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はてなキーワード: majorとは
http://www.tedium-life.com/entry/2016/06/16/190000
つーか元ネタ記事も今から俺が書くのと同じこと書いてると思ってたら全然違って拍子抜けしたから、じゃあ知ってる分だけでも俺が書くわって
魔乳秘剣帖の作者と言えば、なるほどと思う人も多いのでは
エロ漫画家でもある
一見粗くみえるが勢いがある線を用いて、表情豊かでユーモアも交えたエロ漫画を書く
まだエロ漫画を書いて欲しいから、ぜひ単行本買ってあげてほしい
個人的にすごく好みの絵柄
デッサンもしっかりしていていろんなアングル、ポーズで書いてくれるから、個人的に絵の勉強にもなるなあと思ってる
まあtoshだよね
昔はあんま好みの絵柄じゃなかったけど、今はすごく見やすく上手で好みの絵柄になったと思う
ただエロさ・フェティシズムがないから、味見シーンで脱いでもあんまりエロさを感じない
もっと汗ばんだ美味感の表現（もといエロい表現）を勉強してほしい
そしていつかまたエロ漫画にもう一度帰ってきてほしい
ちょっと違うかもだけど一応
プロになる前に個人サイトで書いてたのにちょっとエロいのがあったよ
今の絵柄はすごく少年ジャンプむきに矯正してるっつーか合わせてるんだなあとしみじみ感じる
以下追記
忘れてた
昔から絵はうまかった
成年向けも書いてた？
桃栗みかん名義？それ以外？
マヤの話し。どうなんだろうか。
ネイチャーに掲載されたからって、ほんとかどうか分からない、こんな世の中では..。何が本当かは、分からないね。
http://www.yucatanliving.com/news/yucatan-news-26
15 Year Old Discovers Hidden Mayan City
A fifteen year old from Quebec has used satellite photos, Mayan astronomy and his own intuition to solve some questions about the placement of Mayan cities and to discover a new city. William Gadoury loves everything Mayan and was studying Mayan constellations when he overlayed a constellation map on a map of the Yucatan Peninsula. He discovered that the known cities, like Chichen Itza and Uxmal, were exactly lined up with the stars in major Mayan constellations. Using this same map and thought process, he noticed that the third star in the 23rd constellation he was studying was missing. He found satellite images from space agencies, including NASA, JAXA (from Japan) and Google Earth, and discovered a third city where the third star of the constellation said it would be. He has named this city, as yet unexplored on the ground, K'aak Chi, or Mouth of Fire. The lost city has a pyramid that is 86 meters high, as well as 30 other visible (from the photos) structures. It is on the border with Belize. This young man is hoping to go to the International Science Fair in Brazil in 2017 but is lacking in the necessary funds.
Today two major representatives come together in a giant match. The first preliminary impressions about encounters you can follow our site. Competition is fierce encounters waiting for us, all in pursuit of triumph in their home.The second leg of the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 continues on Tuesday. Here is a statistical see at the four games this week, complete with toptoplive.com protrusion:
ABA: 応用行動分析 [Applied Behavior Analysis]
AC: 従順な子どもの心 [Adapted Child]（エゴグラム）
AC/ACoD/ACoDF: アダルトチルドレン [Adult Children of Dysfunctional Family]
ACT: アクセプタンス＆コミットメント・セラピー [Acceptance and Commitment Therapy]
AD: アスペルガー障害 [Asperger disorder]
ADD: 注意欠如障害 [Attention Deficit Disorder]
ADHD: 注意欠如・多動性障害 [Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder]
AN: 神経性無食欲症 [Anorexia nervosa]
AS: アスペルガー症候群 [Asperger Syndrome]
APD: 回避性パーソナリティ障害 [Avoidant Personality Disorder] / 不安パーソナリティ障害 [Anxious Personality Disorder]
ASD: 自閉症スペクトラム障害 [Autistic Spectrum Disorder] / 急性ストレス障害 [Acute Stress Disorder]
ASPD: 反社会性パーソナリティ障害 [Antisocial Personality Disorder]
ASPS: 睡眠相前進症候群 [Advanced sleep phase syndrome]
AUD: アルコール使用障害 [Alcohol use disorder]
BD: 双極性障害 [Bipolar disorder]
BDD: 身体醜形障害 [Body dysmorphic disorder]
BN: 神経性過食症（過食症） [Bulimia nervosa]
BPD: 境界性パーソナリティ障害 [Borderline Personality Disorder]
BPRS: 簡易精神症状評価尺度 [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale]
BT: 行動療法 [Behavioural Therapy]
CBT: 認知行動療法 [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]
CCT: 来談者中心療法 [Client-Centered Therapy]
CDD: 小児期崩壊性障害 [Childhood Disintegrative Disorder]
CFIDS: 慢性疲労免疫不全症候群 [Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome]
CFS: 慢性疲労症候群 [Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]
CP: 臨床心理士 [Clinical Psychologist] / 脳性麻痺 [Cerebral palsy] / 厳格な親の心 [Critical Parent]（エゴグラム）
C-PTSD: 複雑性PTSD [Complex post-traumatic stress disorder]
CT: 認知療法 [Cognitive Therapy] / コンピュータ断層撮影 [Computed Tomography]
DA: 発達年齢 [Developmental Age]
DBT: 弁証法的行動療法 [Dialectical Behavior Therapy]
DCD: 発達性協調運動障害 [Developmental coordination disorder]
DESNOS: 特定不能の極度ストレス障害 [Disorder of Extreme Stress not otherwise specified]
DD: 解離性障害 [Dissociative Disorder] / 気分変調性障害 [Dysthymic Disorder] / 発達障害 [Developmental disability]
DDNOS: 特定不能の解離性障害 [Dissociative disorders not otherwise specified]
DD-NOS: 特定不能のうつ病性障害 [Depressive disorder not otherwise specified]
DID: 解離性同一性障害 [Dissociative Identity Disorder]
DIQ: 偏差知能指数 [Deviation IQ]
DMDD: 破壊的気分調節不全障害 [Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder]
DPD: 依存性パーソナリティ障害 [Dependent Personality Disorder] / 抑うつ性パーソナリティ障害 [Depressive Personality Disorder]
DSM: 精神障害の診断と統計マニュアル [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]
DSPS: 睡眠相後退症候群 [Delayed sleep phase syndrome]
DQ: 発達指数 [Developmental Quotient]
ECT: 電気痙攣療法 [Electroconvulsive therapy]
ED: 摂食障害 [Eating Disorder] / 勃起障害 [Erectile Dysfunction]
EEG: 脳波 [Electroencephalogram]
EFT: 感情焦点化療法 [Emotionally focused therapy]
EMDR: 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法 [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing]
EPS: 錐体外路症状 [extrapyramidal symptom]
EUPD: 情緒不安定性人格障害 [Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder]
FAS: 胎児性アルコール症候群 [Fetal alcohol syndrome]
FASD: 胎児性アルコール・スペクトラム障害 [Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders]
FC: 自由な子どもの心 [Free Child]（エゴグラム）
FD: 注意記憶 [Freedom from Distractibility]（WISC）
FM: 線維筋痛症 [Fibromyalgia]
FMS: 線維筋痛症 [Fibromyalgia Syndrome]
FT: 家族療法 [Family therapy]
FXS: 脆弱X症候群 [fragile X syndrome]
GAD: 全般性不安障害 [Generalized Anxiety Disorder]
GH: 幻聴 [Gehörshalluzination]
GID: 性同一性障害 [Gender Identity Disorder]
GLA: 全般性不安障害 [Generalized Anxiety Disorder]
HFA/HA: 高機能自閉症 [High-Functioning Autism]
HFPDD: 高機能広汎性発達障害 [High Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder]
HPD: 演技性パーソナリティ障害 [Histrionic Personality Disorder]
IBS: 過敏性腸症候群 [Irritable Bowel Syndrome]
ICD: 疾病及び関連保健問題の国際統計分類 [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]
ID: 知的障害 [Intellectual Disability]
IP: 患者とみなされた人 [Identified Patient]（家族療法での用語）
IQ: 知能指数 [Intelligence Quotient]
K-ABC: [Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children]
LD: 学習障害 [Learning Disabilities]
MAO: モノアミン酸化酵素 [monoamine oxidases]
MAOI: MAO阻害剤 [monoamine oxidase inhibitor]
MBCT: マインドフルネス認知療法 [Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy]
MBSR: マインドフルネス・ストレス低減法 [Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction]
MDD: 大うつ病性障害 [major depressive disorder]
MDI: 躁うつ病 [Manic Depressive Illness]
MR: 精神発達遅滞 [mental retardation]
MRI: 核磁気共鳴画像法 [magnetic resonance imaging]
MSLT: 反復睡眠潜時検査 [multiple sleep latency test]
MTBI: 軽度外傷性脳損傷 [mild Traumatic Brain Injury]
NaSSA: ノルアドレナリン作動性・特異的セロトニン作動性抗うつ薬 [Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant]
NDRI: ノルアドレナリン・ドパミン再取り込み阻害薬 [Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors]
NLP: 神経言語プログラミング [Neuro-Linguistic Programming]
NP: 保護的な親の心 [Nurturing Parent]（エゴグラム）
NPD: 自己愛性パーソナリティ障害 [Narcissistic Personality Disorder]
NT: 物語療法/ナラティブ・セラピー [Narrative therapy]
OCD: 強迫性障害 [Obsessive Compulsive Disorder]
OCPD: 強迫性パーソナリティ障害 [Obsessive-Compulsive personality Disorder]
OT: 作業療法 [Occupational therapy] / 光トポグラフィ [optical topography]
PANSS: 陽性・陰性症状評価尺度 [Positive and Negative Symptom Scale]
PCA: 人間中心療法/パーソンセンタードアプローチ [Person-Centered Approach:PCA]
PD: パニック障害 [Panic disorder] / パーソナリティ障害 [Personality disorder]
PDD: 広汎性発達障害 [Pervasive Developmental Disorder]
PDD-NOS: 特定不能の広汎性発達障害 [Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified]
PDNOS: 特定不能のパーソナリティ障害 [Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified]
PE: 持続エクスポージャー法 [Prolonged Exposure]
PET: ポジトロン断層法 [positron emission tomography]
PIQ: 動作性IQ [performance IQ]
PMDD: 月経前不快気分障害 [Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder]
PMS: 月経前症候群 [Premenstrual Syndrome]
PMT: 月経前緊張症 [Premenstrual Tension]
PO: 知覚統合 [perceptual organization]（WAIS / WISC）
PPD: 妄想性パーソナリティ障害 [Paranoid Personality Disorder]
PS: 処理速度 [processing speed]（WAIS / WISC）
PSD: 心身症 [Psychosomatic disease]
PTG: 外傷後成長 [Post Traumatic Growth]
PTSD: 心的外傷後ストレス障害 [Post-traumatic Stress Disorder]
REBT: 理性感情行動療法 [Rational emotive behavior therapy]
RLS: むずむず脚症候群 [restless legs syndrome]
RT: 現実療法 [Reality therapy] / 論理療法 [Rational therapy]
SA: システムズ・アプローチ [Systems Aproach]
SAD: 社会不安障害 [Social Anxiety Disorder] / 季節性情動障害 [Seasonal Affective Disorder]
SARI: トリアゾロピリジン系抗うつ薬 [Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor]
SAS: 睡眠時無呼吸症候群 [Sleep apnea syndrome]
SD: 身体表現性障害 [Somatoform Disorder]
SDA: セロトニン・ドパミン拮抗薬 [Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonist]
SLD: 限局性学習症/限局性学習障害 [Specific learning disorder]
SLTA: 標準失語症検査 [Standard Language Test of Aphasia]
SMIT: 自己洞察瞑想療法 [Self Insight Meditation Technology/Therapy]
SNRI: セロトニン・ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬 [Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors]
SPECT: 単一光子放射断層撮影 [Single photon emission computed tomography]
SPD: スキゾイドパーソナリティ障害 [Schizoid Personality Disorder] / サディスティックパーソナリティ障害 [Sadistic Personality Disorder]
SRS: 性別適合手術 [Sex Reassignment Surgery]
SSRE: 選択的セロトニン再取り込み促進薬 [Selective serotonin reuptake enhancer]
SSRI: 選択的セロトニン再取り込阻害薬 [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]
SST: ソーシャルスキルトレーニング/社会生活技能訓練 [Social Skills Training]
TA: 交流分析 [Transactional Analysis]
TBI: 外傷性脳損傷 [Traumatic brain injury]
TCA: 三環系抗うつ薬 [Tricyclic Antidepressants]
TS: トゥレット症候群 [Tourette Syndrome]
VC: 言語理解 [verbal comprehension]（WAIS / WISC）
WAIS: ウェクスラー成人知能検査 [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale]
WISC: WISC知能検査 [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children]
WPPSI: WPPSI知能診断検査 [Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence]
WM: 作動記憶 [working memory]（WAIS）
卒業研究がまるでうまく言ってなくて来週提出の卒論アブストが全く書けない現実逃避に。
I was rejected by my best girl nine months ago. It has been unclear the reason why they broke up despite the each other's intense love. In this thesis, we provide a clear explanation about the event.
What plays a invaluable role for our study is descriptions gathered from me about each incident that had happened along them. We were able to obtain a large number of the descriptions, since a winter chill in the air reminded me the divine memories of the days with her. We carefully examined each of them and arranged the incidents into some categories. By combing chronological order and categories of the incidents, we analyzed the emotional changes of me and her.
We propose a simple model that explain the breakup between them, based on the above mentioned analysis. From discussions about the model with some people, the model is considered to be capturing major matters. We also present our attempt to match the model to the existing collection of patterns of the way how once loved people would break up. Even though this attempt is not much succeeded, at least it reveals that what I experienced was quite ordinal breakup.
私は九ヶ月前に恋人から別れを告げられた．互いに強く想いあっていたにも関わらず彼らが別れることとなった理由は，不明瞭であった．本論文において，我々はこの出来事についての明瞭な解釈を提示する．
我々の研究にとって非常に重要な役割を果たしたのは，彼らに起こった事象に関する多くの私から収集された叙述である．冬の寒さが私に彼女と過ごしたかけがえのない日々を思い出させたおかげで，我々は多くの叙述を得ることができた．我々はそれらの一つ一つを注意深く調べて，幾つかの分類へと整理した．各事象についての時系列順と分類を組み合わせることで，我々は私と彼女の感情的な移り変わりを分析した．
この分析に基いて，我々は彼らの別れを解釈する単純なモデルを提案する．本モデルについて幾人かと行った議論から，本モデルは重要な問題を捉えていると考えられる．さらに，かつて愛し合った人々がどのようにして別れるかのパターンを集めた既存研究と，本モデルを照らし合わせる試みを示す．この試みは十分に成功してはいないものの，少なくとも私が経験したことがありきたりな別れであったことを明らかにしている．
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Cinquanta
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オッタヴィオチンクアンタ（ローマ、 1938年8月15日生まれ）は、国際スケート連盟の会長と国際オリンピック委員会のメンバーです。
彼は1996年から1994年ISU位置とIOC位置を開催しています。
2000年、彼は、IOC執行委員会は、彼が2008年まで開催されているという立場のメンバーに選出された。
前に、ISU会長になることに、彼はISU副社長だったショートトラックスピードスケートのための技術委員会の委員長の前に。
チンクアンタ氏は、陸上競技でのアイスホッケー選手として、アイススピードスケートとして実施ミラノ、イタリアで育った。チンクアンタは大学に出席し、彼は経営学を中心に活躍した。 ISU議長に彼の選挙の時に、 56歳の時、彼は国際的な化学会社の経営者としての立場から引退した。
チンクアンタが最初にISU議長に選出されたとき、彼は最初に、ABCスポーツとの重要なテレビの契約を含むいくつかの商業契約を交渉した後、ISUのイベントで賞金を導入した人プログレッシブとした。これは、ISUがそうで、トップスケーターに大規模な出演料を提供していた承認されていない作のためテレビのプロスケート競技会に参加するオリンピック適格スケートを残している可能性がアスリートを保持することができました。テレビのお金もISUを含む、両方のフィギュアスケートとスピードスケートの分岐で開発プログラムのさまざまなを維持することができ、例えば、フィギュアスケートのISUグランプリ。
しかし、彼のスピードスケート背景、チンクアンタは、特にカナダと米国では、フィギュアスケート界からの批判にかなりの量の対象となっている。 2002冬季オリンピックはスキャンダルフィギュアスケートの間に、彼は彼の曖昧と、彼は「図がうまくスケート知っている」しなかったことを彼の入学を批判された。 [ 1 ]スポーツについての知識の彼公言不足にもかかわらず、彼は提案した[ 2 ]主な特徴、これまで個々の裁判官が競争をマークしたのかを知ることから誰かを妨げる秘密であるフィギュアスケートのための新しいスコアリングシステム。ワシントンD.C. 、 2003年世界フィギュアスケート選手権で秘密審査の実施は、彼が紹介されたときはいつでも、 [ 3 ]チンクアンタと個人的に視聴者jeeredされ、そのイベントでファンの抗議をもたらすのに十分な論議をした。 [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
彼はそのイベントの開会式では、滑走のローカルスケート好きなカート·ブラウニングを防止するための専門性を呼び出した後にチンクアンタは、以前大声[ 6 ] [ 7 ]と再びで、エドモントン、アルバータ州にある1996年世界フィギュアスケート選手権でファンからブーイングされていたミネアポリス、ミネソタ州にある1998年大会は、 [ 8 ]
チンクアンタは連続してすべてのISU選挙学会でISU議長に再選されており、それは[誰によって？]と推定され、1994年に彼の最初の選挙以来、約30の技術革新は、図の投与2枝に関する国際スケート連盟に導入されていることをスケートとスピードスケート
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Ottavio Cinquanta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2011 Rostelecom Cup - Ottavio Cinquanta.jpg
Ottavio Cinquanta (born 15 August 1938, in Rome), is President of the International Skating Union and a member of the International Olympic Committee.
He has held the ISU position since 1994 and the IOC position since 1996.
In 2000 he was elected member of the IOC Executive Committee, position that he has held until 2008.
Prior to becoming ISU President he was ISU Vice President and before the Chair of its Technical Committee for Short Track Speed Skating.
Cinquanta grew up in Milan, Italy, where he practiced as an ice hockey player, in athletics and as an ice speed skater. Cinquanta attended university and he was mainly active in business administration. At the time of his election to the ISU Presidency, at the age of 56, he retired from his position as a manager of an international chemical company.
When Cinquanta was first elected to the ISU Presidency, he was initially regarded as a progressive who introduced prize money at ISU Events after negotiating several commercial contracts, including an important television contract with ABC Sports. This allowed the ISU to retain athletes who might have otherwise left Olympic-eligible skating to participate in unsanctioned made-for-television professional skating competitions, which were then offering large appearance fees to top skaters. The television money also allowed the ISU to sustain a variety of development programs in both Figure Skating and Speed Skating branches, including, for example, the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating.
However, because of his speed skating background, Cinquanta has been the subject of a considerable amount of criticism from the figure skating community, particularly in Canada and the United States. During the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal, he was criticized for his evasiveness and his admission that he didn't "know figure skating so well".[1] In spite of his professed lack of knowledge about the sport, he proposed a new scoring system for figure skating[2] whose major feature is secrecy which would prevent anyone from ever knowing how an individual judge had marked the competition. The implementation of secret judging at the 2003 World Figure Skating Championships in Washington, D.C., was controversial enough to result in a fan protest at that event,[3] with Cinquanta personally being jeered by the audience whenever he was introduced.[4][5]
Cinquanta had previously been loudly booed by fans at the 1996 World Figure Skating Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, after he invoked a technicality to prevent local skating favorite Kurt Browning from skating in the opening ceremony of that event[6][7] and again at the 1998 Championships in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[8]
Cinquanta has been consecutively reelected to the ISU Presidency at all the ISU elective Congresses and it is estimated[by whom?] that since his first election in 1994, approximately thirty innovations have been introduced in the International Skating Union regarding the two branches administered of Figure Skating and Speed Skating.
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原文
Mexican drug cartel activity in U.S. said to be exaggerated in widely cited federal report
When Sen. John McCain spoke during an Armed Services Committee hearing last year on security issues in the Western Hemisphere, he relayed a stark warning about the spread of Mexican drug cartels in the United States.
“The cartels,” the Arizona Republican said, “now maintain a presence in over 1,000 cities.”
McCain based his remarks on a report by a now-defunct division of the Justice Department, the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), which had concluded in 2011 that Mexican criminal organizations, including seven major drug cartels, were operating in more than 1,000 U.S. cities.
米国でのメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用連邦レポートに誇張していると言わ
ときに上院議員 ジョン·マケインは、西半球のセキュリティ問題に昨年聴力軍事委員会の間に話し、彼は米国ではメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継。
"カルテルは、"アリゾナ州の共和党は "今1,000以上の都市でのプレゼンスを維持する"と述べた。
マケインは司法省の今はなき分割による報告書に彼の発言をもとに国立医薬品インテリジェンスセンター（NDIC）、七大麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織は、1,000以上の米国で動作したことを2011年に締結していた都市。
米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用される中央政府レポートは誇張と言われて
ジョンマケイン上院議員話したとき、軍事委員会セキュリティ上の問題、西半球で昨年のヒアリングの間に、彼はアメリカ合衆国でメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」アリゾナ州共和党は、今「維持する」1000 都市でのプレゼンス。
マケイン基づいて、司法省を含む 7 つの主要な麻薬カルテル、メキシコの犯罪組織以上 1,000 のアメリカの都市で運営していた 2011 年に締結した国立薬物インテリジェンス センター （NDIC）の今は亡き部門報告に関する発言。
広く引用された連邦報告書の中で誇張されると言われていた米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテル活動
ジョン・マケイン上院議員が昨年、西半球でセキュリティ問題について軍事委員会のヒアリング中に話した時、彼はアメリカでメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する硬直した警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」とアリゾナ共和党員は言いました。「今、1,000以上の都市で存在を維持してください」
マケインの彼の発言は7つの主な麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織が1,000を超える米国の都市で作動していると2011年に結論を下した司法省(全国ドラッグ知能センター(NDIC))の今消滅した部門による報告書に基づきました。
Sometime in mid-September 2000, a cl
ubhouse employee with the Arizona
Diamondbacks discovered a bottle of anabolic ster
oids and several hundred pills in a package
that had been mailed to the Diamondbacks’ ballp
ark in Phoenix. Clubhouse attendants knew that
the package had been intended for Alex Cabrera,
then a player on Arizona’s major league roster,
who had been searching for the package for seve
ral days. They gave the box to the team’s
athletic trainer and told Cabrera that
the package probably had been lost.
After he learned of the incident, Joe
Garagiola, Jr., the Diamondbacks’ general
manager at the time, reported the discovery to
The Commissioner’s
Office retrieved the package and sent the drugs
to the Drug Enforcement Administration for
evaluation, which confirmed that the vial contained
Winstrol (stanozolol), an
injectable anabolic
steroid, and that the pills in the
ounter diet pills.
265
By the time the DEA confirmed that the shipment to Cabrera had contained
steroids, his contract had been
sold to the Seibu Lions in the
Japan League. Manfred therefore
did not seek permission from the Players Associat
ion to subject Cabrera to “reasonable cause” testing for steroids.
http://www.dailytitan.com/2011/04/the-inevitable-decline-of-cds/より転載：
Almost 11 years ago, stores like Tower Records and Wherehouse Music were mobbed with over 2.4 million people waiting to purchase N'Sync's No Strings Attached album.
Today, music stores like those are almost non-existent, and those that are still in business do not receive much foot traffic in the CD aisles.
The sales of compact disc albums have seen a significant decline since that record week in 2000. Nielsen Sound Scan reported that over 730 million units sold in 2000. In 2010, album sales hit an all-time low of 326 million units sold, including digitally downloaded albums.
"Nobody wants to go through the trouble of going to a music store, finding and buying a CD, opening the package, etc. Now we just click a button on the Internet and instantly have music," said Keegan Gogerty, 22, a singer/songwriter and radio-TV-film student.
Digitally downloading music has played a major role in the decline of CD sales, but the biggest factor is the illegal digital downloading of music.
Pirating music has been on the rise since Napster launched its peer-to-peer file-sharing software in 1999. Napster was known for allowing users to share and trade their MP3 files with one another over the Internet for free.
Napster was later shut down after multiple lawsuits, but more peer-to-peer outlets surfaced, such as Kazaa, Morpheus and LimeWire.
Peer-to-peer sharing has grown from MP3 sharing to multiple-file sharing and torrent sharing.
"I don't blame people for not wanting to purchase music. If I want to support a band, I will attend their concerts or buy a T-shirt. That is where they receive the most royalties anyway," said Charlie Hatano, an advertising graduate student.
"We live in a generation of simple living, the digital age," Gogerty said.
Online music stores such as iTunes and Napster give consumers the option to purchase music at the click of a button.
However, Ashley Sutton, 24, a psychology major, still buys compact discs.
"Nothing beats getting a new CD, reading the booklet and reading the lyrics," said Sutton. "I agree Internet downloading is more convenient, but I find owning a physical CD collection rewarding, rather than clogging up my computer with music I download."
The music industry has tried to crack down on the peer-to-peer file-sharing software programs, but people are still using different forms of illegally downloading or sharing music.
"I'll admit that I have had friends burn an album for me or copy them into my computer for my iPod," Sutton said. Making copies of CDs, illegally downloading the album and sharing, it is all the same.
In an interview with USAToday.com, the Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) CEO said illegal music sharing has been "contained."
"I remember people downloading one song at a time with Napster. More recently I have seen people download 10 albums at the same speed they could download one song in 1999," Hatano said.
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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February With the world going mobile and billions of new devices requiring electrical storage, battery technology is almost certainly due for a renaissance in the near future and recent developments suggest MIT will play a role in the next significant battery technology. Less than a week ago, we reported on work being done by MIT's Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) that could become the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in 200 years. Now a second new and highly promising battery technology is emerging from MIT - a new type of lithium battery that could become a cheaper alternative to the batteries that now power hybrid electric cars.
Until now, lithium batteries have not had the rapid charging capability or safety level needed for use in cars. Hybrid cars now run on nickel metal hydride batteries, which power an electric motor and can rapidly recharge while the car is decelerating or standing still.
But lithium nickel manganese oxide, described in a paper to be published in Science on Feb. 17, could revolutionize the hybrid car industry -- a sector that has "enormous growth potential," says Gerbrand Ceder, MIT professor of materials science and engineering, who led the project.
"The writing is on the wall. It's clearly happening," said Ceder, who said that a couple of companies are already interested in licensing the new lithium battery technology.
The new material is more stable (and thus safer) than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, which are used to power small electronic devices like cell phones, laptop computers, rechargeable personal digital assistants (PDAs) and such medical devices as pacemakers.
The small safety risk posed by lithium cobalt oxide is manageable in small devices but makes the material not viable for the larger batteries needed to run hybrid cars, Ceder said. Cobalt is also fairly expensive, he said.
The MIT team's new lithium battery contains manganese and nickel, which are cheaper than cobalt.
Scientists already knew that lithium nickel manganese oxide could store a lot of energy, but the material took too long to charge to be commercially useful. The MIT researchers set out to modify the material's structure to make it capable of charging and discharging more quickly.
Lithium nickel manganese oxide consists of layers of metal (nickel and manganese) separated from lithium layers by oxygen. The major problem with the compound was that the crystalline structure was too "disordered," meaning that the nickel and lithium were drawn to each other, interfering with the flow of lithium ions and slowing down the charging rate.
Lithium ions carry the battery's charge, so to maximize the speed at which the battery can charge and discharge, the researchers designed and synthesized a material with a very ordered crystalline structure, allowing lithium ions to freely flow between the metal layers.
A battery made from the new material can charge or discharge in about 10 minutes -- about 10 times faster than the unmodified lithium nickel manganese oxide. That brings it much closer to the timeframe needed for hybrid car batteries, Ceder said.
Before the material can be used commercially, the manufacturing process needs to be made less expensive, and a few other modifications will likely be necessary, Ceder said.
Other potential applications for the new lithium battery include power tools, electric bikes, and power backup for renewable energy sources.
The lead author on the research paper is Kisuk Kang, a graduate student in Ceder's lab. Ying Shirley Meng, a postdoctoral associate in materials science and engineering at MIT, and Julien Breger and Clare P. Grey of the State University of New York at Stony Brook are also authors on the paper.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Due to the nature of a digital camera, they need a lot of voltage and also need to keep good battery long periods of inactivity digital camera rechargeable batteries to a big hit, many current digital camera has a flash, may also make a short film, the two characteristics is very good, but can drain battery two times normal speed, photo shooting.
Most people are familiar with basic rechargeable battery, but the key to finding a good a doctor to give your digital camera is to look at the battery material, how will charge, and how long will the cost in use and sitting on the shelf or in the digital camera.
A little I look in my purchase any digital camera I buy is to ensure that there is a common battery size. The reason is, no matter how you plan a photo shoot, things happen, you may have to resort to the old alkaline batteries solve your problems, then. Panasonic battery my first choice is a rechargeable battery, but you never know, this is a very good thing can find a new set of batteries.
There are several important factors to consider, rechargeable batteries is the best. The first is the amount of voltage, followed by long time, then the battery of the time; Four is charge (how long shelf life will be held responsible for the storage battery).
Here are a series of typical rechargeable batteries and their voltage output:
Ni-Cad rechargeable battery, 12 volts
Nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries-1.2 to 1.5
Ni-ZN rechargeable batteries-160 volts
Standard alkalines is 1.5 volts
Also have a level a reference number of energy storage, from the ability to represent called milli ampere hour. These level general fleeing to 2100 from 750 from is high, the more the number of the battery capacity (higher digital better).
The Ni-Cad and nimh most common, almost every major brand battery multiple versions. The latest technology is Ni-ZN are excellent storage capacity and long shelf life. Many types of rechargeable batteries can be charging many times, but they didn't mention that drop down power amount of recharges x.
And this is the real factors to consider. Let us say that if you find new battery you can use about 100 photos before they go to the south. Recharges Numbers increase, reduce many pictures. Some can only continue to before they start, recharges loose the ability to completely costs. Clever cost is still good savings from an ordinary AA alkaline battery cost $1.15 and the comparable charge is $2.50, according to the figures from $5.00.
Recent Ni-ZN cost about $5 each request and take over 500 recharges in any losses before the injury charge ability. But they also play more voltage so for example your flash recycling half the time to complete the normal alkaline batteries. If you have 100 threw a set of alkaline, you should get at least 175 vote of Ni-ZN are the same size. Plus storage life N-ZN than any other choice.
Rapid turnover a flash can be a big problem, because it is a very painful, but when photographs in the interior, need to wait for two minutes of the flash is full of power. Or, if you are shooting a series of short a minute video and ran out of the juice in the middle is not a good thing.
So, based on the pricing and ability, if you can recharge the battery is more than 500 times more the highest price, they use more cheap long-term development. If they hold up close to claim 500 cost, well, you can do the math. This is a no brainer, Ni-ZN provide more voltage, better life, and more fees each battery.
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Apple on an application for a patent for the fuel cells on Thursday are exposed. In the patent application, apple describes a kind of electronic equipment, such as notebook computer use fuel cells, and without any increase in too much weight of fuel cell performance optimization method.
An application for a patent for the title as "for portable computing devices power supply of fuel cell system". Apple says, consumers are becoming more and more attention to use of renewable energy. Fuel cell in technology competitive, as the energy density high, compared with the traditional batteries can be in the same volume provide more energy.
Apple patent application show: "fuel cells and additional fuel can bring high energy density, in not adding fuel to support of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks." Apple also said, use a fuel cell is to face the challenge of portability and cost.
Usually, the fuel cells to electronic equipment support portable charging, and users need to carry a fuel rods. And this is different, have conceived a and apple electronic equipment tightly integrated fuel cell. And this one the bulk of the patent application in a description of a fuel cell stack is used to optimize the flow of energy control system.
Another apple patent application describes how the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries work together, and to make the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries charging each other. This patent application said: "it will be to make the fuel cell system not necessary to large and heavy integration of the battery, thus obviously reduce the fuel cell system size, weight and cost."
This is not the first application for apple about fuel cell patent. Patently Apple web site said, October the exposure to a patent application shows that Apple are designing a fuel panels, from portable equipment to produce more energy.
About fuel itself, apple a patent application shows that there are a variety of fuel for power electronic equipment, one of which is sodium borohydride and water mixture. But these are still at the experimental stage, has yet to commercial.
Portable fuel cell charger faces a major obstacle is that manufacturers need to establish sales channel sales and recycled fuel rods. Apple will likely use apple retail stores to have finished the work.
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
Well-informed people can be trusted with self-government
The ability of people to govern themselves was a major goal of education in Jefferson's mind. The new Federal Constitution of the United States "and a submission to it" proved to Jefferson that "whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government; that whenever things get so far wrong as to attract their notice, they may be relied on to set them to rights." (T.J)
国政選挙のハードさに比べれば、学士→修士のdouble majorぐらい楽勝だと思うのだが。まぁ、衆院補選のお手伝いしか経験ないので何とも言えないけど。
立志伝みたいな人(○○の創業者)みたいな人だって、選挙準備として3年ぐらいの勉強はしてほしいな。学卒なら異分野の修士取ればいいだけだし。修士の中では比較的ハードな、MBA(経営学修士号)だって働きながら取ってる人いくらでもいるよ？
本当の本当に「底辺」な人が「国政選挙」に出て、受かって、何かを成すことを期待するのであれば、奨学金を獲得できるぐらいの運と実力を期待しても良いと思う。逆に、高等教育はどんなに金がなくても実力とポテンシャルさえあれば受けられるような制度を整える必要があるよね。
追記:
「学を修める」ということはほぼ「議論のやり方を修める」ということと等しいという理解と、「今の国会で行われているカケヒキは『事実にもとづいた議論』になってない」つまり「国会議員は議論のやり方を知らない(人が多い)」という推論、そして「事実にもとづいた議論により政治はもっと良くなる」という信念から上のようなボトムラインを考えちゃいます。議論のやりかた(ディベートのやりかたや交渉術ではなく、factの前に謙虚な姿勢)って自然に身につくものじゃないからね。
現状と何も変わらないのであれば、かけるお金が「(議員候補の)教育」になる分マシかな、と思う。
主婦代表とかわけのわかんない奴に議員として出てきて欲しくない。教育が不十分な奴は投票だけしてりゃいいんだよ。
まぁ、そのへんの主婦がいがいといい所の大学出てたりするので、主婦だから云々、じゃなくて資格試験ってのは同意。
歴史・地理・外交(軍事)・マクロ経済理論・マクロ経済応用・法律・公衆衛生・治安・流通・都市工学・土木工学・管理工学・MOTあたりから3種類の学士相当の教育か、修士と学士で領域の違うdouble majorか、あるいは単独の領域でも良いから博士号取得者。あるいは会計士・弁護士・一級建築士あたりの上級士業の資格を持ってればok。
ハードル上げすぎかな…。
