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はてなキーワード: doesとは
https://georgebest1969.typepad.jp/blog/2020/03/事実に誠意を.html
これが原文です。
外国から問い合わせが来ているけれども時間がなくて訳せないということで、DeepLの性能確認ついでにやってみました。
この私訳と岩田健太郎先生は無関係なのでよろしくお願いします。
訳された文章を原文と見比べ、翻訳で文章がおかしくなったところや慣用句は「必ず日本語側の文章をいじることで」できるだけ解消しました。
よって改変した文章だけをこちらに載せ、改変する必要がなかったところは段落番号しか載せていません。元文章は元ブログを当たってください。
英語に詳しいパーソンが精査していただけると幸いです。
1 Most of what I'm about to write is no different from what I've said and done in the past. However, I have been asked the same question repeatedly, so I would like to reiterate it. We have received many inquiries from overseas as well, so we should have prepared the same content in English, but due to time constraints, I'm afraid I'll have to skip it. This article is designed to be read without basic knowledge of infectious diseases and jargon, but it is rather difficult to understand. Please forgive me for that.
感想：「Chromeかなにかでそれぞれ母国語に訳してお読みいただけると幸いです。」がきれいさっぱり消えている。DeepLの自負心だろう。
2 The fact that the number of COVID-19 reports in Japan is very low compared to other countries is attracting attention from home and abroad. Is it true? It has been pointed out that the number of tests is so small that we may be misreading the actual number of infected people.
3 However, this point is wrong at various layers. In the first place, Japan does not aim to capture all the numbers of COVID-19. Whether it's administrative testing or insured care, the state basically has a testing strategy in mind to diagnose, hospitalize, and isolate critically ill patients who need to be hospitalized. It is natural that they "haven't figured it out" and they don't intend to. That's not a bad thing.In fact, the situation is the same in every country, large or small, and no country, whether in the United States, Europe, or Asia, is aiming to "capture the whole number.
感想：最後の文はなぜか他の文と一緒に入力すると訳してくれなかった。この文一つだけ入力すると訳してくれた。
よく考えると「多かれ少なかれ」は通じないだろうから直した方がよかった。なぜかDeepLに繋がらなくなったのでもう直せない。
WHOもそんなことは求めていない。もっとも、そのわりに日本は帰国者無症状者にPCRをやってみたり、無症状な検査陽性者を入院隔離させてみたり（軽症者は自宅じゃなかったの？）、プリンシプルにおいて首尾一貫していない。だから、「彼らがなにがやりたいか私たちはよくわからない」ので、人々は不安になる。リスコミにおける失敗と言えよう。
The WHO is not asking for such a thing. But instead, Japan gives PCR to asymptomatic returnees and isolates asymptomatic test-positive people in hospital (wasn't it home for people with minor illnesses?). It has not been coherent in its principles. So, people get anxious because "we're not sure what they want to do". It's a failure in the press.
感想：「なにがやりたいかよくわからない」に主語を付与する必要があった。リスコミがpressになった。よくわかったな。
「〜は自宅じゃなかったの？）、」の、が.になっているのがよくわからない。なぜかDeepLに繋がらなくなったのでもう直せない。
4 The difference between Korea and Japan is the "result" and not the "purpose". In South Korea, where the number of infected people had surged in one place, we had to focus on inspections in and around the area. If such a phenomenon (let's call it an overshoot) occurs in Japan, the number of inspections will increase. When the situation is different, arguing only on the basis of the number of tests without observing the situation is like trying to say, "That team made 50 sliding tackles while this team made only one," without watching a football game. In games where you don't have to slide (e.g., when you're in possession the whole time), even 0 times isn't a "mistake," and of course 50 times isn't a mistake.
5 全数把握ができていない疾患など山のようにある。日本ではインフルエンザの「全数」把握はしておらず、定点観測である。疫学上、感染対策上、それで十分な情報が得られているからだ。日本で毎年風邪が何例発生しているか、正確に把握したデータはない。レセプトデータを見ればわかるじゃないか、というのも間違いで、なぜなら多くの風邪患者は（ぼくのように）受診せずに自然に治るまで待っている。医療に限らず、経済学でも政治学でもデータはサンプリングから母数を推定するのがほとんどで、「全数」は非効率的な状態把握法なのだ。
There are many diseases for which the total number of patients is not known. In Japan, we do not have a "total" number of influenza cases, but only a fixed-point observation. Because that's enough information, both epidemiologically and in terms of infection control. There is no accurate data on how many cases of the common cold occur each year in Japan. It's also a mistake to say that you can tell by looking at the receipt data, because many cold patients (like me) don't see a doctor and wait until they are cured naturally. Not only in medicine, but also in economics and political science, data are mostly based on sampling to estimate population numbers, and "whole numbers" is an inefficient way of grasping the situation.
感想：ちょこちょこ変えてある。日本語の文章が多少おかしくなっているのは勘弁してほしい。接続詞を適切に入れると格段に翻訳が正確になる。
6 We have not seen the devastation in Japan as in Italy, Spain or New York City. There is no medical collapse in a critically ill patient, no use of the operating room as an ICU, no piling up of bodies on a skating rink with no place to put them. Even if the "numbers" are not known, it is a fact that the current situation in Japan (including Tokyo) is much better controlled than in other countries.
7 Even so, you may be interested in "Well, what about the actual situation? There are estimates. For example, Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura and his group estimate that the number of mild illnesses in Japan may be twice the reported number. The catch rate is 0.44, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.37-0.50.
8 Although the study was based on data from China, there is no guarantee that the Chinese COVID-19 demographic is the same as the Japanese one. Also, since the original study did not include asymptomatic patients or those with minor illnesses that did not require hospitalization, the number of infected patients estimated on that basis would inevitably be an underestimate. If you are more paranoid, it's not unreasonable to believe that "the Japanese and Chinese viruses are different because of the mutation" (although I don't think so).
9 This does not diminish the value of the paper itself. The model must always use existing parameters, and it is often impossible to prove the external validity of these parameters. If the underlying parameters are not reasonable, the predictions will not be correct. A model assumes a simplified world insofar as it is a model. A model without simplification, which is an adjectival contradiction.
数理モデルのこうした「前提」にイチャモンを付けるのは、例えばAという疾患を対象にランダム化比較試験をしたときに、「Bという疾患については説明できないじゃないか」と文句を言うようなもので、業界の仁義に反する意味のない揚げ足取りである。
To complain about these "assumptions" of the mathematical model is like complaining, for example, "You can't explain disease B," when a randomized controlled trial is conducted for disease A. This is a meaningless tirade against the honor of the industry.
感想；「分からない」を「説明できない」に変えた。多分これでいいと思う。思いたい。
However, it is different for the reader of the paper.
A mathematical model that assumes a certain hypothesis should have internal academic validity, but it is the responsibility of the reader, as a resident of the real world, to appraise it in the real world.
Aという疾患を対象にしたRCTの知見をBという疾患に使ってはならないように、数理モデルの制限を理解し、現実世界にアプライするときに十分注意するのは当然だ。
Just as the RCT findings for disease A should not be used for disease B, it is natural to understand the limitations of the mathematical model and to be careful when applying it to the real world. For example, it would be wrong to read the paper and conclude that the total number of infected people in Tokyo is about 500 as of March 26.
感想；「読み手は別である」を「読み手にとっては別である」に変更し、「制限や限界」は「limitations and limitations」になったので片方削った。
11 People make mistakes. The models are also wrong. Being wrong is not a big deal. The problem is to notice your mistakes and make corrections. Already, a group at Imperial College London has admitted that its original estimate that the peak of the infection should be moderated was "wrong" and has revised its prediction that the ICU will soon fail if it does not fight the virus fairly aggressively.
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参議院議員選挙が近づき、れいわ新選組の山本太郎議員がした減税のためなら安倍内閣とも組むとの発言が支持者の間で炎上する一方、立憲民主党が経済政策を発表するなど、経済がニュースになった1週間でした。山本太郎議員は「2％を目指して物価を上げる」を公約にし、立憲民主党は「上げるべきは物価ではない、賃金だ」を公約にしています。どちらが正しいのでしょうか？
おまんじゅうが10,000個の経済があったします。1コ100円ならGDPは1,000,000円です。
これが翌年90円に値下がりしたとします。数量が同じであればGDPは900,000円です。物価全体が下がることを「デフレ」といいます。
「名目成長率」はマイナス10％ですが、これは物価が10％下落したからで、それを差し引いて考えた「実質成長率」は0％で、名目成長率＜実質成長率となりました。
ところでおまんじゅうの値段が下がれば、同じお金でおまんじゅうが余分に買えるようになったのだから、とてもよいことのように思います。でも、来年の物価が下がるとしたら、企業は人を雇うでしょうか。お金を金庫にしまっておけば同じお金でも来年は価値があがって余分に物が買えるようになるのだから、人なんて雇いませんよね。借金して投資するなんてトンデモない。返済の負担が重くなるのですから。投資が落ち込み、雇われる人が少なくなります。雇われる人が少なく、お給料の総額が減れば物を買う人が少なくなり、次の年はさらに消費も落ち込みます。さらに物の値段が下がるのだから、ますますお金は使われなくなります。こうして物価の下落と経済の縮小がらせん階段を下っていくように進むありさまを「デフレスパイラル」といいます。企業の「内部留保」が増えているのはデフレだからです。
民主党政権時代、物価はほぼ全期間下がり続け、名目成長率は常に実質成長率を下回っていました。だから民主党政権時代は、現金を持っている人、安定した職がある人は「物が安くなった」と幸せでも、不安定な職しかつけなかった人、これから職に就こうとする人にとっては最悪で－デフレになれば売上も下がりますが仕入れも下がります。ただ同じように下がらないものがあります。それは「借金」と「賃金」です。借金は物価が下がっても減りませんし、正社員の賃金には下方硬直性があります。それゆえデフレ化で企業にとって借金と並んで一番負担に感じられるのは賃金です。だからデフレになると新卒の採用と不安定な就労層の雇用が一番打撃を受けるのです。－安月給で長時間労働を強いるブラック企業が全盛でした。
物価が上がればどうでしょうか？お金を持ったままだと来年価値が減ってしまいますから、人を雇ってより儲けなければなりません。だから企業はより人を雇うようになります。
デフレを放置した民主党政権下で雇用がヘロヘロだったのも、2014年に成長率の名実逆転を解消し（17年ぶり）、2017年に需給ギャップを解消した（9年ぶり）安倍政権下で雇用が劇的に改善したのも、経済学的にはまったく理に適っています（なお、先日朝日新聞に"年収200万円未満が75％ 非正規のリアルに政治は"という記事がありましたが、この記事がアベノミクスによっても雇用に成果がでていないというのであれば明確に誤りです。また雇用環境が改善したのは少子高齢化や団塊世代の大量退職のせいだという人がいますが、それも誤りです。この記事はその点を説明するためのものではないので、詳しくは論じませんが、失業率の分母は生産年齢人口ではなくて労働力人口で、労働力人口は民主党政権化では増えておらず、安倍政権下では増え続けているとだけ指摘しておきます。）。
党首討論で、枝野議員は、「経済の数字の最終成績はどこなのかと言ったら、やはり実質経済成長率。2010年から12年の実質経済成長率は1.8%。2013年から18年は1.1%。これが客観的な経済のトータルの総合成績であることは、自信をもって申し上げたい。」と発言し、安倍首相に「実質成長の自慢をなされたが、名実逆転をしている実質成長の伸びは、デフレ自慢にしかならない。」と諭されていましたが、まさにそのとおりです。立憲民主党は物価を上げずに賃金をあげて雇用も増やすとしていますが、それは卵を割らずにオムレツを作りますといってるのと同じです。
では、上がった方がいいとして、毎年10％も20％も上がるのがよろしくないのは当然として、なぜ2％なのでしょうか？
理由は3つです。まず、それが経済成長にとって最適というのが現時点のコンセンサスだからであり、為替レートの安定のためであり、デフレに陥らないためです。
FRBは「年2％」が物価の安定と雇用の最大化という2つのマンデートを達成するには最適としています。
"The FOMC noted in its statement that the Committee judges that inflation at the rate of 2 percent (as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures, or PCE) is most consistent over the longer run with the Federal Reserve's statutory mandate."
https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/money_12848.htm
ECB（欧州中央銀行）は中期的に「2％を超えない、但しそこに近いところ」を目指しています。
"The primary objective of the ECB’s monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The ECB aims at inflation rates of below, but close to, 2% over the medium term."
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/mopo/html/index.en.html
イングランド銀行（イギリスの中央銀行）もすべての人の将来の計画を立てるのに資するとして「2％」をターゲットにしています。
"To keep inflation low and stable, the Government sets us an inflation target of 2%. This helps everyone plan for the future."
https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation
オーストラリア準備銀行（オーストラリアの中央銀行）も「2～3％」のインフレ率を目指しています。
"The Governor and the Treasurer have agreed that the appropriate target for monetary policy in Australia is to achieve an inflation rate of 2–3 per cent, on average, over time. This is a rate of inflation sufficiently low that it does not materially distort economic decisions in the community. "
https://www.rba.gov.au/inflation/inflation-target.html
世界の中銀が2％にしているのはそれが経済成長と物価の安定のためには最適というのがコンセンサスだからですが（1つめ）、そのなかで日本だけがそれより低い目標を掲げるということは、ちょっと物価が上がると他国に先駆けて引き締めますと事前にアナウンスしているのと同じことになりますから、事あるごとに円高が進んでしまいます（2つめ）。
3つめの理由は、いったんデフレに落ち込むとなかなか抜け出せないからです。日本の経営者はアベノミクスでデフレが解消しても内部留保を取り崩すことには慎重なままです。経営者もマクロ経済学を理解しているわけではないので、この20年間合理的だった経営＝金をできるだけ使わない＝が行動原理として染みついてしまっています。そして高齢化が進行し、低成長が常態になって、常にデフレ圧力がかかっている環境で、インフレ目標をたとえば1％などに設定して、低い物価上昇率をもって金融緩和を止めてしまうと、すぐにデフレに陥ってしまうのです。その失敗を日本は2000年と2006年に経験済みで、最近だと昨年末にECBが同じミスを犯しました。
麻生財務大臣から財界の幹部や朝日新聞まで、ことあるごとに「2％なんて無理なんだからさっさとその目標を放棄せよ」と提言していますが、彼らより山本議員の方が正確に経済を理解しています。
物価が上がった方がいいというのは、私たちが生活で感じる直感とは異なります。私も物の値段は下がった方がうれしいです。但し、直感にしたがった行動が、悪い結果をもたらすことはしばしばあります。法学、経済学、社会学、それを知ることに学問の価値があるのだと思います。
（追記）
dc42jk 現在の経済状況からは金融緩和と財政拡張政策の両方が必要だと思う。その両方を掲げているのはれいわしかない。自民も金融政策に触れてないし立民は金融引締めを示唆している。
まさに。賃金の上昇はどうしても物価の上昇に遅れますし、デフレ脳に染まった経営者を変えるのは簡単ではないので、デフレ脱却の過程ではどうしても、特に安定した雇用を得ていた層の実質賃金が低下します（新たに職を得た人が増えたので、総雇用者所得は増えてはいますが）。それを補うために積極的な財政支出が求められるのですが、1年目を除き高齢化に伴う社会保障費増以外の財政支出の拡大を渋ったのが安部政権の最大の問題点です。現在、国債は新規発行のたびに0.1％程度しかクーポンがつかないのにその4倍も5倍も札が入り（落札利回りはマイナス）、政府債務の調達はただ同然、これはデフレ現象そのものである民間部門の過剰貯蓄、特に企業のISバランスのI＜S化と表裏一体です。ご指摘のとおり金融緩和とあわせて財政拡張をしない手はないのに、その両方を掲げているのは国債を財源に、奨学金をチャラにして、最低賃金1500円を政府が補償し、公務員を増やし、公共事業を積極的に行いますとしているれいわ新撰組だけです。
（ご参考）
「日本の財政政策の選択肢」オリヴィエ・ブランシャール・田代毅（2019年5月）
https://piie.com/system/files/documents/pb19-7japanese.pdf
「景気の回復が感じられないのはなぜかー長期停滞論争」ローレンス・サマーズ、ベン・バーナンキ 、ポール・クルーグマン、アルヴィン・ハンセン（山形浩生：翻訳)（2019年4月）
"Macroeconomics"(12th Edition) " Robert J Gordon （2013年）
https://www.amazon.com/Macroeconomics-12th-Pearson-Economics-Hardcover/dp/0138014914
（未翻訳ですがアメリカの代表的なマクロ経済学の教科書です。IS-LM分析の箇所で日本に対する処方箋が取り上げられています。"combined monetary-fiscal policy expansion""The IS and LM curves shift rightward together"れいわの政策はそれに合致しています。）
（追記２）
左派・リベラルはほんとうに山本太郎に乗ってほしい。今まで何か提言する度に、財源はどうするんだ、そんなことして景気はだいじょうぶなのかと突っ込まれ、やれ法人税の増税だ、富裕層の増税だ、行政改革で埋蔵金だと、見当外れなことを言うだけで（法人税は支払うのは企業ですが負担するのは庶民です。富裕層の増税は格差縮小の意味はあっても財源にはなりません。埋蔵金なんて結局みつからなかったし、公務員減らせば貧しくなるだけです）、結局有効な提案を何ひとつできませんでした。何を言っても信用されないのはそのせいです。
そこに、自民党と異なる価値観を唱えながら、景気はむしろ良くします、財源はありますという政治家が現れました。しかもブランシャールやサマーズ、ゴードンのような権威ある学者の提案と軌を一にしている。これに乗らない手はないでしょ？
（追記３）
立憲民主党は「アベノミクスによって事実上の財政ファイナンス化した弛緩した金融政策について、市場と丁寧に対話しつつ、正常化を図っていく。」要するに、日銀による長期国債の買い入れ＝量的緩和は財政ファイナンスであり、やめますとしています。そのうえで消費税増税凍結を訴えています。国債発行も減らして消費税増税分の2兆円もあきらめる、足りない分は金融所得と法人税に課税するというのだから、その二つの税金は大幅にアップするということになります。金融所得に対する課税強化はリスクプレミアムを高めるので、日銀による買入れ縮小と同じく金融引き締め効果があります。すべての経済学の教科書に書いてあるとおり、法人税を支払うのは企業ですが、負担するのは庶民です。
彼らの政策を実現したらどうなるか。FRBが利下げを示唆し、ECBが量的緩和への復帰を口にしているなか、日本だけ量的緩和をやめます、リスクプレミアムを高めます、金融は大幅に引き締めますというのだから、円高が急速に進みます。物価上昇率は下落し、またデフレに戻るでしょう。企業業績は悪化し、円高で特に製造業が打撃を受け、そこに増税が追い打ちをかける。雇用がシュリンクし、製造業の海外移転が拍車をかける。特に地方の高学歴でない層の雇用やこれから就職する人たちの雇用環境が大幅に悪くなります。民主党政権のころの方が実質成長率が高かったから良かったと今でも主張する人たちなので当然なのかも知れませんが、彼らは要するに民主党政権当時に戻します、と言っています。同じく消費税増税に反対していても、デフレが最大の問題だとするれいわ新選組（「新撰組」じゃなくて「新選組」でした。ややこしいのは良くないと思いますが…）とは方向性がまったく違います。
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同級生が朝早くから夜遅くまで働いて、疲れ果てて土曜はずっと寝てて
今日の日本で全人格的労働を求められることが広く知られている中で
起業することもなく既存の企業で働いていくことを、選んだのだから
自己責任だと考えていた。
その生活を選んだのは本人であるから、自己責任であると思っていた。
Cortezの立場をとるなら、これは公民権の問題であって、自己責任ではない。
子どもを持ちたいと願いながら、それが叶わない生活の中に制限されているのは
| 【全訳】米国史上最年少の女性下院議員がキング牧師ばりの演説
| https://courrier.jp/news/archives/150572/
| Watch Alexandria Ocasio Cortez’s Inspiring Women’s March Speech | NowThis
| https://youtu.be/TNJZhuZCYow
Hello! Thank you. New York City!
Are you all ready to make a ruckus?
Are you all ready to fight for our rights?
Are you all ready to say that in the United States of America everyone is loved, everyone deserves justice, and everyone deserves equal protection and prosperity in our country.
It is such an honor to be here, and I don’t think it’s a coincidence that we’re gathering here today, the weekend before Martin Luther King Day.
Because I believe this moment and where we are right now is a resurgence from where the civil rights movement left off.
And we are here to carry the torch forward.
Because when we talked about racial and economic justice, racial and social justice, we started to really extend those issues to the issues of economic justice, environmental justice, and the intersectionality and interconnectedness of all our fights.
Justice is not a concept we read about in a book.
Justice is about the water we drink, justice is about the air we breathe.
Justice is about how easy it is to vote.
Justice is about how much ladies get paid.
Justice is about if we can stay with our children after we have them for a just amount of time – mothers, fathers, and all parents.
Justice is about making sure that being polite is not the same thing as being quiet.
In fact, oftentimes the most righteous thing you can do is shake the table.
Last year we took the power to the polls.
And this year, we’re taking power to the policy, because we have taken back the House of Representatives.
This year we’re gonna organize.
This year we’re gonna fight for voting rights.
This year we’re gonna keep pushing, because 2020, we took – in 2018 we took the House of Representatives, and through 2020, we’re gonna take the White House and Senate, too.
That’s what we’re gonna do because we need to advance and fight for an America where all people are welcome and no people are left behind.
And I know that while this year has been historic, there’s a lot more congresswomen left here in this audience right now.
There’s a lot more city councilwomen.
There’s a lot more workers that will be building businesses.
There’s a lot more – and I know that there’s a future president out here, too.
Let us remember that a fight means no person left behind.
So when people want to stop talking about the issues
that Black women face,
when people want to stop talking about the issues
that trans women or immigrant women face,
we gotta ask them, why does that make you so uncomfortable?
Because now, this is the time that we’re gonna address poverty.
This is the time we’re gonna address Flint.
This is the time we’re gonna talk about Baltimore & the Bronx, and wildfires, and Puerto Rico.
Because this is not just about identity, this is about justice.
And this is about the America that we are going to bring into this world.
一応年2000ドルコストの根拠っぽい英文を見つけた。（情報としては古め）
多分この数字から見るに、動画月額サービスみたいな料金は入っていなくて
単純にスマホの維持費が年1700ドルオーバーになるって試算なんやろう。
https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0512/the-real-cost-of-owning-a-smartphone.aspx
According to the Wall Street Journal, the average data, texting and minute plan for a smartphone costs about $2,100 for a
two-year contract. However, that's not the real cost. The average tax on smartphones is about 15% and some can be as high as
20%. On top of the taxes, you need to factor in costs like overage charges and other fees. When all of these are added together,
the average cost for owning a smartphone is $3,400 over two years.
There are a lot of comparisons out there between iPhone and Android phones, so if you're trying to decide which one is cheaper
overall, keep in mind that according to appleinsider.com, paid Android apps cost an average of 2.5 times more than paid iPhone
apps. Techcrunch.com reports that 57% of Android apps are free, versus only 28% of iPhone apps. This does not mean that if you
go with an Android phone your bill will definitely be more expensive, but you may want to keep it in mind when you decide which
日本も二年間契約で$2,100位のコストはまあ変わらないから、これに8%-10%足した年13万円位がこの文章で言う所のリアルコストに相当するだろうな。
In 2001 Kofi Annan received the Nobel Prize in conjunction with the United Nations.
The focus of his speech was global inequality.
"Ladies and gentlemen,
Today in Afghanistan a girl will be born.
Her mother will hold her, feed her and comfort her and care for her just as any mother would anywhere else in the world.
In those most basic acts of human nature, humanity knows no divisions.
But to be born a girl in Afghanistan today, is to begin life centuries away from the prosperity that one small part of humanity has achieved.
Even thought her mother would do all in her power, to protect her and sustain her.
There is a one in four risk that the girl will not live to see her fifth birthday.
Whether she does is just one of the tests of our common humanity of our belief in our individual responsibility for our fellow men and women.
But it is the only test that matters.
Remember this girl then our large aims to fight poverty, prevent conflict or cure disease will nothing distant or impossible.
Indeed those aims would seem very near and very achievable as they should.
Because beneath the surface of stats and nations, ideas and language lies the fate of individual human beings in need.
Answering their needs will be the mission of the United Nations in the century to come.
You are really bad head
"Power" refers to the power generated by institutions and systems
Whether the teacher 's unwillingness or not, the students' "intention of the individual" including the students has already said that it does not matter, Barka
As a teacher student thinks, "power gradient" exists at the point of being a teacher student as it is, a low-powered
Little to say low of my intelligence w
Although what causes pedophilia is not yet known, researchers began reporting a series of findings linking pedophilia with brain structure and function, beginning in 2002. Testing individuals from a variety of referral sources inside and outside the criminal justice system as well as controls, these studies found associations between pedophilia and lower IQs,[48][49][50] poorer scores on memory tests,[49] greater rates of non-right-handedness,[48][49][51][52] greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences,[53] lesser physical height,[54][55] greater probability of having suffered childhood head injuries resulting in unconsciousness,[56][57] and several differences in MRI-detected brain structures.[58][59][60]
Such studies suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Some studies have found that pedophiles are less cognitively impaired than non-pedophilic child molesters.[61] A 2011 study reported that pedophilic child molesters had deficits in response inhibition, but no deficits in memory or cognitive flexibility.[62] Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.[63] A 2015 study indicated that pedophilic offenders have a normal IQ.[64]
Another study, using structural MRI, indicated that male pedophiles have a lower volume of white matter than a control group.[58] Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has indicated that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the hypothalamus as compared with non-pedophilic persons when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults.[65] A 2008 functional neuroimaging study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours". The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the cognitive stage of sexual arousal processing".[66]
Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) reviewed the research that attempted to identify hormonal aspects of pedophiles.[67] They concluded that there is some evidence that pedophilic men have less testosterone than controls, but that the research is of poor quality and that it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion from it.
While not causes of pedophilia themselves, childhood abuse by adults or comorbid psychiatric illnesses—such as personality disorders and substance abuse—are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges.[6] Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud addressed comorbid psychiatric illnesses that, "The theoretical implications are not so clear. Do particular genes or noxious factors in the prenatal environment predispose a male to develop both affective disorders and pedophilia, or do the frustration, danger, and isolation engendered by unacceptable sexual desires—or their occasional furtive satisfaction—lead to anxiety and despair?"[67] They indicated that, because they previously found mothers of pedophiles to be more likely to have undergone psychiatric treatment,[56] the genetic possibility is more likely.
A study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam determined that males with a pronounced degree of paraphilic interest (including pedophilia) had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate low prenatal androgen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in deviant attractions.[68]
Chuck Berry - My Ding-A-Ling (1972)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaEC-lWSlmI
追記
Novelty songというらしい
Ylvis - The Fox (What Does The Fox Say?) [Official music video HD](2013)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jofNR_WkoCE
Teletubbies say "Eh-oh!" - HD Music Video(1997)
初めてスマホに表示された。
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いわゆるフェミニズムの思想潮流の中に自分を位置付けられるほどは勉強してない。
Ｆ1公式の発表は以下だ。
we feel this custom does not resonate with our brand values and clearly is at odds with modern day societal norms. We don’t believe the practice is appropriate or relevant to Formula 1 and its fans, old and new, across the world.
「私たちは、この慣習が世界中の、これまでのそしてこれからのファンにとって適切だとは思わない。」
この台詞を言わせたのは「フェミニズムの圧力」「騒ぎ立てた人権屋」なのか？
どうも私にはそうは思えない。
間接的にはあると思う。
つまり、「modern day societal norms」の醸成に影響しているという点において。
ここからは憶測だが、F1公式の考える「modern day societal norms」にしたがった自分達のあり方が何なのか、というと、
性別と年齢とに関わらず誰もが参加できる「the glamour and spectacle of the Grand Prix」なのだと思う。
客層を限定するメッセージを発しすぎるという判断なのではないか。
(女性だって美しい女性を見るのが好きだと感じる人は多いだろうが、単純にターゲットの問題だ。)
こう考えているブコメが多数あったが、私はそうは思わない。
認めないのは
「性的魅力を、本人の自由意思に基づかず要請されたり搾取されること」で、
目指す理想の世界は
「その人の性的なことを、社会による強制や圧力を一切感じずに取り扱える世界」
だと思っている。
現にセックスワークに従事する女性の権利擁護はフェミニズムの範疇だ。
たとえば性行為を対価にお金を稼ぐ自由は尊重されてしかるべきだと思っている。
もちろん、若さと美しさを披露することで対価を得ることも当然、市場原理に保証されてしかるべき自由だ。
フェミニズムが、それらの行為自体を悪と見なしているように見えるのは、
それらが本当に自由意思で行われているか、疑わしいことがあるからだ。
たとえばセックスワークに望んで従事している、と笑顔で言い切る人がいたとして、
その影には本当にたくさんの要因が含まれることがある。
それはわかりやすいものを挙げてしまえば貧困であり、教育であり、環境であり、
その人個人の性体験であり、社会的な「性的魅力の取り扱い」に関する要請であり、
そしてそんなカテゴリワードが意味をなさないほどに、個人のいりくんだ感情と生育かもしれない。
そこに明確な線引きをすることなどできない。
フェミニズムの名のもとにずかずか入り込むことは許されない。
それでも、その人になにかを強制するものがもし何かあるならば。
もしあるなら、ひとつでもなくなってほしいと願わずにはいられない。
それが起きる社会についてかんがえるし、
それをさせている何か、誰かがいないかと考える。
私にとってのフェミニズムはそういう、自由と抑圧について絶えず考え悩む姿勢のことだ。
私は、私個人の経験から、性にまつわることの有形無形の「自由意思以外」を感じとってきたので
理想の世界があればいいのにな、と思っている。
私は「その女性が、自ら望んでグリッドガールとして働くこと」それ自体には一切の批判はない。
だが、同時に「グリッドガールという役割を作り出す社会そのもの」には疑問を投げ掛け続けると思う。
逆にいうならば、グリッドガール自身が、自分達の美しさと若さがブランド価値に寄与するのだと堂堂と言ってくれるなら、
そしてそこに内面化された抑圧ではなくて彼女たちの自由意思を信じることができるなら、
多いに祝福すると思うし、私が本当に望むのはそうした社会だ。
「それしかできないかわいそうな女性が仕事を奪われた」という構図で話したがる人がいる。
まず第一にこの話が「人権団体」の働きかけによるものだとはどこにも書いてないし、
第二に、グリッドガールは「それしかできないかわいそうな子達がようやく得た仕事」ではない。
彼女たちが美と若さを売り物にするための市場がひとつ消えてしまったのは事実だ。
グリッドガールを夢見ていた女の子がいたら気の毒だとは思うが、
小人プロレスの都市伝説になぞらえて語るものでもまたないのではないか。
だが同時に、グリッドガールは弱者ではない強者だ！ともいえない。
「美しさを競い続け、選ばれ続けるために努力し続け、そしてその先に待つものがなにか」という問題について踏み込むとき、
そこには「誇りをもって美しさから対価を得ていたのに、フェミニストに仕事を奪われたかわいそうなグリッドガール」という弱者像とは別の
「美しさを対価にお金を稼ぐことの苦しさと弱さ」は浮かんでくる。
美しいグリッドガールと嫉妬に歪んだフェミニストが叩きあうという構図をお望みのかたはたくさんいるようだった。
フェミニストは「男性＝強者」から「女性＝弱者」を守りたいと叫んでいるのに、
ほんとうはグリッドガールを抑圧する「強者」なのだ！という転倒の痛快。
そこにあるのは、普段「社会と女性」の構図でフェミニズムが叫んできた構図のパロディである。
フェミニストという醜いモンスターとグリッドガールという美しい虐げられた弱者ならば
自分達に関係なく、そして美しく弱いものを心置きなく応援できて、
普段から気にくわなかったフェミニストたちを存分に叩けるのだ。
きっとさぞ楽しいのだろう。
だから、特に声明には書かれていないフェミニストは引きずり出され、
さらに関係が疑わしい「人権擁護団体」(誰なのかはよくわからない。架空のそういう人たち)を叩き、小人プロレスを引き合いに出している。
そういう人たちがたくさんいる。
グリッドガールがなくなることが正しいとおもうか？
わからない。
わからない。
けれど確信しているのは、上記のようにみにくいプロレスを望む人の声にのせられて、ファイティングポーズをとる必要はないということだ。
私は、できれば自由について話したい。
自由について、美しさや若さや性を売る自由について、その価値と市場について、それが売り手にとって苦しみをもたらさないための社会について。
それがいくつもいくつも積み重ねられて、次の「modern day societal norms」の話ができることを真剣に望んでいる。
