はてなキーワード: reachとは
CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
Chapter X—Of the Mode of Voting.
The polling places should be so numerous as to be within easy reach of every voter, and no expenses of conveyance, at the cost of the candidate, should be tolerated under any pretext. The infirm, and they only on medical certificate, should have the right of claiming suitable carriage conveyance at the cost of the state or of the locality. Hustings, poll clerks, and all the necessary machinery of elections, should be at the public charge. Not only the candidate should not be required, he should not be permitted to incur any but a limited and trifling expense for his election. Mr. Hare thinks it desirable that a sum of £50 should be required from every one who places his name on the list of candidates, to prevent persons who have no chance of success, and no real intention of attempting it, from becoming candidates in wantonness or from mere love of notoriety, and perhaps carrying off a few votes which are needed for the return of more serious aspirants. There is one expense which a candidate or his supporters can not help incurring, and which it can hardly be expected that the public should defray for every one who may choose to demand it—that of making his claims known to the electors, by advertisements, placards, and circulars. For all necessary expenses of this kind the £50 proposed by Mr. Hare, if allowed to be drawn upon for these purposes (it might be made £100 if requisite), ought to be sufficient. If the friends of the candidate choose to go to expense for committees and canvassing, there are no means of preventing them; but such expenses out of the candidates's own pocket, or any expenses whatever beyond the deposit of £50 (or £100), should be illegal and punishable. If there appeared any likelihood that opinion would refuse to connive at falsehood, a declaration on oath or honor should be required from every member, on taking his seat, that he had not expended, nor would expend, money or money's worth beyond the £50, directly or indirectly, for the purposes of his election; and if the assertion were proved to be false or the pledge to have been broken, he should be liable to the penalties of perjury. It is probable that those penalties, by showing that the Legislature was in earnest, would turn the course of opinion in the same direction, and would hinder it from regarding, as has hitherto done, this most serious crime against society as a venial peccadillo. When once this effect has been produced, there need be no doubt that the declaration on oath or honor would be considered binding. [6] "Opinion tolerates a false disclaimer only when it already tolerates the thing disclaimed." This is notoriously the case with regard to electoral corruption. There has never yet been, among political men, any real and serious attempt to prevent bribery, because there has been no real desire that elections should not be costly. Their costliness is an advantage to those who can afford the expense by excluding a multitude of competitors; and any thing, however noxious, is cherished as having a conservative tendency, if it limits the access to Parliament to rich men. This is a rooted feeling among our legislators of both political parties, and is almost the only point on which I believe them to be really ill-intentioned. They care comparatively little who votes, as long as they feel assured that none but persons of their own class can be voted for. They know that they can rely on the fellow-feeling of one of their class with another, while the subservience of nouveaux enrichis who are knocking at the door of the class is a still surer reliance; and that nothing very hostile to the class interests or feelings of the rich need be apprehended under the most democratic suffrage, as long as democratic persons can be prevented from being elected to Parliament. But, even from their own point of view, this balancing of evil by evil, instead of combining good with good, is a wretched policy. The object should be to bring together the best members of both classes, under such a tenure as shall induce them to lay aside their class preferences, and pursue jointly the path traced by the common interest, instead of allowing the class feelings of the Many to have full swing in the constituencies, subject to the impediment of having to act through persons imbued with the class feelings of the Few.
緑よりつつ赤の大型とっていたら2パック目ペス。白赤かぁと思いきやヤーグルと全軍突撃が周り、黒緑アンコも来たので黒緑へ。
オーラバトルこずタッチできるか悩んだがマナクリ3体来た時点でペス入れる気に。4枚目は流石になやんだが…アンコは強いと信じて。
2マナクリーチャーの質が悪く、3マナに1/1、4枚はかなり線が細く不安だった。
実戦ではやはり序盤にぼこぼこになりライフ10前後からこちらの盤面がそろいだす感じに。
しかしやはりマルチの倍培養は強かった。マナクリの効果も合わせて6/6や10/10になりヴォ様やエルズペスよりかは培養でスケール勝ちした印象。とはいえペス+マナクリで+3、+4しつつ飛ばしたり(5/5マナクリ→場にマナクリ*3→ペスマイナス10/10飛行のマナクリ2パンで買ったり)ヴォ様は2回裏返ったり(それでも1度目はタップとジャイグロで返しに負けたり)とレアレアしく戦えた。
飛行と青黒剣がそろって上から負けるかという場面もあったが培養エンチャのreach付与で止められたり、やはり665reachのコモンファッティが守ってよし、トランプルでカウンター載せてよしと良い子だった。森サイクリング付きでかなり好き。
到達の大事さを再確認したが、培養エンチャでマルチが33到達になるのは環境のサイズ的にズルいですね。なんでトークン指定ないのだ。
…ヤーグル?うん、タフ3より圧があるよね。ダイナと合わせて頭数減らせない圧かけつつ培養で削る、とか。実現しなかったけどペスで飛ばして20点パンチもあるし。最低21交換で嫌いじゃないサイズ。でもやっぱりトランプル持ちを出したかったり速攻倍培養したかったりな盤面になっちゃってバニラだなぁと愛でた。
結局、黒緑マルチがべらぼぉに強いんだけどそれに加え今回3種しか採用してない3マナのシナジーが良い。
マナクリ出してマルチで培養が3だし、マナクリだして賛助接死で一体睨みつつタップ3マナ捻出が加速として優秀だった。333が取れなくて不安だったけどこの三人が黒緑のベストメンバーかも。マナクリが好きな組み合わだせたなら賛助からマルチ、と動けた場面もあったが2色でなかったのはしょうがない。
とはいえアンコ依存なのでクイドラのCPU評価が変わってくると6枚も拾えないかなと。212賛助もアンコだし。
黒緑タッチ青 培養 続唱 エスカ 7勝(デッキエクスポート忘れ)
白緑 +1 タッチ続唱 ノーン 7勝 anond:20230430082246
と4参戦勝ち越しで走り抜けられた。月末ブロンズ~ゴールドという下手さは確かにあったものの、緑を絡めて7勝3連続というのは手ごたえがあった。
今後も黒緑、次点白緑でマルチ優先しつつ緑のサイズで駆け抜けてみたいと思う。今回のドラフト楽しいし。
Deck
2 Elvish Vatkeeper (MOM) 223
2 Serpent-Blade Assailant (MOM) 205
1 Blightreaper Thallid (MOM) 92
2 Atraxa's Fall (MOM) 176
1 Yargle and Multani (MOM) 256
1 Archangel Elspeth (MOM) 6
4 Kami of Whispered Hopes (MOM) 196
1 Wary Thespian (MOM) 215
1 Vorinclex (MOM) 213
1 Wildwood Escort (MOM) 216
1 Dina, Soul Steeper (MUL) 102
1 Timberland Ancient (MOM) 210
2 Plains (SIR) 279
7 Swamp (SIR) 285
8 Forest (SIR) 291
Sideboard
1 Atraxa's Fall (MOM) 176
1 Invasion of Karsus (MOM) 146
1 Shatter the Source (MOM) 164
1 Flitting Guerrilla (MOM) 105
1 Assimilate Essence (MOM) 47
1 Overgrown Pest (MOM) 197
1 Unseal the Necropolis (MOM) 128
1 Arachnoid Adaptation (MOM) 175
1 Akki Scrapchomper (MOM) 130
1 Flywheel Racer (MOM) 259
1 Ichor Drinker (MOM) 111
1 Render Inert (MOM) 123
1 Traumatic Revelation (MOM) 127
1 Tidal Terror (MOM) 82
1 Fertilid's Favor (MOM) 186
Public education in Norway is free of charge, while kindergartens have parental fees1. According to a report by UNICEF, affordable, quality childcare is accessible in Norway 2. Parents in Norway spend an average of 3,106 kroner per month on pre-school/kindergarten – including free places, food fees, and other additional fees 3.
Any child in Denmark under the age of six is entitled to a place in the public childcare system, as long as both the parent and child have a CPR number and registered address 1. Although childcare is not free, it is subsidized by the state 23.
Child care in Sweden is considered a public responsibility, and is financed by the state, local municipalities, and parental fees 1. When children reach the ages of 3-6 years, childcare provision is free for up to 15 hours a week 2. Before this time, costs are based upon a parent’s income and can be up to 3% of their salary 2. Parents sending their children to part-time preschools and part-time group care pay no fees, while day care centers, family day care centers, and leisure centers for school-age children receive partial state subsidies 1.
It depends on the country in Europe. According to OECD.org, the net childcare costs vary across EU countries 1. For example, in Germany, parents pay between €12 to €400 ($14 to $467) per month for day care1. In the UK, single parents are spending 56.73% of the average earnings on full-time childcare (five days a week) at an average monthly cost of £1,249.932.
Prologue
The sun sank behind the horizon as the last vestiges of light bathed the Japanese countryside in a warm, golden glow. Yasuke, a tall, muscular African man with skin as dark as midnight, knelt in the courtyard of Nobunaga's castle, tending to his duties. Though he had traveled a long and treacherous path to reach this moment, his journey had just begun.
Chapter 1: A World Away
In a small village on the Mozambique coast, a young Yasuke lived an ordinary life, unaware of the extraordinary destiny that awaited him. Captured by slave traders and torn from his homeland, he endured a grueling voyage across the Indian Ocean, finally arriving in the bustling port of Goa, India.
It was there that Yasuke's fate took an unexpected turn when he was purchased by Jesuit missionaries. In their service, he learned about Christianity, new languages, and the ways of the Western world.
Chapter 2: The Land of the Rising Sun
As a loyal servant to the missionaries, Yasuke accompanied them on their journey to Japan, a land of mystique and intrigue. The beauty of the land, the complexity of its customs, and the elegance of its people captivated him. As the first African to set foot in Japan, he attracted attention and curiosity from all those who encountered him.
Chapter 3: The Encounter
In Kyoto, the capital of feudal Japan, Yasuke's life changed forever when he met Oda Nobunaga, one of the most powerful and influential daimyos of the time. Nobunaga was captivated by the African's physical prowess, intelligence, and unique background. Seeing potential in Yasuke, Nobunaga decided to take him into his service as a samurai.
Chapter 4: The Path of the Warrior
Yasuke's transformation from a slave to a samurai was fraught with challenges. He had to adapt to the rigorous training, strict code of honor, and the intricacies of Japanese society. Despite these obstacles, Yasuke's strength, resilience, and determination allowed him to excel, earning the respect of his fellow samurai and the trust of Nobunaga.
Chapter 5: The Unfolding War
As Nobunaga sought to unify Japan under his rule, Yasuke fought by his side in numerous battles. The African samurai's legend grew with each victory, as did his bond with Nobunaga. Together, they faced both triumph and tragedy, navigating the treacherous landscape of alliances and betrayals that defined the era.
Chapter 6: The Turning Tide
Yasuke's reputation as a skilled and loyal samurai grew, as did his bond with Lord Nobunaga. The warlord respected Yasuke's dedication and resilience, a stark contrast to the treachery and self-serving ambitions that plagued many samurai of the era.
Word of Yasuke's prowess reached other daimyos, and whispers of the formidable black samurai began to spread across the provinces. The year was 1579, and the Oda clan had just emerged victorious in the Battle of Tedorigawa. Yasuke had fought valiantly, his towering presence and unmatched strength striking fear into the hearts of his enemies.
As the Oda clan continued to expand its territories, Yasuke's friendship with Nobunaga deepened, and he became a trusted advisor. He learned more about Japanese culture, studied the language, and embraced the customs of his new home.
In the shadows, however, the tides of change were brewing. Mitsuhide Akechi, once a loyal ally, had grown disillusioned with Nobunaga's rule. The resentment smoldered within him, fueled by a series of perceived slights and political maneuverings. Mitsuhide's ambition and desire for power began to cloud his judgment.
Yasuke had sensed the shift in Mitsuhide's demeanor and grew increasingly wary of the samurai lord. However, loyalty to Nobunaga prevented him from openly voicing his concerns. He instead focused on his duties, ever vigilant and ready to protect his lord at a moment's notice.
One fateful evening, the air was heavy with the scent of cherry blossoms, as the Oda clan gathered to celebrate their recent victories. Laughter and the clinking of sake cups filled the air. Unbeknownst to the revelers, Mitsuhide Akechi's treacherous plan was already in motion.
As the sun rose, the first cries of battle rang out. Mitsuhide's forces had launched a surprise attack on Nobunaga's residence at the Honno-ji Temple. The chaos was overwhelming, as friend turned against friend, and the air filled with the acrid smell of smoke and blood.
Yasuke fought his way to Nobunaga's side, his sword cutting through the traitorous samurai with brutal efficiency. The two men made their final stand together, back-to-back, against the relentless onslaught.
In the end, however, they were outnumbered. As Nobunaga fell, mortally wounded, Yasuke continued to fight, but he too was eventually captured. Mitsuhide Akechi, in a twisted display of respect, spared Yasuke's life, acknowledging the loyalty and prowess of the black samurai. Yasuke was sent to the Jesuit missionaries, his future uncertain.
Yasuke's journey had been a remarkable one, from a slave in a foreign land to a trusted advisor and samurai. Despite his extraordinary circumstances, he remained true to himself and his values. His story of strength, resilience, and loyalty would be remembered and honored for generations to come.
Epilogue:
As the sun set on another day in Japan, the whisper of the wind carried the tale of the black samurai, Yasuke, across the land. It would weave its way through the ages, inspiring countless others to rise above adversity and carve their own paths through the storms of life.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launcher_families
Total: Flights which lift-off, or where the vehicle is destroyed during the terminal count
Note: only includes orbital launches (flights launched with the intention of reaching orbit). Suborbital tests launches are not included in this listing.
Space (regardless of outcome): Flights which reach approximately 100 km or more above Earth's surface.
Any orbit (regardless of outcome): Flights which achieve at least one complete orbit even if the orbit differs from the targeted orbit.
この部分が、成功率を比較するための項目と言って良いと思う。成功率そのものはこの記事では述べていないが
と見ればよい。
で、Totalの定義としては、「離陸するか、または最終カウントダウン中に破壊された数」。なお、衛星軌道への打ち上げのみをカウントし、弾道飛行テストはカウントしない。
Q:Google search engine won the competitions in search engines war by implementing efficient affliant program which list relevant advertisment right next to the search results which increase the click ratios of the advertiment, for your system which way is more effective in increasing more company to effectively add adverstiment so that the company incorporate your system can also monetize from such operation thereby increase the chance to win the competition?
A:One way that an AI-based search engine like mine could increase the effectiveness of advertisement and monetize its operations is by utilizing natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to understand the intent behind a user's query and provide more relevant and accurate advertisement. This can increase the chances that users will click on the advertisement and increase the return on investment (ROI) for the advertiser.
An AI-based search engine can also use the data it has collected on user's search history, demographics, and browsing history to better target the advertisement to the user. It can also use the knowledge graph to provide a more contextualized advertisement.
Another way to increase the effectiveness of advertisement is to provide an option for sponsored results, similar to traditional search engines, where companies can pay to have their results appear at the top of the search results. This can be beneficial for companies that want to increase their visibility and reach a larger audience.
Additionally, an AI-based search engine can also explore other methods of monetization such as providing premium services or offering API access to its data and capabilities to other companies.
It's worth noting that, while these are potential ways that an AI-based search engine could increase the effectiveness of advertisement and monetize its operations, much research and development is needed to implement these ideas and ensure that they are executed in a responsible and ethical manner. Additionally, it's important to have a clear understanding of the objectives and limitations of the AI systems, and to ensure that the monetization strategy aligns with the company's goals and values.
Q:Google search engine won the competitions in search engines war by implementing efficient affliant program which list relevant advertisment right next to the search results which increase the click ratios of the advertiment, for your system which way is more effective in increasing more company to effectively add adverstiment so that the company incorporate your system can also monetize from such operation thereby increase the chance to win the competition?
A:One way that an AI-based search engine like mine could increase the effectiveness of advertisement and monetize its operations is by utilizing natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to understand the intent behind a user's query and provide more relevant and accurate advertisement. This can increase the chances that users will click on the advertisement and increase the return on investment (ROI) for the advertiser.
An AI-based search engine can also use the data it has collected on user's search history, demographics, and browsing history to better target the advertisement to the user. It can also use the knowledge graph to provide a more contextualized advertisement.
Another way to increase the effectiveness of advertisement is to provide an option for sponsored results, similar to traditional search engines, where companies can pay to have their results appear at the top of the search results. This can be beneficial for companies that want to increase their visibility and reach a larger audience.
Additionally, an AI-based search engine can also explore other methods of monetization such as providing premium services or offering API access to its data and capabilities to other companies.
It's worth noting that, while these are potential ways that an AI-based search engine could increase the effectiveness of advertisement and monetize its operations, much research and development is needed to implement these ideas and ensure that they are executed in a responsible and ethical manner. Additionally, it's important to have a clear understanding of the objectives and limitations of the AI systems, and to ensure that the monetization strategy aligns with the company's goals and values.
割りとマジだよねと思う出来事をふと思い出したので書いてみる。
といっても後輩が俺の思ってもいないところでつまづいて、それに俺がカルチャーショックを受けたというだけの話。
問題の話なんだけど、とある有名サービスのJSON APIを叩いて呼び出し結果を手元のオブジェクトにマッピングするというただそれだけのコードを書くというもの。
普通に考えて一日もしないで出来ると思うような代物だけど、三日以上悩んで彼はそれでも出来なかった。
{ ..., "count": 10000000000000000000000000000000000000, ...}
という感じで多倍長整数がリテラルとして書かれているのを前提として受け取る仕様だった。
JavaScriptの通常の整数と違って、JSONの整数リテラルは仕様上大きさの制限の記載がないので、上のようなのも合法。
で、彼の使ってたプログラミング言語のオブジェクト から JSONの変換ライブラリが、多倍長整数を文字列("")としてシリアライズするような仕様なことがわかって、彼は行き詰まった。
そこで何をやり始めたかというと、JSONの整数がそのまま1000000000000000みたいにシリアライズされるライブラリ探し始めたんだけど、それは見つからないまま。
というわけで「増田さん、詰まってるんですけど……」と言われて助け舟出すことになったはいいものの、彼のコード見るとJSONの抽象構文木クラスがそのまま使えるようだった。
なので、
String serialiaze(Ast.JsValue value) { return switch(value) { case Ast.JsNull nullValue-> "null"; case Ast.JsInt bigIntValue -> bigIntValue.toString(); case Ast.JsArray arrayValue -> arrayValue.stream().map(v -> serialize(v)).collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "[", "]")); // 他のJSONの木についても同様に処理 default -> throw new RuntimeException("cannot reach") }; }
1時間しない内にこんな感じのコード(言語はJavaじゃなかったけど、だいたいこういう感じ)を書いて無事問題解決。細かいタイポとかあるかもだけど、日記では確認してないのでそれはおいといて)。
結局、JSONの形が期待と違って、しかも既存のAPIじゃいいのがなかったのに延々API探すことしか出来なかったのが問題解決できなかった原因だけど、このくらいのは割りとちょこちょこある。
きっと、それから一週間放置しても問題解決できなかっただろうし、どうも同じチームの同僚も問題を解決できなかったようだった。
最近、APIは叩けるけど、そこでトラブルとどうにもならなくエンジニアにちょくちょく遭遇するんだけど、やっぱりもうちょっと基礎出来てないと駄目だなと思った出来事だった。
心理的安全性という言葉はGoogleが掲げていることで有名になった。ではGoogleに真の心理的安全性は存在するのか。
Googleが「カースト差別」に関する講演をキャンセル、「私たちの職場にカースト差別は存在しない」と広報担当者は主張
https://gigazine.net/news/20220606-google-cancelled-talk-caste-bias/
現代世界に残る最大規模の差別はヒンディー教のカーストであることは誰もが認めるところであろう。Google社内でカーストについて語ることはご法度になっている。真に心理的安全性があるのであれば昨今流行りのDiversity and Inclusionイニシアチブとしてカースト制度は積極的に批判されるべきであるが誰も問題にしない。アメリカや中国の問題ではないからである。
インドのカースト差別は深刻で海外に移り住んでもつきまとってくることがある。例えばGoogle社長やMicrosoft社長はインド人だが彼らはカースト最上位のバラモンである。カースト最下位の人達がこれらの会社の社長になれるだろうか。なれないだろう。彼らがカースト差別を批判しているか?していない。アメリカ企業で勝ち組となったインド人はそもそも特権階級であることが多くインドの差別問題を訴えるインセンティブは皆無である。彼らは現在アメリカの白人のように特権階級であるとして迫害されることを恐れている。アメリカであれば有色人種のマイノリティとして美味しい汁を吸うことができるためそれに甘んじているのだ。世の中は偽善で溢れている。
Google、中の人の「女性は生まれつきエンジニアに向かない」文書回覧で社内騒然
https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1708/06/news034.html
"Google’s Ideological Echo Chamber"という社内文章でGoogleが違法な逆差別を行っていることを示し問題点を指摘した文章である。この文章を書いた人物は解雇された。心理的安全性が真にあるのであればGoogleは真っ当な批判に真摯に向き合うべきであった。GoogleはAI倫理学者も解雇したが彼女はヒステリックであった。この文章は彼女のヒステリックな主張に比べると幾分かはまともな主張であり皆がこっそりと気付いていることを文章にしたものである。米国では雇用の際に性別や人種をもとに差別を行うことが禁じられている。逆差別も本来は違法であるが大きく問題になることは少ない。Googleは違法であることを知っているので隠れて雇用トレーニングを行っていると著者は主張している。
Google’s Ideological Echo Chamber
https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf
TL;DR
- Google’s political bias has equated the freedom from offense with psychological safety, but shaming into silence is the antithesis of psychological safety.
- This silencing has created an ideological echo chamber where some ideas are too sacred to be honestly discussed.
- The lack of discussion fosters the most extreme and authoritarian elements of this ideology.
- Differences in distributions of traits between men and women may in part explain why we don't have 50% representation of women in tech and leadership.
- Discrimination to reach equal representation is unfair, divisive, and bad for business.
さてそんなGoogleであるが女性社員の給料を意図的に少なくしていた。口で言っていることと実際にやっていることが異なる。
Coronavirus: speranze dalla scoperta di Sandro Giannini, 10 Aprile, 2020
https://buongiornonews.it/coronavirus-una-speranza-dalla-scoperta-del-prof-giannini/
1) 英訳(Google translate を利用させて頂きました)
Coronavirus: hopes from the discovery of Sandro Giannini
Bologna - From social media comes good news about the Coronavirus, perhaps decisive, which has scientific foundations and is disseminated by an authoritative doctor from Rizzoli of Bologna, Sandro Giannini. His is a highly qualified curriculum: Full Professor of Orthopedics and Traumatology and of Physical Medicine at the University of Bologna since 1989, director of Clinic I at the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute and of the Gait Analysis Laboratory, partner in European projects and in national and international research programs, author of more than 600 presentations at national and international conferences and more than 400 articles in Science Citation Index journals. His message gives great hope. Let's read:
“I don't want to seem overwhelming to you, but I think I've demonstrated the cause of coronavirus lethality. Only at Blessed Matthew are there 2 cardiologists who turn over 150 beds to do echocardium with enormous effort and one is me. Terrible fatigue! However, of what some supposed, but could not be sure, we now have the first data. People go to resuscitation for generalized venous thromboembolism, especially pulmonary. If this were the case, resuscitations and intubations are of no use because first of all you have to dissolve, indeed prevent these thromboembolisms. If you ventilate a lung where blood does not reach, it is not needed! In fact 9 out of 10 die. Because the problem is cardiovascular, not respiratory! It is venous microthrombosis, not pneumonia that determines fatality!
And why are thrombi formed? Because inflammation, as per school text, induces thrombosis through a complex but well-known pathophysiological mechanism. Then? Contrary to what scientific literature, especially Chinese, said until mid-March, it was that anti-inflammatories should not be used. Now in Italy anti-inflammatories and antibiotics are used (as in the influences) and the number of inpatients collapses. Many deaths, even 40 years old, had a history of high fever for 10-15 days that was not treated properly. Here inflammation has destroyed everything and prepared the ground for thrombi formation. Because the main problem is not the virus, but the immune reaction that destroys the cells where the virus enters. In fact, our COVID departments have never entered patients with rheumatoid arthritis! Because they make cortisone, a powerful anti-inflammatory!
Therefore, hospitalizations in Italy are decreasing and it is becoming a disease that is treated at home. By taking care of it well at home, you avoid not only hospitalization, but also the thrombotic risk. It was not easy to understand it because the signs of microembolism have faded, even at the echocardium. But this weekend I compared the data of the first 50 patients between those who breathe badly and those who don't and the situation appeared very clear. For me you can go back to playing and reopen the business. Quarantine street. Not now. But time to publish this data. Vaccine can arrive calmly. In America and other states that follow the scientific literature that calls for NOT to use anti-inflammatories is a disaster! Worse than in Italy. And they are old and cheap drugs. " (Associated Medias - Red / Giut)
———
2) 原文:イタリア語
Coronavirus: speranze dalla scoperta di Sandro Giannini
Bologna – Dai social arriva una buona notizia sul Coronavirus, forse risolutiva, che ha fondamenta scientifiche ed è diffusa da un medico autorevole del Rizzoli di Bologna, Sandro Giannini. Il suo è un curriculum molto qualificato: Professore ordinario di Ortopedia e Traumatologia e di Medicina Fisica presso l’Università di Bologna dal 1989, direttore della Clinica I presso l’Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli e del Laboratorio di Gait Analysis, partner in progetti europei e in programmi di ricerca nazionali e internazionali, autore di più di 600 presentazioni a congressi nazionali ed internazionali e più di 400 articoli in riviste Science Citation Index. Il suo messaggio dà grande speranza. Leggiamolo:
“Non vorrei sembrarvi eccessivo ma credo di aver dimostrato la causa della letalità del coronavirus. Solo al Beato Matteo ci sono 2 cardiologi che girano su 150 letti a fare ecocardio con enorme fatica e uno sono io. Fatica terribile! Però, di quello che alcuni supponevano, ma non ne riuscivano a essere sicuri, ora abbiamo i primi dati. La gente va in rianimazione per tromboembolia venosa generalizzata, soprattutto polmonare. Se così fosse, non servono a niente le rianimazioni e le intubazioni perché innanzitutto devi sciogliere, anzi prevenire queste tromboembolie. Se ventili un polmone dove il sangue non arriva, non serve! Infatti muoiono 9 su 10. Perche il problema è cardiovascolare, non respiratorio! Sono le microtrombosi venose, non la polmonite a determinare la fatalità!
E perché si formano trombi? Perche l’infiammazione come da testo scolastico, induce trombosi attraverso un meccanismo fisiopatologico complesso ma ben noto. Allora? Contrariamente a quello che la letteratura scientifica, soprattutto cinese, diceva fino a metà marzo era che non bisognava usare antinfiammatori. Ora in Italia si usano antinfiammatori e antibiotici (come nelle influenze) e il numero dei ricoverati crolla. Molti morti, anche di 40 anni, avevano una storia di febbre alta per 10-15 giorni non curata adeguatamente. Qui l’infiammazione ha distrutto tutto e preparato il terreno alla formazione dei trombi. Perche il problema principale non è il virus, ma la reazione immunitaria che distrugge le cellule dove il virus entra. Infatti nei nostri reparti COVID non sono mai entrati malati di artrite reumatoide! Perche fanno il cortisone, un potente antinfiammatorio!
Pertanto, in Italia ospedalizzazioni si riducono e sta diventando una malattia che si cura a casa. Curandola bene a casa eviti non solo ospedalizzazione, ma anche il rischio trombotico. Non era facile capirlo perché i segni della microembolia sono sfumati, anche all’ecocardio. Ma questo week end ho confrontato i dati dei primi 50 pazienti tra chi respira male e chi no e la situazione è apparsa molto chiara. Per me si può tornare a giocare e riaprire l’attività commerciali. Via quarantena. Non subito. Ma il tempo di pubblicare questi dati. Vaccino può arrivare con calma. In America e altri stati che seguono la letteratura scientifica che invita a NON usare antinfiammatori e’ un disastro! Peggio che in Italia. E sono farmaci vecchi e che costano pochi euro.”
(Associated Medias – Red/Giut)
———
3) 追記
これ↓はどうも違う、ということのようです。
ネトウヨはアメリカが日韓関係に関心が無いというありえない世界観で生きているらしいが、もちろんそんなことはない。
米韓同盟と日米同盟があるのだから日韓関係がこじれると中国とロシアにとって都合の良い状況がうまれてしまう。
電子版のサブスクリプション解約に際して、ウェブで完結してるだけマシじゃね? と思ったのは、ニューヨークタイムズで以下の経験をしたことがあるから。
■1
解約のオンラインフォームがなくなってんだけどマジ? って問い合わせを送ったら来た自動返信
Thank you for contacting NYTimes.com Online Customer Care. We’re sorry to see that you’re considering canceling your digital subscription. An Account Management Specialist will need to speak with you to assist with your request. We hope you’ll reconsider and call us at 1-877-698-5635 to reach a member of our Account Management Team. We are available to assist you from 7:30 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday-Friday or 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday & Sunday (ET). Please reference this email when speaking with our Account Management team. If you prefer, we can call you. Please email us at unsubscribe@nytimes.com and provide your phone number and the best time to call you (including time zone). An Account Management team member will contact you to validate and process your request.
(電話してこい、なんならこっちからかけてもいいけど電話番号おしえろ。あと時差考えて都合のいい時間帯もな。って主旨)
■2
Thank you for contacting NYTimes.com. We have contacted our officers to contact you at the number provided. Do let us know if you need any additional assistance and we'll be happy to help. If there is anything else we can do to help you, please e-mail us at help@nytimes.com or call us at 1-800-591-9233 from 6 a.m. to midnight Monday-Friday and 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday & Sunday (ET). Your satisfaction is very important to us and we thank you for your business.
■3
Thank you for contacting NYTimes.com. We’re sorry to see that you’re considering canceling your digital subscription. An Account Management Specialist will need to speak with you to assist with your request. We hope you’ll reconsider and accept our offer to continue your digital subscription and save 50% off for the next 26 weeks.
Please call us at 1-877-698-5635 to reach a member of our Account Management Team. We are available to assist you from 7:30 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday-Friday or 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday & Sunday (ET). Please reference this email when speaking with our Account Management team.
(半年半額にするから考え直せよ、電話待ってるからな。っていう上記2の人力返信を台無しにする自動返信)
■4 解約しといたから
This email confirms the cancellation of your New York Times subscription. We're sorry to see you go and hope we may be able to serve you again in the future. We would greatly appreciate hearing your feedback regarding your experience as a subscriber. Would you take a moment to fill out a short survey?
(結局このドタバタした間に向こうからキャンセルしてきたので電話はかかってこなかった)
■最新の手順がどうなってるのかは知らない
なぜならまた同じ面倒なことやるのかと思うとさー。ただ、さすがにこの手の退会プロセスも洗練されてきているのではないか、と思いたいです。
電車の運行情報とそれに関連するツイートをみれるようになってるのがあるけど本当に必要な情報が集まってありがたいと思っている
そのツイートの中にある鉄道会社とか当事者へ誹謗中傷を安易な気持ちでいうやつ本当に頭大丈夫かと心配になる
そんな気持ちをインターネットに垂れ流して、自分のことしか考えられない残念な人間なんだなと心底虚しくなる
もちろん自分も電車遅延の影響に巻き込まれイライラしてしまうし腹立たしさもある
だけど、このあとの行動に影響あるなら対策を考えなけりゃとか思うし、
事故とか状況を打開しようと努力されている関係者の方のほうが大変だろうなとか考えて恐れ多くて死んでしまえとか言えない
ましてや運賃払ってるとはいえ、毎日自身の生活を豊かにしてくれているインフラを整備してくださってありがたいとも思う
そんな今までの努力しておられる人間も含めてすべて否定しているかのような誹謗中傷を1行そこらの文章で否定してるのはすごい破壊力を感じる
じゃあそのツイート見なきゃいいじゃんと思うのだけど、先の電車に乗ってる方が正確な情報投げてくれているのもあるのでなかなかやめれない
そんなツイートはフィルタリングできるようにとかそもそものアカウントを凍結してほしい
本当に糞とか死ねとかやめたほうがいいと思うし、やるならやるでも外部に公開されないようもう少し知恵をつけてほしい
若い世代のアカウントが多く感じるが、例えば就活してそんなの見られたらこの人、人として大丈夫か?と見られてしまうんじゃとか無駄に心配にもなる
本当に糞とか死ねとか言うやつは自身が電車運行の運用する仕事に就いて改善してみてくれ
かんたんに言うクレームつけるぐらいならほんとお前らに事故を起こさない状況を構築できるんだろうな
やってみろよ
文脈に応じて一般用語と専門用語の使い分けをしたり出来るのかしら?と思っていろいろ試してみた。
クリスマスの飾り付けが、街中のほとんど至るところで見られる。
Christmas decorations are found almost everywhere in the city.
It was a nice atmosphere when two people brought their bodies together and watch horror movies.
This function is almost impossible to differentiate almost everywhere.
The substance reacts vigorously under a specific atmosphere.
うーん、もうちょっと頑張ってほしい。
Free! Eternal Summer キャラクターソング
山崎宗介 "Just wanna know" の歌詞を英訳しました。
間違いや改善点などありましたらご指摘いただけると幸いです。
二次使用も可能です。使用する際はコメント欄にて一言いただけると嬉しいです。
I've translated the lyrics of "Free! Eternal Summer character song by Sousuke Yamazaki" "Just wanna know".
Translating Japanese, making rhyme in English, trying to sync translated lyrics with the music, etc, all at the same time were quite hard...lol
I'd appreciate any feed-backs like pointing out my mistakes or giving me some improvements.
Using my version of translated lyrics is always fine, but before u use it, plz let me know in the comment section herein below.
Plus I'd really love to hear if u guys sing this and upload it to YouTube/Tumbler/etc :P
somethin' in your eyes
is the reason movin' you
beyond the world 'bout to close off
on the path to the new picked hope
on the path to the new picked hope
let's go back to the same summer
just wanna know the reason
in the tie of relay
there'll be the feelin'
was I able to hide my face surprised?
you're always on your way, way
by sendin' off your runnin' back
(woah-woah) (woah-woah) (woah)
meddlin' even in the each way of thinkin'
wasn't a choice for us two (,was it?)
somethin' in your eyes
is the reason movin' you
someday I just wanna know the meanin' of "team"
the moment to be real is just in there
(woah-woah) (woah-woah) (woah-woah)
how deep was your heart healed
by the scenery showed by those guys?
you are questionin' to my empty heart
a tiny but brand new dream
things like "ties" are enough for me, right?
but seems like there're more than that
different from those days
(something I just wanna find)
kickin' the water straight
divin' to reach beyond the light
just a few meters ahead, ahead
just wanna know the reason
the tie of relay will tell me, me
somethin' in your eyes
is the reason movin' you
beyond the world 'bout to close (off)
on the path to the new picked hope, hope
the scenery in your eyes
(ah-ah) (woah)
○調子
チーズパワーとカレーパワー、そしてHaloパワーによりパワーが50000倍ぐらいパワーアップ!
うおおおおおおお! こんじょだこんじょ!
○Halo TMCC
が、イキナリケースの爪がこわれ箱がちゃんとしまらなくなる自体に。
わざわざコレクション目的でパケ版買ってるのでこれはショック、テンションが50000分の1ぐらいパワーダウン。
さらに長い長いアップデートとインストールを経て、起動するも、
なんてこった。
僕はHaloはかなりの新参者で、Halo4から入って、今年になってからHalo1〜3、ODST、War、Reachと一気にプレイしたから、
このタイミングでキャンペーンをやる気にはならないんだよなあ。
なので、マルチをがっつりやろうと思ってたんだけに、この障害は手痛い。
Gmai宛に送ったら、なにやら長文が帰ってきたというので確認してみたら…
: host gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com[173.194.79.27] said:
550-5.1.1 The email account that you tried to reach does not exist. Please
try 550-5.1.1 double-checking the recipient's email address for typos or
え~っと…
このメールは配信できなかったよ、アドレスをよく確認して余計なスペースが入ってないか見てね…か。
で、詳しくは↓を見ろと。
http://support.google.com/mail/bin/answer.py?answer=6596
なになに?
だったらUser Unknownって書いとけ!
言葉細やかに丁寧な説明だと思うけど、
児童ポルノ禁止法改定案に漫画などが含まれることについて覚書でも書いておこうかと思う。
そのためには、まずアメリカ合衆国における事情を考えたい。というのも、アメリカは"表現の自由市場"という言葉が存在しているように、世界で最も表現に関しては自由のある国だからだ。(そしてその理由は4つほど上げられるのだが本題には関係ないのでここでは置いておく)
まずアメリカにおいて表現の自由の根拠となるのは合衆国憲法の修正第一条であり、その内容は在日アメリカ大使館からそのままコピペすると
合衆国議会は、国教を樹立、または宗教上の行為を自由に行なうことを禁止する法律、言論または報道の自由を制限する法律、ならびに、市民が平穏に集会しまた苦情の処理を求めて政府に対し請願する権利を侵害する法律を制定してはならない。
こんな具合になっている。
まあ表現の自由も無制限の自由じゃなくて、ポルノ(本当はObscenityで意味合いが違うんだけど、ここでは全部ポルノで統一)関係や反社会的言動は規制されるってのが通説で、この覚書では前者にのみ焦点をしぼる。
まず、アメリカにおいてポルノの定義が問題になったのは1868念のRegina v. Hicklinなんだが、当時のイギリス裁判所が採用していた基準に
Whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral imfluences and into whose hands a publication of this sort might fall.
てのがある。通称Hicklin test。で、この判示には三つのポイントがある。
1.ガキに見せたときにアウトかどうか
3.当該作品の社会的価値とかは完全無視して、とにかく該当箇所の効果だけを見る
まあこれだけ見たら分かるようにめちゃくちゃ(政府にとって)緩い。つまりいくらでも言論弾圧できる。
で、アメリカの最高裁は1878年のEx Parte Jacksonで、堕胎だとかの情報も含めたポルノなブツをアメリカの郵便システムを使って送ることを刑事罰化したComstock法案を合憲と判断してよりいっそう規制を強くした訳だ。
まあこんだけ政府にとってゆるゆるなことやってたら下級審もなんか苛々して、もっとリベラルになろうぜ!っていうことで色々と新しい判断が1900年代になって出てきた。その中で一番引用されてるのがUnited States v. One Book Called Ulysses(1933)における判例。ここでは、
という異常に分かりやすい判示をAugustus Handって人がした。
ぶっちゃけ身もフタもない話をすると、1950年代のアメリカってポルノ産業が最盛期を迎えていて、ぎゃーぎゃー騒いで規制しようとしていた保守系の奴らと弁護士グループの戦いの結果こういうことが起きたのであって、そういう意味では今の日本と似ているかもしれない。
Butler v. Michigan(1957)で最高裁はポルノ作品を規制するミシガン州法を廃止させて、さっきのHicklin testを実質的にひっくり返して、Roth v. United States(1957)で新しい基準を出した。それが、
the material must be calculated to debauch the minds and morals of those into whose hands it may fall and...the test in each case is the effect of the book, picture, or publication considered as a whole, not upon any particular class, but upon all those whom it is likely to reach. In other words, you determine its impact upon the average person in the community.
というクソみたいに長いの。
これのポイントも3つあって、
2.当時の社会情勢からしたらどうか(後に社会とは国家全体としてと補足される)
今度は大分書く方にとっては緩くなった。これをRoth Testと言って、この基準はJacovellis v. Ohio(1964)やMemoirs v. Massachusetts(1966)などの判決を通して確認・洗練されていくことになる。二番の要件は地域じゃなくて、国としての社会から見たらどうかになったし、作品の重要性についてもそんな要求しなくもなった。
ただ、ここからがアメリカ連邦最高裁の面白いところで、裁判官が大統領によって任命されるもんだから、大統領が保守派になると、保守的な判決を下す裁判所になる。で、当時の大統領はニクソンで、そのときの最高裁に怒り心頭。裁判長を保守派のBurgerにやらせて色々判断も変えさせた。具体的には、1と3はそのままに、2とさっきの作品の重要性基準が変更されて、
2'.当時の社会情勢の判断基準は州だ
重要性:文学的、芸術的、政治的、あるいは科学的価値を欠くものはアウト
こんなことにした。これが1973年のMiller v. Californiaで判示されたことから、Miller testと呼ばれることになる。
児童ポルノについて
こっから本題。
1982年のNew York v. Ferberが児童ポルノにおいて先駆け的な判決になる。リベラルな判事も保守派の判事も、全会一致で児童ポルノの映像に関する政府の規制をよしとした。
そして、インターネット関係について言えば、2002年のAshcroft v. Free Speech Coaltionがすごい興味深い判例を残していて、子供の役を大人がするポルノは規制されえないとしている!という訳で違憲判決を下された。いや、もちろん他にもまともな理由、例えばもっと緩い方法で規制できるだろとかいうのもあるんですけどね。でも、次の裁判の判決が非実在児童を規制してもいいとする判示をくだしている。
United States v. Williams(2008)より
The statute's (先の違憲判決を受けて作り直したPROTECT Act of 2003のこと 筆者注)definition of the material or purported material that may not be pandered or solicited precisely tracks the material held constitutionally proscrible in Ferber and Miller: obscencematerial depicting (actual or virtual) children engaged in sexually explicit conduct, and any other material depecting actual children engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
もしこの辺の話に詳しい人がいたらじゃんじゃん指摘してください。お願いします。(見ている人がいれば)
追記
ブコメより
http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10637547
http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10645407
白田先生が表現規制についてすごく分かりやすく説明している動画があったなんて!教えてくださった方(id:Barak)、ありがとうございます!
二つの方が遥かに丁寧で分かりやすい上にちゃんと猥褻(obscenity)とポルノ(porn)を使い分けて厳密な解説をしていらっしゃるので、是非こちらを見てください。
If users want to prolong battery the efficient use of the time, in addition to the quality of the charger to have the guarantee, the right skills and charging is essential, because of low quality charger or wrong charging methods would affect battery time and life cycle, the following is about to charge skills:
1. The battery before they leave the factory, manufacturers were activated processing, and the charge, so the battery are more electricity, my friends say battery charging adjustment period in accordance with the time, standby still seriously insufficient, assuming that the battery is really quality goods battery of words, this kind of circumstance should extend the setting and then 3 ~ 5 times fully charge and discharge.
2. If new phone is lithium ion battery, so before 3 ~ 5 times charging commonly known as adjustment period, should be charged more than 14 hours, in order to ensure that the fully activate lithium ion activity. The lithium ion battery no memory effects, but have very strong sui sex, should give full activated PANASONIC CGR-D220 Battery, to guarantee the use of after can reach the right performance.
3. Some automation intelligent quick charger when instructions lights change, said only full of 90%. The charger will automatically change with slow charge will batteries. Best will use after batteries, otherwise, it will shorten use time.
4. Before charging and discharging lithium battery does not need special, but will not discharge damage to the battery. As far as possible when charging at the slow ChongChongDian, reduce the way quick charge; Time don't more than 24 hours. The battery after three to five times fully recharge cycles of internal after chemical will be all "activate" to achieve the best use effect.
5. Please use the original or the reputation of the good brand charger, li-ion battery to lithium battery charger with special, and follow the instructions, otherwise, it will damage to the battery, and even dangerous.
6. Have many users often in charge still leave her cell phone, actually such will be very easy to PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery damage the service life of the mobile phone, because in charge of the process, the circuit boards of mobile phone can calorific, if this time more exotic phone, may produce instant backflow current, internal parts to mobile phone damage.
7. The battery life depends on the number repeatedly charging and discharging, so should try to avoid more battery electric charge when, this will shorten battery life. Cell phone time more than 7 days, supposed to completely discharge the cell phone battery, enough electricity before use.
8. The cell phone battery have self-discharge, need not when the nimh batteries will press the residual capacity every day, about 1% of the discharge, lithium battery every day to 0.2% ~ 0.3% discharge. In for the battery, try to use the special socket, don't will the home appliance such as the Shared and the TV charger socket.
9. Though the phones in the network coverage area, but in the cell phone charge, cell phones have been unable to accept and call. At this time, can use of the mobile phone is not transfer function, will be transferred to the mobile phone side of fixed telephone in order to prevent calls lost, this kind of method for mobile phone is not in the network coverage of the area or weak signal and temporarily unable to the applicable also.
10. Don't will be exposed to high temperature or cold PANASONIC DMW-BCG10E Battery , as the dog, should not put the phone on the car, and the sun blazed through the; Or get air conditioning room, in air conditioning to be blown continuously place. When charging, the battery is a little heat is normal, but can't let it what the high temperature "suffer". In order to avoid the happening of this kind of circumstance, had better be in charge at room temperature, and don't cover anything on the mobile phone.
11. Nickel cadmium (N iCd) before the battery must ensure that the batteries are no electricity, recharging the battery must ensure that sufficient electricity after.
12. If the cell phone battery placed too long and not use, the best maintenance department to cell phones to the application for a live processing, also can use a constant dc voltage is the voltage adjustment for 5 ~ 6 V, current 500 ~ 600 mA reverse connect battery. Note that a touch namely release, the most repeated three times can, through such treatment after another, with the original adapter to "adaptation" charge.
13. Charge is not as long as possible, to no protection circuit batteries that should stop after charging, or the battery will with fever or overheating impact performance.
14. Lithium ion battery must choose special charger, otherwise may not reach the saturated state, affect their performance. Charging completes, should avoid to place in charger on more than 12 hours or more, long-term need not when should make a battery and cell phone separation.
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/