjustment period, should be charged more than 14 hours, in order to ensure that the fully activate lithium ion activity. The lithium ion battery no memory effects, but have very strong sui sex, should give full activated PANASONIC CGR-D220 Battery, to guarantee the use of after can reach the right performance.

3. Some automation intelligent quick charger when instructions lights change, said only full of 90%. The charger will automatically change with slow charge will batteries. Best will use after batteries, otherwise, it will shorten use time.

4. Before charging and discharging lithium battery does not need special, but will not discharge damage to the battery. As far as possible when charging at the slow ChongChongDian, reduce the way quick charge; Time don't more than 24 hours. The battery after three to five times fully recharge cycles of internal after chemical will be all "activate" to achieve the best use effect.

5. Please use the original or the reputation of the good brand charger, li-ion battery to lithium battery charger with special, and follow the instructions, otherwise, it will damage to the battery, and even dangerous.

6. Have many users often in charge still leave her cell phone, actually such will be very easy to PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery damage the service life of the mobile phone, because in charge of the process, the circuit boards of mobile phone can calorific, if this time more exotic phone, may produce instant backflow current, internal parts to mobile phone damage.

7. The battery life depends on the number repeatedly charging and discharging, so should try to avoid more battery electric charge when, this will shorten battery life. Cell phone time more than 7 days, supposed to completely discharge the cell phone battery, enough electricity before use.

8. The cell phone battery have self-discharge, need not when the nimh batteries will press the residual capacity every day, about 1% of the discharge, lithium battery every day to 0.2% ~ 0.3% discharge. In for the battery, try to use the special socket, don't will the home appliance such as the Shared and the TV charger socket.

9. Though the phones in the network coverage area, but in the cell phone charge, cell phones have been unable to accept and call. At this time, can use of the mobile phone is not transfer function, will be transferred to the mobile phone side of fixed telephone in order to prevent calls lost, this kind of method for mobile phone is not in the network coverage of the area or weak signal and temporarily unable to the applicable also.

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11. Nickel cadmium (N iCd) before the battery must ensure that the batteries are no electricity, recharging the battery must ensure that sufficient electricity after.

12. If the cell phone battery placed too long and not use, the best maintenance department to cell phones to the application for a live processing, also can use a constant dc voltage is the voltage adjustment for 5 ~ 6 V, current 500 ~ 600 mA reverse connect battery. Note that a touch namely release, the most repeated three times can, through such treatment after another, with the original adapter to "adaptation" charge.

13. Charge is not as long as possible, to no protection circuit batteries that should stop after charging, or the battery will with fever or overheating impact performance.

14. Lithium ion battery must choose special charger, otherwise may not reach the saturated state, affect their performance. Charging completes, should avoid to place in charger on more than 12 hours or more, long-term need not when should make a battery and cell phone separation.

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 18:26

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■MIT develops new fast-charging battery technology ideal for automobiles

February With the world going mobile and billions of new devices requiring electrical storage, battery technology is almost certainly due for a renaissance in the near future and recent developments suggest MIT will play a role in the next significant battery technology. Less than a week ago, we reported on work being done by MIT's Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) that could become the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in 200 years. Now a second new and highly promising battery technology is emerging from MIT - a new type of lithium battery that could become a cheaper alternative to the batteries that now power hybrid electric cars.

Until now, lithium batteries have not had the rapid charging capability or safety level needed for use in cars. Hybrid cars now run on nickel metal hydride batteries, which power an electric motor and can rapidly recharge while the car is decelerating or standing still.

But lithium nickel manganese oxide, described in a paper to be published in Science on Feb. 17, could revolutionize the hybrid car industry -- a sector that has "enormous growth potential," says Gerbrand Ceder, MIT professor of materials science and engineering, who led the project.

"The writing is on the wall. It's clearly happening," said Ceder, who said that a couple of companies are already interested in licensing the new lithium battery technology.

The new material is more stable (and thus safer) than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, which are used to power small electronic devices like cell phones, laptop computers, rechargeable personal digital assistants (PDAs) and such medical devices as pacemakers.

The small safety risk posed by lithium cobalt oxide is manageable in small devices but makes the material not viable for the larger batteries needed to run hybrid cars, Ceder said. Cobalt is also fairly expensive, he said.

The MIT team's new lithium battery contains manganese and nickel, which are cheaper than cobalt.

Scientists already knew that lithium nickel manganese oxide could store a lot of energy, but the material took too long to charge to be commercially useful. The MIT researchers set out to modify the material's structure to make it capable of charging and discharging more quickly.

Lithium nickel manganese oxide consists of layers of metal (nickel and manganese) separated from lithium layers by oxygen. The major problem with the compound was that the crystalline structure was too "disordered," meaning that the nickel and lithium were drawn to each other, interfering with the flow of lithium ions and slowing down the charging rate.

Lithium ions carry the battery's charge, so to maximize the speed at which the battery can charge and discharge, the researchers designed and synthesized a material with a very ordered crystalline structure, allowing lithium ions to freely flow between the metal layers.

A battery made from the new material can charge or discharge in about 10 minutes -- about 10 times faster than the unmodified lithium nickel manganese oxide. That brings it much closer to the timeframe needed for hybrid car batteries, Ceder said.

Before the material can be used commercially, the manufacturing process needs to be made less expensive, and a few other modifications will likely be necessary, Ceder said.

Other potential applications for the new lithium battery include power tools, electric bikes, and power backup for renewable energy sources.

The lead author on the research paper is Kisuk Kang, a graduate student in Ceder's lab. Ying Shirley Meng, a postdoctoral associate in materials science and engineering at MIT, and Julien Breger and Clare P. Grey of the State University of New York at Stony Brook are also authors on the paper.

The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.

http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-cga-s008e-digital-camera-battery-cbbs.html

http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-cga-s101-digital-camera-battery-cbbs.html

http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-cga-s101e-cc1-1b-digital-camera-battery-cbbs.html

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 11:15

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■Choose the best digital camera rechargeable batteries

Due to the nature of a digital camera, they need a lot of voltage and also need to keep good battery long periods of inactivity digital camera rechargeable batteries to a big hit, many current digital camera has a flash, may also make a short film, the two characteristics is very good, but can drain battery two times normal speed, photo shooting.

Most people are familiar with basic rechargeable battery, but the key to finding a good a doctor to give your digital camera is to look at the battery material, how will charge, and how long will the cost in use and sitting on the shelf or in the digital camera.

A little I look in my purchase any digital camera I buy is to ensure that there is a common battery size. The reason is, no matter how you plan a photo shoot, things happen, you may have to resort to the old alkaline batteries solve your problems, then. Panasonic battery my first choice is a rechargeable battery, but you never know, this is a very good thing can find a new set of batteries.

There are several important factors to consider, rechargeable batteries is the best. The first is the amount of voltage, followed by long time, then the battery of the time; Four is charge (how long shelf life will be held responsible for the storage battery).

Here are a series of typical rechargeable batteries and their voltage output:

Ni-Cad rechargeable battery, 12 volts

Nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries-1.2 to 1.5

Ni-ZN rechargeable batteries-160 volts

Standard alkalines is 1.5 volts

Also have a level a reference number of energy storage, from the ability to represent called milli ampere hour. These level general fleeing to 2100 from 750 from is high, the more the number of the battery capacity (higher digital better).

The Ni-Cad and nimh most common, almost every major brand battery multiple versions. The latest technology is Ni-ZN are excellent storage capacity and long shelf life. Many types of rechargeable batteries can be charging many times, but they didn't mention that drop down power amount of recharges x.

And this is the real factors to consider. Let us say that if you find new battery you can use about 100 photos before they go to the south. Recharges Numbers increase, reduce many pictures. Some can only continue to before they start, recharges loose the ability to completely costs. Clever cost is still good savings from an ordinary AA alkaline battery cost $1.15 and the comparable charge is $2.50, according to the figures from $5.00.

Recent Ni-ZN cost about $5 each request and take over 500 recharges in any losses before the injury charge ability. But they also play more voltage so for example your flash recycling half the time to complete the normal alkaline batteries. If you have 100 threw a set of alkaline, you should get at least 175 vote of Ni-ZN are the same size. Plus storage life N-ZN than any other choice.

Rapid turnover a flash can be a big problem, because it is a very painful, but when photographs in the interior, need to wait for two minutes of the flash is full of power. Or, if you are shooting a series of short a minute video and ran out of the juice in the middle is not a good thing.

So, based on the pricing and ability, if you can recharge the battery is more than 500 times more the highest price, they use more cheap long-term development. If they hold up close to claim 500 cost, well, you can do the math. This is a no brainer, Ni-ZN provide more voltage, better life, and more fees each battery.

__________________

http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-powershot-sd600-battery-charger-gose.html

http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-dmw-bmb9-digital-camera-battery-cbbs.html

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 11:57

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■Portable electronic equipment battery technology

1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm

According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.

trickle charge. For depth discharge core to charge. When core voltage in less than about 2.8 V, use a constant 0.1 C of the current charging for it.

fast charging. Core voltage trickle charge more than the threshold, improve the charging current rapid charging. Fast charging current should be lower than 1.0 C.

stable voltage. In the fast charging process, once the core 4.2 V voltage, stable voltage phase began. This is through the minimum charge current or timer or of the two joint to interrupt charge. When the minimum current below about 0.07 C, can interrupt charge. The timer is to rely on a default to trigger the timer interrupt.

Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.

Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.

lithium ion/polymer battery charge is an example of applications-double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097

LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.

2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme

Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.

2.1 linear scheme

When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.

linear scheme charger application examples-double input Li + charger and intelligent power source selector MAX8677A

MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.

MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).

2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme

When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.

2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme

In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.

3, and power detection algorithm is proposed

Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.

3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design

power detection principle. Good capacity check plan at least to have battery voltage, temperature and battery electric current, measuring method; A micro 9 a; And a set of and the verification of the punishment power detection algorithm is proposed. Bq2650x and bq27x00 is full capacity check program function, with a measuring voltage and temperature of the digital converter (ADC) and a measuring electric current and charging sensor the asp. These capacity check plan also has a microprocessor, is responsible for the implementation of the Texas instruments power detection algorithm is proposed. The algorithm can compensate the lithium ion battery life.low self-discharge, aging, the temperature and discharge rate, and other factors. Chip embedded microprocessor as host system processor save these calculation burden. Capacity check program can provide remaining power state information, bq27x00 series products also offer surplus can Run Time (Run Time to Empty) host may at any Time to capacity check plan these information query, then LED indicator light through or displays will inform the user battery. Capacity check meter is very easy to use, the system processor need only configuration 12 C or HDQ communication drive can.

The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.

VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.

HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.

battery identification. A low cost WeiMao batteries are getting more and more serious, these cells may not contain OEM requirements of security protection circuit. So, genuine battery may contain figure 4 (a) shows the appraisal circuit. When to identify the battery, the host to contain IC (bq26150, the function is cyclic redundancy check (CRC)) issued the battery packs a ask value (challenge), the CRC will contain battery according to this inquiry value and, in the building of the IC in CRC polynomial calculation the CRC value. CRC is based on the host of command and IC secret in the query of the definition of the CRC polynomial completed, the host in CRC values calculated with the calculation result of well battery comparison to identify the appraisal success.

Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.

double the battery application. Figure 4 (b) for use bq26500 support double the typical application of lithium ion battery circuit. In order to support more battery, and this circuit is adding a adjustable regulators. Capacity check millions of BAT pin and the bottom of a battery anode linked to complete the variable voltage measurement of the battery.

Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.

The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '

3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.

Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.

DS2762 application characteristics

DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.

DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;

1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 11:54

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■秋葉原のド真ん中でゲリ漏らした

今朝の話でございます。通勤中、なんだか急に腹の具合がおかしくなり、乗換えで上野に下りたときには既にビッグウェーブ到来。

乗りたくない、このビッグウェーブに！と思ってとりあえず本屋脇のトイレへ小走りで向かうも、まずユニバーサルトイレでは何者かが既にフン闘中。

ますますノッて来る波に冷や汗をかきつつ、奥の男性用トイレへ向かうも、無情にも個室は全て使用中！！

てめーらのんきにクソしてんじゃねーよ、こちとら HP は既にゼロだけど隠しパラメータの根性値 (via ブレスオブファイア) でかろうじて死んでない状態なんじゃオラー！と思いつつも一旦ここでウェーブが鎮まっていく気配を感じた私は通常の足取りに戻り、次なる聖地・改札内トイレを目指す。

が、小康状態でたどり着いた改札内トイレも、本日も満員御礼、チンチンジャラジャラチンチンジャラジャラでございます。個人的には今チンチンには用事がなくてコーモンの方から激しい突き上げを食らっているわけでありますが、皆さんそんなことは知ったこっちゃない。

しょうがない＆もう少しはガマンできそうな感じになったので、ホームへ行きとりあえず電車に乗る。

が、秋葉原に付いた時点でまた「降りるしかない、このビッグウェーブでは」が来てしまい、フルフルしつつ下車。

そしてフードコーナー横のトイレへ駆け込むも、Oh、My、God、神はこの世にいないのか、本日秋葉原駅も満員御礼となっております。

このあたりでもう限界突破しており、必死で自分に「いやいやこんなの余裕。いやいやこんなの余裕。漏らすわけないじゃんｗｗ」と言い聞かせ、顔をブルーマンのようにさせつつ改札を飛び出し (ウンコは飛び出さず) 一目散にアトレへ！

アトレ２階、男性用トイレ発見！見敵必殺！見敵必殺！目標は前方３ｍ！

まずはまたユニバーサルトイレが視界に入りますが、オーシット (クソだけに)、埋まってやがる！

そして！俺の前にもう一人トイレへ向かう男子がいるんですが！その背中を追いかけつつトイレへ入るとこれは奇跡！これは奇跡！

個室のドアが一つ空いているのが見えます!!!! 「会いたかった」とはまさにこのこと、アイラブユー便座今ホーミタイの心境で前進しますとこれは一体フリーメーソンの陰謀でしょうか、前方男子がするりするりとその個室へ吸い込まれていくではありませんか!!!!

相席で！すいません相席でーーーーー！！！！と叫びたい気持ちをグッとこらえ (あと括約筋もグッと締め) トイレ内を見回すも、他に個室は空いてございません。根性値も残り２くらいの感じで30秒ほど待っても、誰も出る気配もない！！

そして、ついに、THE TIME HAS COME。根性値が０になりました。終わりの始まり。グラウンド・ゼロ。

ワーニン！ワーニン！括約筋限界突破、目標は分散系懸濁液、3秒後に欲界に出現！！！！

分かるもんですね、あ、これ以上はムリなんだなっていう瞬間。高まる内圧により括約筋が「あっすんませんおれもうムリっすーあがりますーあとよろしくー！」って押し広げられてく瞬間てのが。

刹那、「穴なのだから指で塞げばどうにかなるのでは？」という閃きがニューロンを駆け巡り、0.2秒後には体が動いてズボンの中へ腕を突っ込むも、too late、地獄の門に指を差し込む前に結界は解き放たれ、押し寄せる波。あふれるパトス。ほとばしる36度の茶褐色。

しかし指栓は間に合わなかったが手は届いた、瞬時にフォーメーションを変え、手の平で受け皿を作って魑魅魍魎どもの奔流をせき止める！あったか～い！！！

この間わずか0.5秒。一瞬の硬直の後、もうどうしていいかわかんないんでさっきのユニバーサルトイレの方へヨロリと数歩移動すると、Oh、どうしてあなたたちは私の手のスキマからこぼれていってしまうの私の分身たち。

と、ここでようやくユニバーサルトイレのドアが開き、サラリーマンご登場。

このとき俺はおそらく死んだような顔をしていたものと思いますが、こちらを一瞥して特に何かに気付いた風もなくそのまま立ち去ってゆきました。セーフ。ギリギリセーフ。出ちゃってるけどばれてないからセーフ！(入れてないから浮気じゃないみたいな苦しいロジック)

で、まあ、既に事件は起きてしまった。起きてしまったのです。あとはもう、たんたんと処理をするしかございません。

ユニバーサルトイレにゾンビの動きで入り (右手はケツの濁流をせき止めたまま)、ロックし、とりあえず左手でズボンをどうにか脱いで残りのパトスたちを解放し、純白の便座へ送り届け。

被害報告：パンツ全損、ズボン半壊、ベルトかすり傷、右腕タールまみれ。他、カバン等に若干の飛沫あり。(スーツじゃない業種なのでそこだけ助かりました)

もうね、漏らしちまったらあとは処理するだけです。

下全部脱いで、ユニバーサルトイレにあるあれなんつうんですか洗面所のボウルがデカいみたいなやつ、あれでパンツもズボンも靴下も丸洗い。

あと、ケツも当然○まみれだったので、これも丸洗い。(イチイチ拭いてられる量ではなかった)

会社に「すんません午前休みます」っつって連絡しつつ、便座についちゃったのやら床にこぼれてしまったのやら色々掃除して、およそ20フンくらいかけて各方面をキレイにし、限界まで絞ったパンツとズボンを再び装着！

アレですね、全体に濡れて色が変わってると、意外とわかんないもんですね。股間だけ濡れてたらあからさまに漏らしちゃってる感全開ですが、全部が濡れてりゃ、もとからこういう色、みたいに見えるもの。

で。なんとか外に出られるレベルに回復したんで、そのままアトレのユニクロ行ってパンツとズボンを購入 (無論状況が状況なんで試着はしてませんよ念のため！)、冷たいズボンと微妙に臭いケツのままで秋葉原を闊歩、手頃なマンガ喫茶へ入って泣きながらシャワーを浴びて着替えましたとさ。

(念のためシャワールームでもう一度パンツ類を石鹸で洗濯しました。)

そのあとはカップラーメン食って昼寝して午後出社をキメました。

いやあ、秋葉原のど真ん中でゲリ漏らしても、意外とどうにかなるもんですね！

追伸：アトレの清掃担当の方、可能な限りキレイにはしたんですが、トイレ汚しちゃってすみませんでした。でもおかげで助かりました。アトレのトイレ万歳！

追伸２：ちなみに当方34歳二児の父です。34歳だろうが人の親だろうがなぁ、漏らすときは漏らすんだよ!! (フツウあんま漏らさないです)

Permalink | 記事への反応(4) | 14:26

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■Feeling of the cat

Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451

For a long time, I am in a dark box.

According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.

When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.

I must say, how terrible the situation is.

It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.

Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.

Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.

Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.

Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.

As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.

No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.

The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!

Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?

Unreasonable. Cruel.

I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.

There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.

Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.

Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.

I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.

In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.

I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.

About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.

I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.

If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.

My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!

At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.

Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.

No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.

In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.

Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.

I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.

The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.

The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.

Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.

I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.

Permalink | 記事への反応(1) | 09:32

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■古い手紙

僕が死ぬ死ぬ病を発病していた頃に書いた手紙のアウトライン

• [ ] I should still try, in my mind, but not to push it over. Don't tell her what I think. I will be a submarine. Be calm in the deep water
• [ ] it's not the time for us to re-do it over
• [ ] Believe and promise
• [ ] I will write her what I feel about

- [ ] I don't feel angry and hate.

- [ ] I still cry, worry and sad. That is ok. Life is not that simple to anybody

- [ ] What I really want is for you to be happy.

- [ ] I still want to disappear sometimes because I can't imagine I can be happy without you. You changed my life definition of happiness.

- [ ] this line needs to be considered

- [ ] But I always could not do it. There are too many people around me to do that.

- [ ] this line is not good.

- [ ] So I'm very lucky that I got a lot of friends and words that I need at the moment I need. I was thinking in a different way sometimes. But now I can see I am very lucky.

- [ ] You changed me a lot. There's a lot of things i know in my mind. You gave me a chance to make that happen.

日付は 2008 年 4月になってる。

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 13:11

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■【福島原子力発電所】CNN のコメント欄 MITの科学者科学者の見解1【東日本巨大地震】

結論：大丈夫。

MvK2010

I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.

This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.

He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.

It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.

This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.

I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.

There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.

By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.

I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.

We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.

Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants

The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.

The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.

The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.

The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.

The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.

This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).

Fundamentals of nuclear reactions

The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.

Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.

In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.

The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.

This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.

So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).

There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.

This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.

What happened at Fukushima

I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.

When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.

The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.

Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.

When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.

http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613

へ続く

Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 01:52

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■カーリングについて自分が知っているいくつかのこと（続きあり）

土曜の午後という多くの人が見ている時間帯に、地上波中継で「わかりやすいゲーム」で

勝てた事の意味というのはとても大きかったと、日本チームの勝利に心から酔いしれた。

ただ、Twitterなんかを見ていると、素人の自分でもいくつか答えられそうな話題があったので、ちょっとそれらをまとめてみようと思う。

(技術、戦術については、それっぽく話す事もできるが自分には無理）

ラウンドロビン後半戦に向けて、観戦者にとって何かの足しになってくれれば幸い。

（2/23 多くの皆様にお読みいただきありがとうございます。お礼を兼ねて続きを書きましたので、よろしければご覧ください。）

解説の小林さんの絶叫について

ずいぶん話題になったあれだが、別に意味もなくかっこつけて「Yeeeeees!」と叫んでいたわけではない。

ハウス（サークル）の中央に、その後ろにある石を弾いて散らす事なしに自分の石を持ってくるには、

投擲時の力（ウエイトという）を弱めにして、スイープ（ブラシワーク）で距離を調節しなければならない。

「Yes」というのは、石の進路を掃いて距離を伸ばすためのかけ声で、弱めのウエイトであそこまで

石を伸ばすには、通常2人で行うスイープを3人にして、さらにいつもよりもハードに行う必要があった。

（中国女子チームは、必要とあれば4人全員でスイープする。これは見どころのひとつ。）

であればこその、「激しくスイープしろ」という意味の指示を、自分がスキップになったつもりで

行っていたのであって「近年のテレビ的な過剰なキャラクターづくり」「我を失った絶叫」というわけではない。

各局のテレビ報道、今日のスポーツ新聞なんかを読んでも、その辺に触れた記述はなかったのが残念だった。

ちなみに、ショット後の選手のかけ声は、

「Yes」「Yeah」「Yap」が「スイープしろ」（ストーンをまっすぐ、遠くまで）

「Clean」が「ごみ、ほこりをはく程度の軽いスイープ」（髪の毛一本でストーンはあらぬ動きをする。）

「Whoa」が「スイープするな」（ストーンのウェイトが強い、あるいはもっと石を曲げたいとき）

「Hurry」が「全力スイープ」

となる。だいたいどの国も英語のコールをするけど、これから日本が試合をするロシアはロシア語のコールをする。

「Hurry」は小林源文の漫画の読者ならおなじみの「Давай」（ダヴァイ）になる。

解説の小林さんの「中立」について

これも別に装っているのではなくて、カーリングというのはそうしなければならないと要求するもの。

世界カーリング連盟のホームページにある「THE RULES OF CURLING(PDF)」の冒頭には

「The Spirit of Curling」というのがある。ルールブックの冒頭にあるくらいで、ルールの上位概念というか、

法律に対する憲法のような存在だと理解すればいいだろう。これを引用する。

Curling is a game of skill and of tradition.

A shot well executed is a delight to see and it is also a fine thing

to observe the time-honoured traditions of curling being applied in the true spirit of the game.

Curlers play to win, but never to humble their opponents.

A true curler never attempts to distract opponents, nor toprevent them from playing their best,

and would prefer to lose rather than to win unfairly.

Curlers never knowingly break a rule of the game, nor disrespect any of its traditions.

Should they become aware that this has been done inadvertently, they will be the first to divulge the breach.

While the main object of the game of curling is to determine the relative skill of the players,

the spirit of curling demands good sportsmanship, kindly feeling and honourable conduct.

This spirit should influence both the interpretation and the application of the rules of the game

and also the conduct of all participants on and off the ice.