はてなキーワード: logとは
この問題は量子力学の情報論的解釈とエントロピーの動きもんを扱うんや。
ここでは、量子ベイズっちゅうもんを使うて、「主体(見る奴)」「対象(見られる奴)」「環境」の3つがおる場合に、対象が環境や主体とからんだ時のエントロピーの変化について話すで。
対象が環境とからむと、対象の量子状態が環境とモツレて、キレイな状態からグチャグチャな状態になんねん。これで、対象のエントロピーが増えるんや。
主体が対象を見ると、主体から見た対象の状態がハッキリするんや。これは対象のことをよう知ったってことやから、エントロピーが減るってわけや。
観測で対象の状態に対する主体の考えが変わんねん。この考えの変わり方はベイズ則っちゅうもんに従うて、確率的な情報の変化を表すんや。
ほんじゃ、この2つの過程がエントロピーにどう影響するか、数式で説明したるで。
ρ_obj' = Tr_env [ U (ρ_obj ⊗ ρ_env) U† ]
量子エントロピーはフォン・ノイマンエントロピー S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ) で表すんや。
デコヒーレンスで対象はキレイな状態からグチャグチャな状態になって、エントロピーが増えんねん:
S(ρ_obj') > S(ρ_obj)
環境とのからみ合いが進むと、対象の状態は環境の情報を失うて、一番グチャグチャな状態に近づくんや。
主体が対象を見ると、波動関数が縮むから対象の状態がハッキリして、エントロピーが減んねん:
S(ρ_obj^posterior) < S(ρ_obj^prior)
主体が観測で対象のことを知る過程は、量子ベイズ則に従うんや。
量子ベイズの考え方に従うと、観測後の考え(後分布)は観測前の考え(事前分布)を観測結果で更新すんねん。観測前後のエントロピーの差はこう説明できんねん。
H_prior = -∑_i P(i) log P(i)
P(i|O) = P(O|i)P(i) / ∑_j P(O|j)P(j)
H_posterior = -∑_i P(i|O) log P(i|O)
H_posterior < H_prior
が成り立つんや。
この不等式はエントロピーが減ることを示して、観測が情報を得て対象の状態をハッキリさせる効果があるってことやで。
量子ベイズの考え方で以下のことがわかったんや:
1. 対象が環境とからむとデコヒーレンスが起こって、対象のエントロピーが増えんねん。
2. 主体が対象を見ると対象の状態の情報が得られて、エントロピーが減んねん。
つまり、デコヒーレンスと観測はそれぞれエントロピーを増やしたり減らしたりするんや。これが量子ベイズの形式で数字でちゃんと説明できるってわけやで!
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While $100 off coupons are often targeted at new users, existing customers can still benefit from significant discounts. Here are some strategies:
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Look out for seasonal sales and holiday promotions.
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Follow Temu on social media for flash sales and limited-time coupon codes.
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What's the Difference Between Temu Coupon Codes for New and Existing Customers?
New customer coupons are typically more generous, offering higher discount amounts or more flexible terms. Existing customer coupons, while potentially lower in value, are often more frequent and varied. They may include:
Percentage discounts on specific categories
Free shipping offers
Bundle deals on multiple items
Loyalty rewards for frequent shoppers
Both new and existing customers can benefit from referral codes, which offer discounts to both the referrer and the new user who signs up.
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Weekly deals and flash sales
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Contact Temu customer support for assistance if the problem persists.
Latest Temu Deals and Promotions
The Temu Pop-Up Sale is a limited-time event featuring flash deals and significant discounts on select items. These sales often last for just a few hours or a day, encouraging quick purchases. To catch these sales:
Enable push notifications on the Temu app.
Check the app frequently, especially during weekends and holidays.
Act fast when you see a deal you like, as quantities are often limited.
Best Temu Coupon Codes for 2024
While specific coupon codes change frequently, some of the best types of Temu coupons to look out for in 2024 include:
New user welcome coupons (up to $100 off)
Percentage-off coupons (e.g., 20% off your entire purchase)
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Would you like to enhance your shopping experience on Temu? then, Temu coupon codes are the best way to improve your shopping. Temu offers a lot of coupon codes that you can use while shopping online and some of those coupon codes can be found on this article.
If you're a first-time user and looking for a Temu coupon code $100 first time user (acu639380) then using this code will give you a flat $100 Off and a 30% discount on your Temu shopping.
Let's take a look at how you can get Temu coupon code $100 off and what are special Temu offers.
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Use the latest Temu coupon code $100 off (acu639380) as an new or existing Temu user and get $100 worth Temu coupon code. Apply the coupon code while shopping online and get discount on your purchases.
Here are the latest Temu coupon codes for $100 -
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How to Use the $100 Off Coupon Code
Using the $100 off coupon code is easy! Just follow these steps:
Sign Up or Log In to Your Temu Account: Before applying the coupon, make sure you’re signed in to your account.
Add Items to Your Cart: Browse through Temu’s vast selection of products and add your desired items to your shopping cart.
Apply the Coupon Code: At checkout, you’ll see a section where you can enter a coupon code. Enter the code "acu639380" to receive $100 off your total purchase.
Enjoy Your Savings: Complete your purchase and enjoy the significant discount you’ve just received!
What is Temu and How Temu Coupon Codes Work?
Temu is a popular shopping platform where users can buy and sell an item (more like marketplaces). Users can purchase items of different category at very discount price. And Temu coupon codes make it more affordable. You can use different Temu coupon code to shop online and get discount of up to $100 on Temu.
Temu app offer different promotions so you can earn free gifts and make money with Temu affiliate program. Temu gives you latest deals like, Temu Pop-Up Sale, Temu Coupon Wheels, Temu End of the month sale, and Temu Black Friday Deals.
Temu, the popular online marketplace, offers various ways to save money on your purchases. From coupon codes to special promotions, savvy shoppers can significantly reduce their spending. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about Temu discounts in 2024.
With different program and Temu coupon codes you can earn and save money on your future shopping with Temu.
Temu Coupon Code $100 Off For First Time Users
If you are who wish to join Temu, then you should use this exclusive Temu coupon code $100 off (acu639380) and get $100 off on your purchase with Temu.
Our new Temu coupon code $100 off ((acu639380)) will give you an exclusive $100 coupon as an new user. Plus you will get 30% off on your first order with Temu. Make sure to apply Temu code on the app or during sign up.
Verified Temu Coupon Codes:
Temu coupon code $100 off - (acu639380)
$100 Off Temu Coupon code - acu639380
30% Off Temu coupon code - (acu639380)
Flat 40 Off Temu exclusive code - (acu639380)
What is The Best Temu Coupon Code $100 Off?
The best Temu coupon codes $100 off is (acu639380) that can effectively gives you an $100 Temu Coupon bundle while shopping. You can acquire different Temu coupon codes by subscribing Temu mail. Get exclusive deals, Incredible discounts, the Latest promo codes, and more on Temu.
This Temu coupon code $100 off for new users gives $100 promotional discount on minimum purchases. You will get multiple Temu codes on this coupon bundle with new promotion deals and free shipping.
Why You Should Use the Coupon Code "acu639380"
The coupon code "acu639380" is a fantastic way to save money on Temu. Whether you're shopping for essentials or splurging on something special, this code gives you $100 off, allowing you to get more value out of your purchase.
Can You Get a $100 Temu Coupon Bundle?
Yes, Temu occasionally offers a $100 coupon bundle, which is highly sought-after by shoppers. This bundle typically includes multiple coupons that add up to $100 in total savings. For example:
These coupons can usually be applied to separate purchases, maximizing your savings across multiple orders.
How to Get the $100 Temu Coupon Bundle
Watch for special promotions, especially during major shopping events and holidays.
Check for limited-time offers regularly.
New users may have a higher chance of accessing this bundle as part of a welcome offer.
Existing customers should regularly check their Temu account for personalized offers.
Strategies for Existing Customers
How Can Existing Customers Find $100 Off Temu Coupons?
While $100 off coupons are often targeted at new users, existing customers can still benefit from significant discounts. Here are some strategies:
Check your email for exclusive offers sent to account holders.
Participate in Temu's referral program for substantial discounts.
Look out for seasonal sales and holiday promotions.
Use the Temu app regularly for app-exclusive offers.
Follow Temu on social media for flash sales and limited-time coupon codes.
Remember, you can often stack multiple smaller coupons to achieve similar savings to a single large coupon.
What's the Difference Between Temu Coupon Codes for New and Existing Customers?
New customer coupons are typically more generous, offering higher discount amounts or more flexible terms. Existing customer coupons, while potentially lower in value, are often more frequent and varied. They may include:
Percentage discounts on specific categories
Free shipping offers
Bundle deals on multiple items
Loyalty rewards for frequent shoppers
Both new and existing customers can benefit from referral codes, which offer discounts to both the referrer and the new user who signs up.
How Often Does Temu Release New Coupon Codes?
Temu frequently releases new coupon codes to keep customers engaged. You can generally expect:
Weekly deals and flash sales
Seasonal campaigns (e.g., Back to School, Holiday Season)
Special occasion coupons (e.g., Temu's anniversary, major shopping holidays)
To stay informed, enable notifications on the Temu app, subscribe to their email newsletter, and follow their social media accounts.
Maximizing Your Savings
How to Use Temu Coupon Codes Effectively
Combine coupons with ongoing sales for double savings.
Check for stackable coupons that can be used together.
Pay attention to minimum purchase requirements.
Use the Temu app for exclusive mobile-only discounts.
Share your referral code with friends to earn additional coupons.
Time your purchases around major shopping events.
Create price alerts for items you want and apply promo codes when prices drop.
What to Do If a Temu Coupon Code Doesn't Work
If you encounter issues with a coupon code:
Double-check for typos or incorrect capitalization.
Verify that the code hasn't expired and is applicable to your purchase.
Ensure you meet any minimum purchase requirements.
Try clearing your browser cache or using a different device.
Contact Temu customer support for assistance if the problem persists.
Latest Temu Deals and Promotions
The Temu Pop-Up Sale is a limited-time event featuring flash deals and significant discounts on select items. These sales often last for just a few hours or a day, encouraging quick purchases. To catch these sales:
Enable push notifications on the Temu app.
Check the app frequently, especially during weekends and holidays.
Act fast when you see a deal you like, as quantities are often limited.
Best Temu Coupon Codes for 2024
While specific coupon codes change frequently, some of the best types of Temu coupons to look out for in 2024 include:
New user welcome coupons (up to $100 off)
Percentage-off coupons (e.g., 20% off your entire purchase)
Category-specific coupons (e.g., 30% off home goods)
Free shipping coupons
Referral bonuses
Temu Referral Code: Get $100 Latest New User Temu Code
Below are the latest active Temu referral codes that users can use to earn Temu sign up bonus.
Temu referral code - acu639380
Temu referral code 2024 - acu639380
Temu referral code new users - acu639380
$100 Temu referral code - acu639380
$100 new user Temu code - acu639380
How To Use Temu Referral Code?
Obtain the Referral Code: Ensure you have the referral code {acu639380} ready. This code is essential for unlocking the discount.
Visit Temu's Website: Navigate to Temu's official website or app and browse through their extensive range of products. Whether you're looking for electronics, fashion, home essentials, or beauty products, Temu has it all.
Add to Cart: Once you've found the items you wish to purchase, add them to your shopping cart.
Apply the Referral Code: During the checkout process, you'll find a designated field for entering referral codes. Input {acu639380} to activate the $100 discount.
Complete Your Purchase: With the discount applied, proceed to complete your purchase. Enjoy the satisfaction of saving money while getting high-quality products delivered to your doorstep.
Where to Find the Latest Temu Coupon Codes for 2024?
To stay up-to-date with the latest Temu coupon codes in 2024, check these sources:
The official Temu website and mobile app
Temu's social media profiles (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)
Email newsletters for subscribers
Coupon aggregator websites (always verify codes on Temu's official platforms)
Seasonal promotional events and holiday sales
Temu's customer support for personalized offers
Word-of-mouth from other Temu users in online communities
FAQs About Temu Coupons and Deals
Q: Can I use multiple Temu coupons on one order? A: It depends on the specific coupons. Some coupons are stackable, while others can only be used individually. Always check the terms and conditions of each coupon.
Q: Do Temu coupons expire? A: Yes, most Temu coupons have an expiration date. Always check the validity period of your coupons before attempting to use them.
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Q: Can I share my Temu coupons with friends? A: Some coupons are transferable, while others are linked to your specific account. Check the coupon details before sharing.
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Temu Affiliate Program [acp8567098] | Join & Earn $100000 In a Month
Have you thought about joining the Temu affiliate program? You may have seen lots of buzz in TikTok and other social media platforms about the Temu affiliate program which pays a higher commission rate than any other e-commerce platform. So if you thought about joining the Temu Influencer or Temu Affiliate program then you will find all the details here.
I've seen my fair share of affiliate programs come and go. But when I stumbled upon the Temu affiliate program, I knew I had found something special. In this article, I'll share my personal journey with Temu's affiliate program and provide you with all the insider knowledge you need to succeed in this exciting opportunity.
Having worked with countless affiliate programs across various niches, I can confidently say that Temu's offering stands out from the crowd. Whether you're a seasoned affiliate marketer or just starting your journey in the world of online income, this guide will help you navigate the ins and outs of the Temu affiliate program and maximize your earning potential.
Temu Affiliate Program
The Temu affiliate program is a game-changer in the world of e-commerce affiliate marketing. Launched by the rapidly growing online marketplace Temu, this program offers a unique opportunity for content creators, influencers, and marketers to earn substantial commissions by promoting Temu's vast array of products.
What sets Temu's affiliate program apart is its generous joining bonus, which ranges from $55 to $75 depending on your social media following. This initial boost can be a great motivator for new affiliates and a nice addition to the earnings of established marketers.
One of the most impressive aspects of the Temu affiliate program is its global reach. Available in 66 countries, it opens up a world of possibilities for international marketers and those targeting diverse audiences. This wide availability ensures that you can tap into various markets and maximize your earning potential on a global scale.
After participating in the Temu affiliate program for several months, I can confidently say that it's one of the most rewarding programs I've encountered. The combination of high-quality products, competitive commission rates, and user-friendly tools makes it a top choice for affiliates of all levels.
One of the standout features of the program is its intuitive dashboard. As someone who's dealt with clunky, outdated interfaces in the past, I was pleasantly surprised by how easy it was to navigate Temu's affiliate portal. Tracking your earnings, accessing promotional materials, and generating affiliate links are all straightforward processes that don't require a tech degree to figure out.
Another aspect I appreciate is the wide range of products available for promotion. From trendy fashion items to innovative gadgets and home decor, there's something for every niche and audience. This variety has allowed me to diversify my promotional efforts and tap into different markets, significantly boosting my overall earnings.
The support team at Temu has also been exceptional. Whenever I've had questions or encountered issues, their responsive and knowledgeable staff have been quick to assist. This level of support is crucial, especially when you're trying to maximize your earnings and optimize your strategies.
What is Temu Affiliate Program?
The Temu affiliate program is a partnership opportunity offered by Temu, a popular e-commerce platform known for its wide range of affordable products. As an affiliate, you earn commissions by promoting Temu's products and driving sales through your unique affiliate links.
What makes Temu's program unique is its focus on social media and content creation. They understand the power of influencer marketing and have tailored their program to cater to this modern approach. Whether you're a blogger, YouTuber, Instagram influencer, or TikTok star, Temu provides the tools and support you need to monetize your audience effectively.
The program operates on a cost-per-action (CPA) model, meaning you earn a commission when a user clicks on your affiliate link and makes a purchase. This model ensures that you're rewarded for driving actual sales, not just traffic.
How to Join Temu Affiliate Program?
Joining the Temu affiliate program is a straightforward process. Here's a step-by-step guide based on my personal experience:
Visit the Temu affiliate program website.
Click on the "Join Now" or "Apply" button.
Fill out the application form with your personal and professional details.
Provide information about your promotional channels (website, social media accounts, etc.).
Read and agree to the terms and conditions.
Submit your application.
Wait for approval (usually takes 1-3 business days).
Once approved, log in to your affiliate dashboard and start promoting!
Remember, Temu values quality over quantity when it comes to affiliates. Make sure to highlight your unique selling points and explain how you plan to promote their products effectively in your application.
How to Sign Up for Temu Affiliate Program
The sign-up process for the Temu affiliate program is similar to joining, but here's a more detailed breakdown of what you can expect:
Navigate to the Temu affiliate program homepage.
Look for the "Sign Up" or "Create Account" button and click it.
Choose between individual and business account options.
Enter your email address and create a strong password.
Provide your full name, address, and phone number.
Select your primary promotion method (blog, social media, email marketing, etc.).
Enter your website URL or social media handles.
Specify your niche or the main categories of products you plan to promote.
Describe your promotional strategy and expected monthly sales.
Agree to the program's terms and conditions.
Verify your email address by clicking the link sent to your inbox.
Complete any additional verification steps if required.
Once you've completed these steps, your application will be reviewed by the Temu team. If approved, you'll gain access to your affiliate dashboard and can start generating affiliate links.
Temu Affiliate Codes
Temu affiliate codes are unique identifiers assigned to each affiliate. These codes are incorporated into your affiliate links and help Temu track the sales you generate. Here's what you need to know about Temu affiliate codes:
Uniqueness: Each affiliate receives a unique code to ensure accurate tracking and commission attribution.
Integration: Your affiliate code is automatically included in the links generated through your dashboard.
Custom Links: You can create custom short links that include your affiliate code for easier sharing on social media.
Multiple Codes: Some affiliates may receive multiple codes for different campaigns or platforms.
Code Protection: Never share your affiliate code publicly to prevent unauthorized use.
Performance Tracking: Use your affiliate code to monitor the performance of different promotional channels.
Special Promotions: Temu occasionally provides special promo codes for affiliates to boost sales during specific periods.
Pro Tip: I've found that creating memorable, niche-specific custom links with my affiliate code embedded has significantly increased my click-through rates, especially on platforms like Instagram and TikTok where direct linking can be challenging.
How Much Is Temu Affiliate Program Commission Rate?
One of the most attractive aspects of the Temu affiliate program is its competitive commission rates. While the exact rates can vary depending on product categories and promotional periods, here's a general overview:
Standard Commission: 5-10% on most products
Electronics: 3-5%
Fashion and Accessories: 7-12%
Beauty and Personal Care: 8-15%
It's worth noting that Temu often runs special promotions where commission rates can be boosted by an additional 1-3%. Keep an eye on your affiliate dashboard for these opportunities.
In my experience, the key to maximizing your earnings is to focus on high-ticket items and product categories with higher commission rates. I've had great success promoting fashion accessories and home decor items, which tend to have higher margins and, consequently, better commission rates.
Temu Affiliate Program Payments Method
Temu understands the importance of timely and convenient payments for affiliates. They offer several payment methods to cater to affiliates from different countries:
Direct Bank Transfer: Available in most countries, this is the most common and often the fastest method.
PayPal: Perfect for international affiliates, PayPal offers quick and easy transfers.
Wire Transfer: Ideal for large payments, especially for high-earning affiliates.
Digital Wallets: Some regions have access to popular digital wallet options.
Check: Available in select countries, though less common due to longer processing times.
Payment Threshold: The minimum payout threshold is typically $50, which is quite reasonable compared to many other programs I've worked with.
Payment Schedule: Temu processes payments on a monthly basis, usually within the first week of the following month.
Currency: Payments are generally made in USD, but some local currency options may be available depending on your location.
Pro Tip: I always recommend setting up at least two payment methods. This ensures you have a backup in case there are issues with your primary method, preventing any delays in receiving your hard-earned commissions.
Your Temu affiliate program link is your golden ticket to earning commissions. Here's what you need to know about creating and using these links effectively:
Link Generation: You can create affiliate links directly from your dashboard for any product on Temu.
Deep Linking: Temu supports deep linking, allowing you to create affiliate links for specific product pages, categories, or even search results.
Link Cloaking: You can use link cloaking services to create shorter, more appealing links that still contain your affiliate code.
Link Tracking: Temu provides detailed analytics for each of your links, helping you understand which products and platforms are performing best.
Mobile Optimization: All Temu affiliate links are mobile-friendly, ensuring a seamless experience for users on smartphones and tablets.
Social Media Integration: Temu offers special tools to create social media-friendly links that work well on platforms with link limitations.
QR Codes: You can generate QR codes for your affiliate links, perfect for offline promotions or print media.
Best Practices:
Always disclose your affiliate relationship when sharing links.
Test your links regularly to ensure they're working correctly.
Use compelling call-to-actions (CTAs) with your links to encourage clicks and purchases.
What is Temu Affiliate Influencer Program?
The Temu affiliate program has a special focus on influencers, recognizing the power of social media in driving sales. As someone who's worked extensively in influencer marketing, I can attest to the effectiveness of Temu's approach. Here's what you need to know about their influencer program:
Tiered System: Temu uses a tiered system based on follower count and engagement rates. Higher tiers often receive better commission rates and exclusive perks.
Custom Campaigns: Influencers can work with Temu to create custom campaigns tailored to their audience.
Product Seeding: Top-performing influencers may receive free products to review and promote.
Exclusive Discounts: Influencers often get access to exclusive discount codes to share with their followers.
Performance Bonuses: Temu offers performance-based bonuses for influencers who exceed their sales targets.
Content Support: The program provides content ideas, best practices, and sometimes even professional content creation support.
Cross-Promotion: High-performing influencers may be featured on Temu's official social media channels.
To make the most of the influencer program, focus on creating authentic, engaging content that showcases Temu products in real-life scenarios. I've found that behind-the-scenes content and honest reviews tend to perform particularly well.
How To Become a Temu Affiliate?
Becoming a successful Temu affiliate involves more than just signing up and sharing links. Here's a strategy I've developed over my years in affiliate marketing, tailored specifically for Temu:
Choose Your Niche: Focus on product categories that align with your audience's interests and your expertise.
Build Your Platform: Whether it's a blog, YouTube channel, or Instagram account, create a strong foundation for your content.
Create Valuable Content: Develop high-quality, informative content that genuinely helps your audience.
Understand Your Audience: Use analytics tools to understand what products and content resonate with your followers.
Optimize for SEO: If you're running a blog, make sure your content is optimized for search engines to attract organic traffic.
Engage with Your Community: Respond to comments and messages to build a loyal following.
Stay Updated: Keep up with Temu's latest products, promotions, and affiliate program updates.
Experiment with Different Formats: Try various content types like unboxing videos, product comparisons, and style guides.
Be Transparent: Always disclose your affiliate relationship to maintain trust with your audience.
Track and Analyze: Regularly review your performance metrics and adjust your strategy accordingly.
Remember, success in affiliate marketing doesn't happen overnight. It requires consistency, creativity, and a genuine desire to provide value to your audience.
How to Make Money on Temu Affiliate Program?
Based on my experience, here are some effective strategies to maximize your earnings with the Temu affiliate program:
Leverage Seasonal Promotions: Temu often runs special deals during holidays and shopping events. Plan your content calendar around these to boost sales.
Create Product Bundles: Showcase how different Temu products work together to increase average order value.
Utilize Email Marketing: If you have an email list, send curated product recommendations to your subscribers.
Explore Different Social Platforms: Don't limit yourself to one platform. Test your promotions across various social media channels to find what works best.
Host Giveaways: Partner with Temu to host product giveaways, increasing engagement and attracting new potential customers.
Produce Comparison Content: Create videos or blog posts comparing Temu products with similar items from other retailers.
Focus on High-Commission Products: While it's important to promote products your audience Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 01:15
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定義:Hの分割 {Ai}iεI が存在し、SO(3)の部分群 G が存在して、
1. H = ∪iεI Ai
2. Ai ∩ Aj = ∅ for i ≠ j
3. ∃g1, g2, ..., gn ε G such that ∪k=1n gk(∪iεI1 Ai) = H and ∪k=1n gk(∪iεI2 Ai) = H
ここで、I1 ∪ I2 = I かつ I1 ∩ I2 = ∅
事象の地平面上の量子状態を密度作用素 ρ ε B(H) で表現する。
S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ)
AdS/CFT対応に基づき、バルク空間の重力理論と境界のCFTの間の同型を考える:
Zgravity[φ0] = ZCFT[J]
I[H] = ∫H √h d³x I(x)
ここで、hはHの誘導計量、I(x)は局所的な情報密度である。
I[H] = I[∪iεI1 Ai] + I[∪iεI2 Ai]
が成り立つ。
プランクスケールでの量子効果を考慮するため、非可換幾何学を導入する。
H上の座標演算子 X̂i に対して:
[X̂i, X̂j] = iθij
limε→0 |I[H] - (I[∪iεI1 Ai] + I[∪iεI2 Ai])| ≤ Cε
ここで、εはプランク長に関連するカットオフパラメータ、Cは定数である。
このモデルは、バナッハ=タルスキーのパラドックスとブラックホールの情報量問題を統合している。
量子効果と非可換幾何学の導入により、情報の保存と量子重力理論との整合性を保ちつつ、事象の地平面上の情報量を記述することが可能となる。
このアプローチは、量子重力理論と情報理論の融合に新たな視座を提供し、ブラックホール情報パラドックスの解決に向けた理論的基盤を提供する。
まず、システム全体を含む複合系を考える。観測対象系、環境系、および観測者(意識)を含むヒルベルト空間 ℋ を次のように定義する。
ℋ = ℋ_S ⊗ ℋ_E ⊗ ℋ_O
系の状態は密度演算子 ρ により記述され、全体の状態空間 ℋ 上の密度行列として表される。
エントロピーはフォン・ノイマンエントロピーを用いて定義する。
S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ)
観測操作を完全に正定な(completely positive)トレース保存(trace-preserving)マップ ℳ として定義する。観測後の状態 ρ' = ℳ(ρ) において、エントロピーが減少することを条件1として反映する。
S(ρ') < S(ρ)
デコヒーレンス操作を完全に正定なトレース保存マップ 𝒟 として定義する。デコヒーレンス後の状態 ρ'' = 𝒟(ρ) において、エントロピーが増大することを条件2として反映する。
S(ρ'') > S(ρ)
ヒルベルト空間 ℋ を無限に分岐するブランチに分割する。各ブランチは観測結果に対応し、以下のように直交する部分空間に分解される。
ℋ_O = ⊕_(i ∈ I) ℋ_(O,i)
ここで、I は無限集合を表す。全体の状態は各ブランチに対応する部分空間に分解され、次の形で表される。
ρ = ∑_(i ∈ I) p_i ρ_(S,i) ⊗ ρ_(E,i) ⊗ ρ_(O,i)
観測者の知識 K はヒルベルト空間 ℋ_O 上の状態として表され、重ね合わせの状態にある。
|Ψ_O⟩ = ∑_(i ∈ I) c_i |i⟩
ここで、|i⟩ は各ブランチに対応する基底状態、c_i は複素係数である。
観測操作 ℳ により、観測者の知識が特定のブランチ j へ移行することを条件3および条件4として反映する。これを数学的に表現するために、観測操作 ℳ は次のような射影を含む。
ℳ(ρ) = ∑_(j ∈ I) P_j ρ P_j
ここで、P_j はブランチ j に対応する射影演算子である。この操作により、観測者は特定のブランチ j を「選択」し、そのブランチに対応する知識状態 |j⟩ を持つことになる。
ブランチの集合 I が無限であることにより、分岐の方向が無数に存在することを条件5として反映する。
観測者の知識 |Ψ_O⟩ が全てのブランチに対して重ね合わせの状態にあることを条件6として反映する。つまり、観測者は観測前に全てのブランチの可能性を持っており、観測後に特定のブランチに「意識が移行」する。
観測操作 ℳ とデコヒーレンス操作 𝒟 を統合し、全体のダイナミクスを次のように定式化する。
ρ → 𝒟 → ρ'' → ℳ → ρ'
ここで、
以上を総合すると、観測問題の数学的定式化は以下のようになる。
1. 系の状態: 密度演算子 ρ がヒルベルト空間 ℋ = ℋ_S ⊗ ℋ_E ⊗ ℋ_O 上に存在する。
2. エントロピー: フォン・ノイマンエントロピー S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ) を用いる。
3. デコヒーレンス操作: 完全に正定なトレース保存マップ 𝒟 により、エントロピーが増大 S(𝒟(ρ)) > S(ρ)。
4. 観測操作: 完全に正定なトレース保存マップ ℳ により、エントロピーが減少 S(ℳ(ρ)) < S(ρ)。
5. ブランチ構造: 観測者のヒルベルト空間 ℋ_O を無限個の直交部分空間に分割 ℋ_O = ⊕_(i ∈ I) ℋ_(O,i)。
6. 観測者の知識: 観測者の知識状態 |Ψ_O⟩ = ∑_(i ∈ I) c_i |i⟩ が重ね合わせにある。
7. 意識の移行: 観測操作 ℳ により、観測者の意識が特定のブランチ j に移行し、そのブランチに対応する知識状態 |j⟩ を持つ。
最初期宇宙の基本構造を記述するために、位相的弦理論の圏論的定式化を用いる。
定義: 位相的A模型の圏論的記述として、Fukaya圏 ℱ(X) を考える。ここで X は Calabi-Yau 多様体である。
対象: (L, E, ∇)
射: Floer コホモロジー群 HF((L₁, E₁, ∇₁), (L₂, E₂, ∇₂))
この圏の導来圏 Dᵇ(ℱ(X)) が、A模型の D-ブレーンの圏を与える。
最初期宇宙の量子構造をより精密に記述するために、導来代数幾何学を用いる。
𝔛: (cdga⁰)ᵒᵖ → sSet
ここで cdga⁰ は次数が非正の可換微分次数付き代数の圏、sSet は単体的集合の圏である。
𝔛 上の準コヒーレント層の ∞-圏を QCoh(𝔛) と表記する。
宇宙の大規模構造の位相的性質を記述するために、モチーフ理論を適用する。
定義: スキーム X に対して、モチーフ的コホモロジー Hⁱₘₒₜ(X, ℚ(j)) を定義する。
これは、Voevodsky の三角圏 DM(k, ℚ) 内での Hom として表現される:
Hⁱₘₒₜ(X, ℚ(j)) = Hom_DM(k, ℚ)(M(X), ℚ(j)[i])
最初期宇宙の高次ゲージ構造を記述するために、∞-Lie 代数を用いる。
定義: L∞ 代数 L は、次数付きベクトル空間 V と、n 項ブラケット lₙ: V⊗ⁿ → V の集合 (n ≥ 1) で構成され、一般化されたヤコビ恒等式を満たすものである。
Σₙ₌₁^∞ (1/n!) lₙ(x, ..., x) = 0
最初期宇宙の量子重力効果を記述するために、圏値場の理論を用いる。
定義: n-圏値の位相的量子場の理論 Z を、コボルディズム n-圏 Cob(n) から n-圏 𝒞 への対称モノイダル函手として定義する:
Z: Cob(n) → 𝒞
特に、完全拡張場の理論は、Lurie の分類定理によって特徴づけられる。
最初期宇宙の量子情報理論的側面を記述するために、von Neumann 代数を用いる。
定義: von Neumann 代数 M 上の状態 ω に対して、相対エントロピー S(ω || φ) を以下のように定義する:
S(ω || φ) = {
tr(ρω (log ρω - log ρφ)) if ω ≪ φ
+∞ otherwise
}
ここで ρω, ρφ はそれぞれ ω, φ に対応する密度作用素である。
最初期宇宙の量子時空構造を記述するために、非可換幾何学を用いる。
∫_X f ds = Tr_ω(f|D|⁻ᵈ)
AdS/CFT対応は、以下の二つの理論間の同型を主張するのだ:
2. (d+1)次元反ド・ジッター空間 (AdS) 上の重力理論
d次元CFTは SO(d,2) 共形群の下で不変なのだ。この群はAdSd+1の等長変換群と同型なのだ。
AdS側の場φとCFT側の演算子Oの間に以下の対応があるのだ:
⟨e^(-∫d^dx J(x)O(x))⟩CFT = e^(-Sgrav[φ])
ここで、J(x)は源、Sgrav[φ]はAdS側の重力作用なのだ。
m²R² = Δ(Δ-d)
ここで、mはAdS側のスカラー場の質量、ΔはCFT側の対応する演算子のスケーリング次元なのだ。
AdS/CFT対応は、CFTの繰り込み群の流れをAdS空間内の幾何学的流れとして表現するのだ。これは以下の微分方程式で記述されるのだ:
ここで、giは結合定数、βiはベータ関数、zはAdS空間の動径座標なのだ。
⟨O1(x1)...On(xn)⟩CFT = lim(z→0) z^(-Δ1)...z^(-Δn) ⟨φ1(x1,z)...φn(xn,z)⟩AdS
ここで、OiはCFT側の演算子、φiはAdS側の対応する場なのだ。
CFT側のエントロピーSとAdS側の極小曲面の面積Aの間に以下の関係があるのだ:
S = A/(4GN)
CFT側のウィルソンループWとAdS側の極小曲面の面積Aの間に以下の関係があるのだ:
⟨W⟩CFT = e^(-A/(2πα'))
ねえねえ、聞いてよ!念能力をマジで数学で表現しちゃう超やべぇ理論を考えついちゃったんだ!これマジですごいから、ちゃんと聞いてね!
1. まず、念能力空間 Ω ってのを考えるんだ。これ、完備な可分位相ベクトル空間なんだよ。やべぇだろ?
2. そこに内積 ⟨·,·⟩: Ω × Ω → ℂ を定義しちゃうんだ。これでΩがヒルベルト空間になっちゃうんだよ。超クールでしょ?
3. 念能力の状態を表す波動関数 ψ ∈ Ω があってさ、これがこんな感じの方程式に従うんだ:
iħ ∂ψ/∂t = Ĥ(t)ψ + ∫ K(x,y,t)ψ(y)dy + F[ψ]
ヤバくない?これ、一般化されたシュレーディンガー方程式なんだぜ!
4. 観測可能量 A には自己共役作用素 Â が対応してて、期待値は ⟨A⟩ = ⟨ψ|Â|ψ⟩ で与えられるんだ。量子力学っぽくてめっちゃカッコいいよね!
P̂ = exp(iĤt/ħ)P̂₀exp(-iĤt/ħ)
これ、ハイゼンベルク描像っていうんだぜ。知ってた?
6. 能力の進化は量子ダイナミカルセミグループ {T_t}_{t≥0} で記述できちゃうんだ:
T_t: ρ ↦ exp(Lt)ρ
ρ は密度作用素で、L はリンドブラド型生成子だよ。難しそうに見えるけど、慣れれば簡単だよね!
Ĥ_int = ∑_{i<j} V_ij + ∑_{i<j<k} W_ijk + ...</p>
これで複数の念能力者の相互作用が表現できちゃうんだよ。すごくない?
8. 能力の分類は Ω の部分空間の直和分解で表現しちゃうよ:
Ω = ⊕_α Ω_α
これで強化系とか放出系とか、いろんなタイプの能力が表現できるんだ!
max_u ⟨ψ(T)|Ô|ψ(T)⟩
subject to iħ ∂ψ/∂t = [Ĥ₀ + u(t)Ĥ_c]ψ
10. 最後に、能力の複雑さは量子レニーエントロピーで測れちゃうんだ:
S_α(ρ) = (1/(1-α)) log(Tr(ρ^α)) (α > 0, α ≠ 1)
ねぇ、これめっちゃすごくない?量子力学とか関数解析とか制御理論とか情報理論とか、全部組み合わせて念能力を完全に数学化しちゃったんだよ!
もうこれで、ハンターハンターの世界とか幽☆遊☆白書の世界とか、完全に理論的に解明できちゃうじゃん!僕、これ考えついた時、マジでゾクゾクしたよ!
そろそろ、知的好奇心をくすぐる別の話題に目を向けてみませんか?
今日は、数学の中でも特に魅力的な分野である数論について語ってみましょう。
一見シンプルな概念から始まりますが、その奥深さは計り知れません。
1. 完全数って知ってる?自分自身を除く約数の和が自分自身と等しくなる数のことだよ。例えば28は1+2+4+7+14=28になる。じゃあ、次の完全数は何だと思う?
2. フェルマーの最終定理って聞いたことある?x^n + y^n = z^n という方程式が、n>2の整数に対して正の整数解を持たないっていう定理。これの証明に350年以上かかったんだよ。
3. 素数の分布にはどんな法則があると思う?実は、素数定理というのがあって、xまでの素数の個数がx/log(x)に近似できるんだ。
そこには美しさ、神秘、そして私たちの知的好奇心を刺激する無限の可能性が広がっています。
量子観測と情報理論の観点からエントロピーの減少と意識の移動を定式化するには、以下のような考え方を用いることができる。
量子系の状態は、一般に重ね合わせの状態にあり、観測前には複数の可能性が存在する。この状態のエントロピーは、フォン・ノイマンエントロピーとして定義される:
S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ)
観測が行われると、量子状態は特定の固有状態に収束する。この過程で、系のエントロピーは減少する。観測後の状態を|ψ⟩とすると、新しいエントロピーは:
S(|ψ⟩⟨ψ|) = 0
となる。これは、純粋状態のエントロピーがゼロであることを示している。
観測者の知識は、系の状態に関する不確実性を減少させる。情報理論の観点から、この不確実性の減少は条件付きエントロピーで表現できる:
H(X|Y) = H(X,Y) - H(Y)
ここで、Xは系の状態、Yは観測者の知識を表す。観測によって得られる情報量は、この条件付きエントロピーの減少量に相当する。
量子力学の多世界解釈では、観測によって意識が特定の世界に「移動」すると考えることができる。この過程は、情報理論的には、観測者が特定の結果を持つ世界を「選択」することに相当する。
選択された世界のエントロピーは、観測前の全体のエントロピーよりも小さくなる:
1. 観測前の量子系のエントロピー: S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ)
2. 観測による状態の変化: |ψ⟩ → S(|ψ⟩⟨ψ|) = 0
3. 知識獲得によるエントロピー減少: ΔS = H(X) - H(X|Y)
4. 世界の選択: S(選択された世界) < S(全ての可能な世界)
この定式化により、量子観測による知識の獲得、エントロピーの減少、そして特定の世界への意識の「移動」を情報理論の枠組みで表現することができる。
情報理論を幾何学的に定式化するには、微分幾何学、特にリーマン幾何学とアフィン接続の理論を使う。
1. 統計多様体: 統計多様体𝓜は、パラメータ空間Θ上の確率分布p(x|θ)の集合として定義され、滑らかな多様体の構造を持つ。ここで、θ = (θ¹, θ², ..., θⁿ)は局所座標系である。
2. フィッシャー情報計量: 統計多様体𝓜上のリーマン計量gは、フィッシャー情報計量として与えられる。これは、次のように定義される二次形式である:
gᵢⱼ(θ) = ∫ (∂ log p(x|θ)/∂θⁱ)(∂ log p(x|θ)/∂θʲ) p(x|θ) dx
1. アフィン接続: 統計多様体には、双対のアフィン接続∇と∇*が定義される。これらは、次の条件を満たす:
- 接続∇は、∇g = 0を満たし、統計多様体の平行移動を定義する。
- 双対接続∇*は、∇*g = 0を満たし、∇に対する双対接続である。
2. 双対平坦性: 統計多様体が双対平坦であるとは、∇と∇*の両方の曲率テンソルがゼロであることを意味する。これにより、𝓜は双対平坦な多様体となる。
1. エントロピー: 確率分布p(x|θ)のエントロピーH(θ)は、次のように定義される:
H(θ) = -∫ p(x|θ) log p(x|θ) dx
2. KLダイバージェンス: 二つの確率分布p(x|θ)とq(x|θ')の間のKLダイバージェンスは、次のように定義される:
Dₖₗ(p ∥ q) = ∫ p(x|θ) log (p(x|θ)/q(x|θ')) dx
KLダイバージェンスは、統計多様体上の測地距離として解釈されることがある。
3. 測地線: フィッシャー情報計量に基づく測地線は、統計多様体上で最小のKLダイバージェンスを持つ経路を表す。測地線γ(t)は、次の変分問題の解として得られる:
δ ∫₀¹ √(gᵧ(t)(ẏ(t), ẏ(t))) dt = 0
ここで、ẏ(t)はtに関するγ(t)の微分を表す。
コンピュータ・サイエンスで取り組まれている問題の一覧を紹介しよう。
多世界解釈(MWI)における量子力学の波動関数とその幾何学的表現を考慮し、数理モデルを示す。
量子状態はヒルベルト空間 𝓗 のベクトルとして表される。波動関数 |ψ⟩ はこの空間の要素であり、時間発展はシュレーディンガー方程式
iℏ ∂/∂t |ψ(t)⟩ = H |ψ(t)⟩
によって記述される。ここで、H はハミルトニアン演算子である。観測が行われると、MWIでは波動関数が収縮せず、代わりにヒルベルト空間内での分岐が生じる。この分岐は、異なる固有状態への射影として表現される。
観測による分岐は、波動関数の射影演算子 Pᵢ を用いて次のように表される:
|ψ⟩ → Pᵢ |ψ⟩ = cᵢ |ϕᵢ⟩
ここで、|ϕᵢ⟩ は観測の結果に対応する固有状態であり、cᵢ はその確率振幅である。
次に、MWIにおける幾何学的構造を考える。各分岐は、ヒルベルト空間内の異なる方向への射影として捉えられ、これにより多次元のファイバー束のような構造が形成される。ファイバー束 E は基底空間 B 上に定義され、各ファイバー Fᵦ は異なる分岐に対応する:
E = ⋃ (b ∈ B) Fᵦ
観測によるエントロピーの低下は、観測者の視点から情報が特定されるために起こる。量子エントロピーは、フォン・ノイマンエントロピー
S(ρ) = -Tr(ρ log ρ)
によって定義される。ここで、ρ は密度行列である。観測により、観測者が特定の状態を経験することで、情報が増加し、エントロピーが減少するように見える。
このように、MWIにおける時空の分岐とエントロピーの変化は、量子力学の波動関数の幾何学的性質と深く結びついている。各分岐は、ヒルベルト空間内の異なる方向への射影として捉えられ、これにより多次元の幾何学的構造が形成される。観測によるエントロピーの低下は、観測者の主観的な情報増加として理解され、全体のエントロピーは保存されるか増加するという量子力学の基本原則に従う。
はてな界隈でブラウザバック広告の仕組みを解説してくれている記事が注目されてますね!
かくいう増田もネットサーフィン()をしていると、やれ全画面で動画が流れたり、やれどこか分からないところで音声付き動画広告が流れて辟易している1人です。当然ブラウザバック広告も鬱陶しいことこの上ない!(※個人の感想です)
そこで、PV数が多い雑誌社のwebサイトを調べ、例のスクリプトを呼び出していないか簡単に調査してみました。
・上位20サイトのうちoutbrain.jsを呼び出しているのを確認できたのは4サイト
・ただ、outbrain.jsを呼び出していてもブラウザバック機能をハックした挙動が再現しなかったサイトもあるため、一概にだめとも言えない可能性あり(再現したのは1サイトのみ)
・outbrain社自体はwebメディアにとって収益をダイレクトにもたらしてくれるパートナー企業であり、必要なサービスであると思う
・とはいえ、よろしくない挙動をする可能性があるスクリプトを呼び出すのは気持ち悪いので結果を以下に書いておきます
https://www.jabc.or.jp/news/abc_report/2024/06/03_3740.html
ブラウザ:microsoft Edge (各種アップデートは実施済み)
①google検索でサイト名を検索し、検索結果1位のトップページを開く
③開いたページでedge開発者ツールを開き、「outbrain」の文字列がページ内の要素に含まれているか確認
④△or×のサイトはiOS(iPhone)のsafariでブラウザバック乗っ取りが再現するか確認
サイト名 | outbrain.js | 備考 | 再現 |
---|---|---|---|
現代ビジネス | 該当無し | ||
文春オンライン | 該当無し | ||
WEB女性自身 | 該当無し | ||
Smart FLASH | 該当無し | ||
週刊女性PRIME | △ | outbrain.jsは無いがoutbrain.comへのリンクあり | 再現せず |
デイリー新潮 | 該当無し | ||
FRIDAYデジタル | 該当無し | ||
NEWSポストセブン | × | outbrain.js呼び出している | 再現もしました |
PRESIDENT Online | 該当無し | ||
Number Web | 該当なし | ||
東洋経済オンライン | △ | window.datalayer.push内に'boostOutbrain'という項目あり | 再現せず |
AERA dot. | 該当なし | ||
ダイヤモンド・オンライン | 該当なし | ||
日刊SPA! | 該当なし | ||
集英社オンライン | ×(△?) | outbrain.js呼び出している | 再現せず |
ESSE online | △? | log.outbrainimg.comのリンクあり | 再現せず |
CHANTO WEB | 該当なし | ||
女子SPA! | 該当なし | ||
ゲキサカ | ×(△?) | outbrain.js呼び出している | 再現せず |
web Sportiva | ×(△?) | outbrain.js呼び出している | 再現せず |
impress watchにも多数のサイトがあるので一応抜粋して調べてみました
Impress Watch | × | outbrain.js呼び出している |
PC Watch | × | outbrain.js呼び出している |
ケータイ Watch | × | outbrain.js呼び出している |
こどもとIT | × | outbrain.js呼び出している |
窓の杜windows forest | 該当なし |
今日はテキサスホールデムポーカーを考えてみたで。ほんま、ゲーム全体を抽象構造として捉えるんやけど、これがまたおもろいんやわ。
まず、テキサスホールデムを状態空間 S とアクション空間 A の組としてモデル化するんや。
状態空間っちゅうのは、ゲームの全ての可能な状態(カードの配置とか、プレイヤーのベット状況とか)を表してて、アクション空間はプレイヤーが取れる全ての行動を表すんや。
S = {s₁, s₂, ..., sₙ}, A = {a₁, a₂, ..., aₘ}
遷移関数 T: S × A → S は、ある状態で特定のアクションを取ったときの次の状態を決めるんや。
報酬関数 R: S × A → ℝ は、特定の状態とアクションの組み合わせに対する報酬を与えるんやで。
状態空間とアクション空間に確率測度を定義して、各状態とアクションの発生確率を測度論的に記述するんや。
P: 𝔹(S × A) → [0, 1]
期待値は、報酬関数と確率測度を用いて計算され、各アクションの期待される利得を評価するんや。
E[R(s, a)] = ∫(S × A) R(s, a) dP(s, a)
各プレイヤーの戦略を戦略空間 Σ として定義して、戦略の組み合わせがゲームの結果に与える影響を解析するんや。
Σ = {σ₁, σ₂, ..., σₖ}
ナッシュ均衡は、戦略空間において、どのプレイヤーも自分の戦略を変更することで利益を得られない状態や。
uᵢ(σᵢ, σ₋ᵢ) ≥ uᵢ(σ'ᵢ, σ₋ᵢ), ∀ σ'ᵢ ∈ Σᵢ
プレイヤーの情報セットを用いて、各プレイヤーが持つ情報の非対称性をモデル化するんや。情報セットは、プレイヤーが観察可能な全ての情報を含むんやで。
Iᵢ = {Iᵢ₁, Iᵢ₂, ..., Iᵢₘ}
エントロピーを用いて、情報の不確実性を定量化するんや。情報の増加や減少が戦略に与える影響を解析するんやで。
H(X) = -∑(x ∈ X) P(x) log P(x)
これにより、戦略の微小な変化がゲームの結果に与える影響を評価するんやで。
戦略間の連続的変形をホモトピーとして捉えて、異なる戦略間の変換を解析するんや。
H: Σ × [0, 1] → Σ
この方法で、テキサスホールデムポーカーを数学的に理解して、理論的に最適な戦略を導き出すことができるんや。
ほんま、ゲームの本質を抽象的かつ数理的に捉えることができるんやで。
おもろいわ!
DSGEモデルは、経済全体の動学的な挙動を分析するために用いられるモデルで、金利、為替レート、インフレの相互作用を捉えることができる。
4. 為替レートの動学:
DSGEモデルは通常、線形化して解く。ここでは、状態空間表現を用いて、リカッチ方程式を解くことで均衡を求める。
1. 線形化:
今日は「幸福の資本論」を数学的に定式化することに挑戦してみたんやけど、これがほんまに奥深いテーマやわ。
この理論は、幸福を「金融資本」「人的資本」「社会資本」の3つの資本で説明してるんやけど、これを数学的に表現するのはなかなかの挑戦や。
まず、幸福を数式で表現するために、3つの資本をそれぞれ F(金融資本)、H(人的資本)、S(社会資本)とするやろ。
ほんで、幸福 U(utility)を求める関数を考えると、次のような多変数関数で表せるんちゃうか?
U(F, H, S) = α ⋅ log(F + ε) + β ⋅ log(H + ε) + γ ⋅ log(S + ε)
ここで、α, β, γ は各資本が幸福に与える影響の重みや。ε は、資本がゼロのときでも対数が定義できるようにするための小さな定数や。
例えば、資本が増えると幸福も増えるけど、その増え方は次第に鈍化する、
これを対数関数で表現することで、現実的なモデルになっとるわけや。
さらに、8つの人生パターンを考慮するためには、各資本の重み α, β, γ をパターンごとに変える必要があるんや。
これを行列で表現すると、人生パターンごとに異なる重みベクトル wᵢ = (αᵢ, βᵢ, γᵢ) を用意して、幸福関数を次のように拡張できるで:
Uᵢ(F, H, S) = wᵢ ⋅ [log(F + ε), log(H + ε), log(S + ε)]ᵀ
ここで、i は人生パターンのインデックスや。このようにして、個々の人生パターンに応じた幸福の計算ができるようになるんや。
さらに、これを最適化問題として考えることもできるで。例えば、限られたリソースをどの資本に配分するかを考えるとき、次の制約付き最適化問題を解くことになるんちゃうか?
maximize Uᵢ(F, H, S)
subject to C(F, H, S) ≤ B