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はてなキーワード: DISTANCEとは
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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Early winter sky, like the patient's face the overcast, day to sink. Anxiety emotions such as this pervading the mist, tightly in my mind, catch my breath. This noon, the sun finally broke through the cloud and mist, show smiling face. The golden sunshine, the clear as on snow, warm warm silver fai in the flow. My heart like this in the window sunshine, suddenly lit up. On the vast expanse of the forms.it, bathed in the warm sunshine, the in the mind unspeakable joy, really want to in the sparkling on snow run, to release under pressure in the life, the one anxious heart, make it in the warm Yang blowing quiet quiet stretch open, as Snow White pure it gently the each place, leave a light the tranquil, calm in heart ripples.
The winter warm Yang heartily of vent to their hot, sprinkle with golden way way, the snow on glaring multicoloured halo, like in a split up around me gorgeous flowers. And as a series of colorful picture, in my sight of dreaming floating, I stand still didn't dare move, very afraid that move will put it like running scared. The sun be warm in my body, face and hands gently touched, a thick warm meaning in my heart rise, and then a puzzling to love is full whole body. Oh! I see, the soft touch, it's like my lover it. As the sun jade-like stone son bright smile, as if appear in the shadows. And when she left the same way, or that naughty smile, two small dimples with the face. She bantered said "to chase me! After a good deal for you win." I'm excited, but at a loss, just gazing at the light faded away in her in in the distance, RenXue the ground I do the footprints of the lonely, in lightly sigh.
Sunshine slowly breeze snow, the BaiXueShan quietly accept this trust god's touch. Like the girl like falling in love with lover's arms in school, doing the colorful dream. I was the true meaning of the snow moved and also enjoy stealthily warm winter sun kissing. The light sad like the like melted, had been in my memory, such as the white as forms.it of, did not leave traces. My heart immersed in the warmth of sunshine, and in the winter it forms.it quietly in fell asleep.
The winter warming Yang, don't abandon not to leave, waiting at my side, as my mother was waiting for the I, with all my heart, have no complaint. It let me understand, life not only it is the exhaustion of body and mind, worried restlessness. There is a kind of beautiful scenery, on our side. In fact they have been waiting for us, as long as pay attention side a flower, a leaf, a wisp of spring breeze, a rain, a snow, a blue sky, and so on. Like I say to this winter warm sample, calm down to, fine fine ground to observe, and deeply to taste, will get unexpected harvest.
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
へ続く
その１ http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20100318123002
その２ http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20100318194644
もっと！集めて果てなく アイドル軍団
しんちゃんだけが使えるテクニックで
歌いつくして
今宵だけの夢
踊って激しく
ITIにDOIときたらKABUTOかな？ということで。
なんかこの歌で楽しく替え歌ってむずかしい。
もう振り向かず 歩いてゆけるさ
いつかまた会う その日まで
僕らの夢がきっと叶うように
あの星に願っているよ
どんなに遠く 二人はなれても
ずっと君を 思っている
この別々の道通り抜けたなら
きっと笑顔でまた会える
つむりでしんみりはもうやめよう！と思ってたんだけどやってまったー
「て」他にいないし（天狗はほかでうまいことやったし）、歌詞こんなだし。
歌詞ほとんど改編してないです。
チーモンだぞ つぶせ のし上がるぜ 最強まで
ふりまわすのが 快感だぜ
ふりまわしてぶっつぶしてやる
豪腕だぜ 豪腕だぜ つぶせ
と思ったらアームがよい具合にぶっつぶしてくれた(笑)「感動返せ」コメありがとう！
三十数年 時が過ぎ行けば
二人の会話は しなやかに
漫才上等奏でます あぁ奏でます
この地上で最強の兄弟
お家（いえ）のために戦いましょう
たった一人の相方のために
お客様へ 捧げます
二人の絆
…元歌詞のほう多く使ってるけど。
90組も あげきれないけど
ちょっとだけ 呼んでみようか
大きな声で いち に さん はい！
ぴ ぴ ピク兄
しゅ しゅ シューレスジョー
ら ら ライパッチ
す す すずらん ラン
あげきれなかった人たちを中心にー
すずらんとか最近人気のイメージあるんだけど、うまく歌詞にもりこめなかったなあ。
中村の特技は あいうえお作文
まさかのレギュラー キャンパスナイトフジ
覚えてもらえないまま終了……
「ゆ」といえば、たり感やろとは思ってたのだけど、いかんせん元歌詞がしんみりすぎる。でも極度の改編は嫌。ということで七色よりお借りしました。全然テンポ感違うのに、苦労せずはまるとはー
いごしょと同じく時事ネタ？まぜてしまった。
（売れたいんだ）
DOI 負けてしまいそう
だから
DOI 頑張っていきましょう
歌だってうたうよ 僕ら
だってアイドルするのが 好きなの
新潟で押見さんがアイドルやってるってのは知ってたんだけど、グループ名を知らず。なるほど「なじらね」ねーと思い何の気なしに入れたら反応多い(笑)
（君たちに）
女子女子を見せたげる
歌はまだね がんばるから
女子女子にしてやんよー
だからちょっと 覚悟をしててよね
女子女子て言ってあげる
世界中の誰誰より
だけどちょっと 地獄って言わせてよね
十年後にまた会おう この場所を飛び出して
今よりももっと輝いて
すぐに燃え尽きたりせずに
ずっと永遠のきみでいて
ほぼ改編せずにこのクオリティー
足りないよ あの４分何回やっても間に合わん
先手必勝早めにボケても いずれは話逸れていく
たまたま見たお正月あたりのAGEAGEで福田さんが「正月ルール採用！」的なことを言ってた記憶があるのだけどまるっきり気のせいかもわからん。
４分じゃ短い！となげく全てのコンビに捧ぐ。
時計の針はもう動き出すから 今すぐに走り出せ
誰のためでもなく 僕らは立ち上がる
力の限りを尽くして勝ち進め
きれいごとはいらない 要は勝てればいいのさ
もう誰にも止められはしないよ
ああ僕らは戦士 アゲレンジャー
さすがに「卑怯の限りを尽くして勝ち進め」とはいえなかった。
アゲレンジャーという語感のダサさだけなんとかしたいかも。
もっときて 最後に笑っちゃうのはあなたのはず
笑わせてるからです 結論
月曜日なのに客少ないのどうするよ
来て見てほしいのです いつでも！
「セーラー服着てライブ見に来てくれるとうれしいな」みたいなド変態ソングにしようかと一瞬もくろんでしまったけどやめました！
（あなたに会いたい キラッ）
漆黒の画面の中 あなたたち花火みたい
心が光の矢をはなつ
家で見てるときこんな気分だったかなーとか思って。
なんかそんな感じ。
あーげあげらいぶ！
最後はみんなで仲良く終わりたい。
☆☆☆
長々と読んでくださったみなさんありがとう！
というかその前に、長々とあの動画を見てくださってありがとう！！17分てなにそれ(笑)
試験勉強の気晴らしのつもりが、はまりすぎてまるっと一日で完成にこぎつけてしまった予想外の作品ではありますが(笑)、やー楽しかった。
というわけでうｐ主勉強期間中なのでさすがに今回動画はつけられないです…。それに私はライブに行ってしまう人なので、動画やっぱり無理だなって思いました。
動画職人募集中ううう タイトルも変えちゃっていいよ！思いつかなくてそのままのとことか…
もし現れてくれたらとても嬉しいです！が！
ひとまず、みんなサンキュー！！
★★★
誰も興味ないかもしれないけどうｐ主について少々
少し遅れた感があるけど、解いてみた。
出力がテキストでないけど・・・。
仕事の合間を使ってやったものの、昼前に始めたのが5時頃にようやくできる程度。
これを25分とは尋常じゃないな、大口叩くだけあってよっぽど優秀なんだろう。
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=shift_jis"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="ja"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- pre { font-family: monospace; } --> </style> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- window.onload = function() { var q = new Map(); q.load("maptest.txt"); q.search(); var answer = document.getElementsByTagName("pre").item(0); var answerText = "\r\n"; for(var ix = 0; ix < q.route.length; ix++) { answerText += q.route[ix].join("") + "\r\n"; } answer.firstChild.data = answerText; alert("終了しました。"); }; /** マップオブジェクト */ function Map() { this.ymap = []; this.route = []; } //マップの読み込み Map.prototype.load = function(filePath) { //ファイルシステム var fileSystem = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject"); //ファイル読み込み var file = fileSystem.OpenTextFile(filePath); while(!file.AtEndOfLine) { var fileBuffer = file.ReadLine(); this.ymap.push(fileBuffer.split("")); } file.Close(); fileSystem = null; }; //マップの探索 Map.prototype.search = function() { var that = this; //マップコピー var ymap = this.ymap.concat(); for(var y = 0; y < ymap.length; y++) { ymap[y] = ymap[y].concat(); for(var x = 0; x < ymap[y].length; x++) { if(ymap[y][x] == "S") var start = new MapNode(y, x); if(ymap[y][x] == "G") var goal = new MapNode(y, x); } } var openList = []; var closeList = []; start.costf = start.distance(goal); openList.push(start); //経路探索 while(openList.length > 0) { var node = openList.shift(); //探索終了 if(goal.equal(node)) { createRoute(node); break; } closeList.push(node); //隣接ノードの作成 var tonari = []; if( ymap[node.positionY][node.positionX - 1] == " " || ymap[node.positionY][node.positionX - 1] == "G" ) tonari.push(new MapNode(node.positionY, node.positionX - 1, node)); if( ymap[node.positionY - 1][node.positionX] == " " || ymap[node.positionY - 1][node.positionX] == "G" ) tonari.push(new MapNode(node.positionY - 1, node.positionX, node)); if( ymap[node.positionY][node.positionX + 1] == " " || ymap[node.positionY][node.positionX + 1] == "G" ) tonari.push(new MapNode(node.positionY, node.positionX + 1, node)); if( ymap[node.positionY + 1][node.positionX] == " " || ymap[node.positionY + 1][node.positionX] == "G" ) tonari.push(new MapNode(node.positionY + 1, node.positionX, node)); //隣接ノードの検索 for(var tx = 0; tx < tonari.length; tx++) { var openIn = false; var closeIn = false; tonari[tx].cost = node.cost + 1; var costf = tonari[tx].cost + tonari[tx].distance(goal); tonari[tx].costf = costf; //オープンリストから検索し入れ替える。 for(var ox = 0; ox < openList.length; ox++) { if(tonari[tx].equal(openList[ox])) { openIn = true; if(costf < openList[ox].costf) { openList.splice(ox, 1); push(openList, tonari[tx]); } break; } } //クローズリストから検索し、オープンリストへ移す。 for(var cx = 0; cx < closeList.length; cx++) { if(tonari[tx].equal(closeList[cx])) { closeIn = true; if(costf < closeList[cx].costf) { closeList.splice(cx, 1); push(openList, tonari[tx]); } break; } } //どちらにもない場合、オープンリストへ追加する。 if(!openIn &amp;&amp; !closeIn) push(openList, tonari[tx]); } } //適切な位置に追加する。 function push(array, item) { for(var ix = 0; ix < array.length; ix++) { if(item.costf < array[ix].costf) { array.splice(ix, 0, item); return; } } array.push(item); } //ルートマップの作成 function createRoute(lastNode) { var node = lastNode.parent; while(node.parent) { ymap[node.positionY][node.positionX] = "$"; node = node.parent; } that.route = ymap; } }; /** マップノード */ function MapNode(y, x, parentNode) { this.positionY = y; this.positionX = x; this.parent = parentNode; this.cost = 0; this.costf = 0; } //同一ノードかチェックする。 MapNode.prototype.equal = function(targetNode) { if( this.positionY == targetNode.positionY &amp;&amp; this.positionX == targetNode.positionX ) return true; return false; }; //直線距離を求める。 MapNode.prototype.distance = function(targetNode) { sabunY = this.positionY - targetNode.positionY; sabunX = this.positionX - targetNode.positionX; return sabunY ^ 2 + sabunX ^ 2; }; // --> </script> <title>経路探索：A*</title> </head> <body> <pre>&nbsp;</pre> </body> </html>
厚生労働省の方針と若干異なる部分があるので、比べてみるといいかも。問題があれば削除します。
What can I do to protect myself from catching influenza A(H1N1)?
The main route of transmission of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus seems to be similar to seasonal influenza, via droplets that are expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. You can prevent getting infected by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza-like symptoms (trying to maintain a distance of about 1 metre if possible) and taking the following measures:
- avoid touching your mouth and nose;
- clean hands thoroughly with soap and water, or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub on a regular basis (especially if touching the mouth and nose, or surfaces that are potentially contaminated);
- avoid close contact with people who might be ill;
- reduce the time spent in crowded settings if possible;
- improve airflow in your living space by opening windows;
- practise good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active.
新型インフルエンザは、季節性インフルエンザと同じく、主に会話・くしゃみ・せきで出される「しぶき（飛沫）」から感染します。感染を防ぐには、次のようなことを行いましょう。
What about using a mask? What does WHO recommend?
If you are not sick you do not have to wear a mask.
If you are caring for a sick person, you can wear a mask when you are in close contact with the ill person and dispose of it immediately after contact, and cleanse your hands thoroughly afterwards.
If you are sick and must travel or be around others, cover your mouth and nose.
Using a mask correctly in all situations is essential. Incorrect use actually increases the chance of spreading infection.
あなたが病気でなければ、マスクをする必要はありません。ただし、病人を看病するときは、近くではマスクをしましょう。また、その後には必ず手を洗いましょう。
あなたが病気のときは、口と鼻をマスクで覆うようにしましょう。
ただし、マスクを使うなら、正しく使わなければなりません。誤った使い方は、感染の機会を増やしてしまいます。
What should I do if I think I have the illness?
If you feel unwell, have high fever, cough or sore throat:
- stay at home and keep away from work, school or crowds;
- rest and take plenty of fluids;
- cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing and, if using tissues, make sure you dispose of them carefully. Clean your hands immediately after with soap and water or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub;
- if you do not have a tissue close by when you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth as much as possible with the crook of your elbow;
- use a mask to help you contain the spread of droplets when you are around others, but be sure to do so correctly;
- inform family and friends about your illness and try to avoid contact with other people;
- If possible, contact a health professional before traveling to a health facility to discuss whether a medical examination is necessary.
具合が悪かったり、高熱や、せき、のどの痛みを感じるときは…
他の人の１０選を見て、思ったり感じたり忘れてて思い出したりしたことを書き連ねてみる。
・その一、月野定規挙げる人多すぎｗ
自分も挙げてるけどさ。
フラット38℃が一番多いけど、妄想ダイアリー、フラット37℃あたりも挙げられてて
幅広い支持があるんだなーと思った。
まだ挙げてる人がいなかったと思うけど、多分一番新しい単行本である「星の王子サマ」も割とオススメ♪
・その二、これを選ぶのは納得ってもの。
如月群真・米倉けんご・みた森たつや・小梅けいとは挙げてる人結構いたなー。
米倉・みた森・小梅は持っててそれなりにクオリティはあると思うけど、
個人的にベスト１０にはちょっと届かなかったって感じではずした・・・。
月吉ヒロキ・犬あたりも上位に来るけど、ベスト10には届かないってことではずした。
・その三、これを選ぶ人がいるとは、意外かつ嬉しいと思ったもの。
水無月十三・西川康・反村幼児は、自分も挙げたけど、そんなに挙げられないかと思っててね。
特に、水無月十三のずっとずっと好きだったは、10年近くも前の作品だから驚いた。
他に、影乃いりすも挙げる人たちがいて意外かつ嬉しいと思った。
Sweet Sweet Sweet Smileとまなざしは、持ってたんだけど、
10選を選ぶときに忘れてたんだｗ。
作風的に甘々でロリロリなところがかなり好きなんだけど、何でか忘れてた・・・。
・その四、名前を見てふと感慨にふけったもの。
１０選にないけど名前だけ挙げられてたもので、おがわ甘藍、春籠漸があった気がする。
両方ともけっこう好きな作者なため単行本は半分以上持ってるんだけど、
実用性という面から見るとベスト10には入りづらいかなー、と思ってたんで。
特におがわ甘藍の方は、某宮崎監督とか某庵野監督っぽいキャラを描いた作品があるために、
個人的にエロノートで有名な荒井海鑑と並んでネタ要素が強い作家という印象があるから。
ただ、おがわ甘藍は、ロリ好きとしては、やはり良い作家だと思うよ。
要は、ヤングアニマルとかヤングアニマル嵐の青年誌で書いてる人たち。
東雲太郎以外は、青年誌でも実用的かは別として相変わらずエロい身体を描いてるなーって思う。
東雲太郎は、さわやか風味も入ってる気がする。まぁ、題材が題材だからかな。
彼らは、もうエロ漫画は描かないのかなー？
・挙げてる人が多い＆持ってない→欲しい作品リスト
オタクビーム,びーむす
Ash横島,3ANGELS SHORT
巻田佳春,RADICAL☆てんぷてーしょん
鬼束 直,ワン ホット ミニット
見田竜介,ああっご主人様ぁ
Cuvie,Cloudy
うん、そうなんだ。ぶっちゃけ、このリストを書きたかったんだ。
また一週間後に同じように書くかもー。
| A | - | cross sectional area | 断面積 |
| C | - | celerity or phase velocity of waves | 波の速さか位相速度 |
| C_d | - | drag coefficient | 抗力係数 |
| C_s | - | concentration on the seagrass surface | 海中植物の 表面への集中 |
| C_w | - | concentration in the water column | 水柱における集中 |
| D | - | molecular diffusivity | 分子拡散率 |
| D | - | depth | 水深 |
| DBL | - | diffusive boundary layer | 拡散境界層 |
| δ | - | diffusive boundary layer thickness | 〃 の厚さ |
| δ_D | - | diffusive boundary layer (==DBL) | |
| δ_l | - | inertial sublayer or logarithmic (log) layer | 内部境界層かログ層 |
| δ_v | - | viscous sublayer | 粘性底層 |
| F_d | - | friction or viscous drag | 摩擦か粘性抵抗 |
| F_p | - | form or pressure drag | 圧力抗力か形状抵抗 |
| g | - | acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
| H | - | water depth | 水深 |
| H | - | wave height | 波高 |
| h | - | canopy height | 林冠の高さ |
| J | - | flux | フラックス |
| κ | - | von Karman constant | カルマン定数 |
| l | - | length scale | 長さスケール |
| λ | - | wavelength | 波長 |
| m | - | mass | 質量 |
| μ | - | molecular or dynamic viscosity | 動粘性係数か分子粘性 |
| p | - | hydrostatic or dynamic pressure | 静水圧か動圧 |
| Q | - | volume flow rate | 体積流量率 |
| ρ | - | density | 密度 |
| REI | - | relative wave exposure index | 相対波露出度 |
| Re | - | Reynolds number | レイノルズ数 |
| Re_crit | - | critical Reynolds number | 臨界レイノルズ数 |
| St | - | Stanton number | スタントン数 |
| T | - | wave period | 波の周期 |
| τ | - | shear stress | 剪断応力 |
| τ_o | - | boundary shear stress | 境界剪断応力 |
| τ_w | - | wall shear stress | 壁剪断応力 |
| μ | - | current velocity | 流速 |
| μ* | - | friction velocity | 摩擦速度 |
| U_k | - | critical velocity | 臨界速度 |
| U_o | - | free stream velocity | 自由流速度 |
| ν | - | kinematic viscosity | 動粘性率 |
| x | - | horizontal distance | 水平距離 |
| χ | - | principal flow direction | 主要流向 |
| y | - | cross-stream direction | 交差流の方向 |
| z | - | vertical direction or depth | 縦方向か水深 |
| z_o | - | roughness height | 荒さの高さ |
五年前に家にある5000冊ぐらいの漫画を500冊ぐらい残して片っ端から処分したけど、その後は限定したものだけ集めようとしてるのにもう1500冊ぐらいに戻ってしまったよ。どうする。
以下メモ。かなり抜けがあると思うがただのメモなので知らない。
多すぎて把握できない
驚くほど読まない。食わず嫌いに近いと思う。
今は無き『鎖縛』は毎号買ってたなあ。あと遊人が最近浦沢キャラの模倣をやってたので驚いた。
Runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X (intel)
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