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When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.
Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera
Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.
The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:
1. Shutter Full speed
step 2. Aperture
3. ISO
A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.
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Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.
Shutter Pace
In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.
Any sort of ISO adjustments a fabulous tenderness of the "film". Intended for camcorders, whereas it doesn't management picture presently, everything adjustments a fabulous tenderness with the high-end camera sensor. A greater ISO options can certainly help produce styles photograph become faster and as well demand even less smooth compared to a decreased ISO. Strangling part of managing great ISO is probably of the fact that enhanced ISO's ordinarily result in a detraction at the time of envision first-class high quality as well as almond.
At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.
The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.
If users want to prolong battery the efficient use of the time, in addition to the quality of the charger to have the guarantee, the right skills and charging is essential, because of low quality charger or wrong charging methods would affect battery time and life cycle, the following is about to charge skills:
1. The battery before they leave the factory, manufacturers were activated processing, and the charge, so the battery are more electricity, my friends say battery charging adjustment period in accordance with the time, standby still seriously insufficient, assuming that the battery is really quality goods battery of words, this kind of circumstance should extend the setting and then 3 ~ 5 times fully charge and discharge.
2. If new phone is lithium ion battery, so before 3 ~ 5 times charging commonly known as adjustment period, should be charged more than 14 hours, in order to ensure that the fully activate lithium ion activity. The lithium ion battery no memory effects, but have very strong sui sex, should give full activated PANASONIC CGR-D220 Battery, to guarantee the use of after can reach the right performance.
3. Some automation intelligent quick charger when instructions lights change, said only full of 90%. The charger will automatically change with slow charge will batteries. Best will use after batteries, otherwise, it will shorten use time.
4. Before charging and discharging lithium battery does not need special, but will not discharge damage to the battery. As far as possible when charging at the slow ChongChongDian, reduce the way quick charge; Time don't more than 24 hours. The battery after three to five times fully recharge cycles of internal after chemical will be all "activate" to achieve the best use effect.
5. Please use the original or the reputation of the good brand charger, li-ion battery to lithium battery charger with special, and follow the instructions, otherwise, it will damage to the battery, and even dangerous.
6. Have many users often in charge still leave her cell phone, actually such will be very easy to PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery damage the service life of the mobile phone, because in charge of the process, the circuit boards of mobile phone can calorific, if this time more exotic phone, may produce instant backflow current, internal parts to mobile phone damage.
7. The battery life depends on the number repeatedly charging and discharging, so should try to avoid more battery electric charge when, this will shorten battery life. Cell phone time more than 7 days, supposed to completely discharge the cell phone battery, enough electricity before use.
8. The cell phone battery have self-discharge, need not when the nimh batteries will press the residual capacity every day, about 1% of the discharge, lithium battery every day to 0.2% ~ 0.3% discharge. In for the battery, try to use the special socket, don't will the home appliance such as the Shared and the TV charger socket.
9. Though the phones in the network coverage area, but in the cell phone charge, cell phones have been unable to accept and call. At this time, can use of the mobile phone is not transfer function, will be transferred to the mobile phone side of fixed telephone in order to prevent calls lost, this kind of method for mobile phone is not in the network coverage of the area or weak signal and temporarily unable to the applicable also.
10. Don't will be exposed to high temperature or cold PANASONIC DMW-BCG10E Battery , as the dog, should not put the phone on the car, and the sun blazed through the; Or get air conditioning room, in air conditioning to be blown continuously place. When charging, the battery is a little heat is normal, but can't let it what the high temperature "suffer". In order to avoid the happening of this kind of circumstance, had better be in charge at room temperature, and don't cover anything on the mobile phone.
11. Nickel cadmium (N iCd) before the battery must ensure that the batteries are no electricity, recharging the battery must ensure that sufficient electricity after.
12. If the cell phone battery placed too long and not use, the best maintenance department to cell phones to the application for a live processing, also can use a constant dc voltage is the voltage adjustment for 5 ~ 6 V, current 500 ~ 600 mA reverse connect battery. Note that a touch namely release, the most repeated three times can, through such treatment after another, with the original adapter to "adaptation" charge.
13. Charge is not as long as possible, to no protection circuit batteries that should stop after charging, or the battery will with fever or overheating impact performance.
14. Lithium ion battery must choose special charger, otherwise may not reach the saturated state, affect their performance. Charging completes, should avoid to place in charger on more than 12 hours or more, long-term need not when should make a battery and cell phone separation.
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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Digital camera battery is the key for the key, second in importance only lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph in your heart, a powerful battery to provide power as a follow-up is essential. But even the best battery time, if not properly carry out maintenance and maintenance, will not take long to lose the strong power, so battery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section) digital camera battery for the duration of use, not just its quality, power on, in fact, the use of operations with the user also has great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the camera on the camera bag inside, or on the cupboard, took out the battery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive to battery protection.
If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 15, 2011 – Officials told personnel in and around Fleet Activities Yokosuka and Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan today to limit outdoor activities and to turn off air conditioning due to the detection of low levels of radioactivity.
U.S. 7th Fleet officials said sensitive instruments aboard the USS George Washington, docked at Yokosuka, detected low levels of radioactivity released from the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant.
Limiting outdoor activities and turning off air conditioners “are strictly precautionary in nature,” the announcement said. “We do not expect that any United States federal radiation exposure limits will be exceeded even if no precautionary measures are taken.”
Officials stressed that these are low-level readings and the public is not in danger.
“According to the instrumentation at Fleet Activity Yokosuka, the levels are very low,” said Navy Lt. Anthony Falvo, 7th Fleet deputy public affairs officer. “For perspective, the additional radiation exposure over the past 12 hours was about 20 millirems –- which is less than one month’s exposure to naturally occurring radiation that one would get from the sun, the earth or rocks.”
Officials will continue the monitoring program and will constantly check the weather and prevailing winds, Falvo said. If anything changes, base officials will immediately notify service members and their families, he added.
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
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この番組を観て真っ先に思い出したのが、15年前、中学２年生の時にハマったゲーム「真・女神転生Ⅱ」だ。
ゲーム（笑）と思ってしまうだろうけど、ストーリーは想像以上に深いんすよ。
まず、ゲームの説明を簡単にすると、
・どちらにも属しない：NEUTRAL
の３つの勢力があって、主人公の行動次第でLOWの神々（サタンとかミカエルとか俗にゆう天使）とバトったり、CHAOSの神々（ルシファーとかベルゼブブ俗にゆう悪魔）と戦うことになるわけだ。
※どこにも属しない場合は、両方と戦うことになり、唯一神ヤハウェとも戦うというメチャクチャなゲームだ。
ここまでの説明だと、天使＝善、悪魔＝悪なんだろ？と思うかも知れないが、そんな単純な話ではない。
ストーリーを簡単に説明すると、200X年に人間同士の戦争で破壊された街TOKYOが舞台で、格闘技大会で優勝した主人公がいつしか救世主と呼ばれるようになる。
で、以下の目的を達成する為に、天使や悪魔に主人公がスカウトされまくるわけだ。
・天使側はノアの箱舟に載せる人集めに利用するため。（唯一神の命令）
※もともと悪魔達は、天使を破門されて醜くい姿に変えられた者達（堕天使）が主なわけ。
ちなみに悪魔たちの思惑通り行くと、
天使の思惑通り行くと、
・地上の生物はすべて粛清され、方舟の乗員（選ばれた民）で再形成する。
しかし、選ばれた民と粛清された世界を生きていくのは、秩序は保たれるが、切り捨てられる人もいるわけだ。
天使側のリーダー：サタン や、悪魔側のリーダー：ルシファーが相手に対して批判をするシーンがそれぞれあるのだが、どちらの言い分も一理あると思った。
これを中学生の時にやってショックだったなぁ。
リフレ村の方では「ブランチャードがインフレ率を4%前後に誘導することに言及した」ことで色々と盛り上がっているようでありますな。
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/Yasuyuki-Iida/20100214#p2
要するに、マクロ経済学の大御所ブランチャードが「今まではインフレ率は2%前後に誘導するのが望ましいとされていたが、2%程度だとゼロ金利に陥りやすいので、もう少し高めの4%前後にインフレ率を誘導した方がいいのかもしれない」という論文を発表したと。で、日頃から高めのインフレターゲットによる景気回復を主張なさっている皆様が盛り上がったという構図のようであります。
で、それに対して（直接言及があったわけではないものの）、我らが池田先生が果敢に反論。
http://ikedanobuo.livedoor.biz/archives/51377205.html
あちこちで話題になっているIMFの論文をざっと読んでみた。日経の記事には「平時から４％など高めの物価上昇率を容認し金利水準も引き上げることで、金融危機のような経済ショック時の利下げの余地を広げることが望ましい」と書いてあるが、この記者は明らかに原論文を読んでいない（か英語が読めない）。論文にはこう書いてある：
Should policymakers therefore aim for a higher target inflation rate in normal times, in order to increase the room for monetary policy to react to such shocks? To be concrete, are the net costs of inflation much higher at, say, 4 percent than at 2 percent, the current target range?
[...]
Perhaps more important is the risk that higher inflation rates may induce changes in the structure of the economy (such as the widespread use of wage indexation) that magnify inflation shocks and reduce the effectiveness of policy action.But the question remains whether these costs are outweighed by the potential benefits in terms of avoiding the zero interest rate bound.
と書いており、むしろ高いインフレ目標には否定的だ。
うわぁ。読めてない。全然読めてないよ池田先生。ここでブランチャードが書いているのは、
ということであって、「高いインフレ目標には否定的」なんてこの段落から読み取れるわけがありません。これでは突っ込まれてもしょうがない。池田先生にはエントリーをアップする前に深呼吸を3回することをお勧めしたいと思います。
さて、一方でリフレ村で給食当番をなさっているらしい矢野先生は、高らかに以下のエントリーをアップされました。
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/koiti_yano/20100215/p1
(以下略)
…いや、先生、ブランチャードの論文はリフレを全然サポートしてません。ちょっと考えれば分かる話です。なぜブランチャードは2%ではなく4%のインフレを検討課題としてあげているのでしょうか？ご自身も翻訳されているとおり、「ゼロ金利制約（それ以上利下げできない状態）にハマるリスクを回避するため」です。リフレ派の人たちが主張するとおり、「ゼロ金利制約に陥っても、中銀が高めのレートでインフレターゲットを実行すればデフレから脱却できる！」のであれば、なにも4％のインフレを許容してまでゼロ金利を回避する必要などありません。処方箋はあるのですから、それを粛々と実行して安定成長へと復帰すればよろしい。
ブランチャードらがここまで繰り返しゼロ金利制約の問題を強調するのは、その処方箋が当てにならないと判断したからです。この点を明確にするために、以下でブランチャード論文の一節を翻訳します。この論文は
という3部構成になっており、問題の4%インフレは第3部の一項目です。以下で翻訳するのは第1部のB節、つまり「今や否定されつつある過去のコンセンサス」について語った一節です。
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2010/spn1003.pdf
「インフレーションはただ安定しているだけでなく、非常に低く抑えられているべきだ（多くの中央銀行は2％前後をターゲットに選んでいる）」という広いコンセンサス(increasing consensus)があった。これは低インフレによって流動性の罠へ陥ってしまうのではないかという議論へと繋がった。低い平均インフレは低い平均名目金利を招き、そして名目金利はゼロ以下には下げられないので、低インフレの下では不景気の際に利下げ（金融緩和）の余地が小さいと言うことになる。しかしながら、この低インフレの危険性は低いと見なされた。なぜなら、中央銀行が将来の高い名目マネーサプライ成長率とひいては将来の高いインフレーションにコミット（訳注：約束）できるなら、中銀は期待インフレ率の上昇によって将来の予想実質金利を低下させ、それによって現在の景気を刺激することが出来るからだ（脚注）。そして、それほど景気へのショックが大きくない世界では、2％のインフレがあればゼロ金利制約を回避するのには十分だと思われたのである。こうして、議論の焦点は、コミットメントの重要性と中央銀行のインフレ期待への影響力へと絞られたのである。
大恐慌時に発生した流動性の罠、それに伴うひどいデフレと低い名目金利は、もはや歴史上の出来事であると認識され、そのような政策の失敗は今や回避可能であると考えられた。1990年代の日本の経験、すなわちデフレ、ゼロ金利および長く続く不景気は、この認識の前に不愉快に立ちふさがる問題だった。しかし、これは日銀が将来のマネーサプライ増と将来のインフレとにコミットする能力ないしは意思に欠けるからであると片付けられてしまった（公平を期しておくと、Fedは日本の経験を無視したわけではなく、2000年の初めにデフレのリスクを憂慮した論文を発表している）。
（脚注ではEggertsson and Woodford (2003)が参照されている）
ブランチャードらがなぜゼロ金利（流動性の罠）に陥るリスクを重視するのか、このＢ節から明らかであると言えると思います。 特に太字で強調した部分を参照してください。どこかで見たことがある主張ではありませんか。少し分かり易く言い換えれば、リフレ政策が役に立ちそうにないから、「低インフレによって流動性の罠へ陥ってしまうのではないか」という懸念が復活しており、だからこそリフレ政策が必要になるような状況に陥らないように政策を運営すべきだと彼らは主張しているのです。4％のインフレ率というのはそのための政策案です（ただし、ブランチャードらもイマイチ自信がないのか、6つ挙げられた政策オプションのうち、この4％インフレの案だけは表題にクエスションマークが付いています）。
紅茶を片手に「まぁ、当然の話だよね」などと余裕をかましている場合ではありません。さぁ、今こそ高らかに「リフレ政策があれば流動性の罠など恐るるに足らない、だから4％のインフレ率なんか必要ない！」と宣言を！
【目的】
「日本語読んでたはずなのに、いつの間にか英語読んでた！」というのが理想。
TEDから文章だけでも内容が伝わるダニエル・ピンクのプレゼンを引っ張って来たのですが、実験的にやるにしては少し内容が堅く、マテリアル選択を誤った気がしなくもありませんｗ
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/jpn/dan_pink_on_motivation.html
めちゃ長いですが、LanguageがTransformする過程を味わって頂ければと思います。
--------------------------------------------------
最初に告白させてください。20年ほど前にしたあることを私は後悔しています。あまり自慢できないようなことをしてしまいました。誰にも知られたくないと思うようなことです。それでも明かさなければならないと感じています(ざわざわ)。1980年代の後半に私は若気の至りからロースクールlaw schoolに行ったのです(笑)。
In America, 法律は専門職学位です。まずuniversityを出て、それからlaw schoolへ行きます。law schoolで私はあまり成績が芳しくありませんでした。控えめに言ってもあまり良くなく、上位90パーセント以内という成績で卒業graduateしました(笑)。どうもlaw関係の仕事はしたことがありません。やらせてallowed toもらえなかったというべきかも (笑)。
But today, betterではないことだとは思いつつ、wifeの忠告にも反しながら、このlegal skillsを再び引っ張り出すことにしました。今日はstoryはtellしません。主張caseを立証します。合理的で証拠evidenceに基づいた法廷におけるような論証で、how we run our businessesを再考してみたいと思います。
陪審員juryの皆さん, take a look at this。This is called 「ロウソクの問題」。ご存じの方もいるかもしれません。1945年にKarl Dunckerという心理学者psychologistがこの実験experimentを考案し、様々な行動scienceのexperimentで用いました。ご説明しましょう。私が実験者だとします。私はあなた方を部屋に入れてcandleと画鋲thumbtackとマッチmatchesを渡します。そしてこう言います。「テーブルtableに蝋waxがたれないようにcandleを壁wallに取り付けattachしてください。」Now what would you do?
Many peopleはthumbtackでcandleをwallに留めようとします。でもうまくいきません。あそこで手真似をしている人がいましたが、matchの火でcandleを溶かしてwallにくっつけるというideaを思いつく人もいます。いいideaですがうまくいきません。After five or 10 minutes, most peopleは解決法を見つけます。このようにすればいいのです。Keyになるのは「機能的固着functional fixedness」を乗り越えるovercomeするということです。最初、あのboxを見て、単なる画鋲の入れ物だと思うでしょうが、それは別な使い方をすることもできます。candleの台platformになるのです。これがcandle problemです。
次にSam Glucksbergというscientistが、このcandle problemを使って行ったexperimentをご紹介します。彼は現在Princeton Universityにいます。この実験でthe power of incentivesがわかります。彼は参加者participantsを集めてこう言いました。「this problemをどれくらい早く解けるsolveできるか時計で計ります。」そしてone groupにはthis sort of problemを解くのに一般にどれくらい時間がかかるのかaverage時間を知りたいのだと言います。もう1つのgroupには報酬rewardsを提示します。「上位25percentの人には5dollarsお渡しします。fastestになった人は20dollarsです。」Now this is several years ago。物価上昇inflationを考慮に入れればa few minutes of workでもらえるmoneyとしては悪くありません。十分なmotivatorになります。
このグループはどれくらい早く問題を解けたのでしょう？答えはon average, 3分半余計に時間がかかりました。Three and a half minutes longer。そんなのおかしいですよね？I'm an American。I believe in 自由市場。そんな風になるわけがありません(笑)。If you want people to perform better, 報酬を出せばいい。Bonuses, commissions, あるいは何であれ、incentiveを与えるのです。That's how business works。しかしここでは結果が違いました。Thinkingが鋭くなり、creativityが加速されるようにと、incentiveを用意したのに、結果はoppositeになりました。思考は鈍く、creativityは阻害されたのです。
この実験experimentがinterestingなのは、それが例外aberrationではないということです。この結果は何度も何度もfor nearly 40 years 再現replicateされてきたのです。この成功報酬的な動機付けmotivators―If Then式に「これをしたらこれが貰える」というやり方は、in some circumstancesでは機能します。しかし多くのtasksではうまくいかず、時には害harmにすらなります。これはsocial scienceにおける最も確固robustとした発見findingsの1つです。そして最も無視ignoreされている発見でもあります。
私はthe last couple of years, human motivationの科学に注目してきました。特に外的動機付けextrinsic motivatorsと内的動機付けintrinsic motivatorsのdynamicsについてです。大きな違いがあります。If you look at これ、scienceが解明したこととbusinessで行われていることにmismatchがあるのがわかります。business operating system、つまりビジネスの背後にある前提assumptionsや手順においては、how we motivate people、どう人を割り当てるかという問題は、もっぱらextrinsic motivators(アメとムチ)にたよっています。That's actually fine for many kinds of 20th century tasks。But for 21st century tasks, 機械的mechanisticなご褒美と罰reward-and-punishmentというapproachは機能せず、うまくいかないか、害harmになるのです。Let me show you what I mean。
Glucksbergはこれと似たanother experimentもしました。このように若干違ったslightly differentな形で問題を提示したのです。Tableにwaxがたれないようにcandleを壁にattachしてください。条件は同じ。あなたたちは平均時間を計ります。あなたたちにはincentiveを与えます。What happened this time？今回はincentivizedグループの方が断然勝ちました。Why？箱に画鋲が入っていなかったから。it's pretty easy isn't it?(「サルでもわかる」ロウソクの問題) (笑)
If-then rewards work really well for those sorts of tasks。Simpleなルールとclearな答えがある場合です。Rewardsというのはfocusを狭めmindを集中させるものです。That's why報酬が機能する場合が多い。だからこのような狭い視野で目の前にあるゴールをまっすぐ見ていればよい場合にはthey work really well。But for the real candle problem, そのような見方をしているわけにはいきません。The solutionが目の前に転がってはいないからです。周りを見回す必要があります。Rewardはfocusを狭め、私たちの可能性possibilityを限定restrictしてしまうのです。
Let me tell you why this is so important。In western Europe, in many parts of Asia, in North America, in Australia, white collarの仕事にはthis kind of workは少なく、このような種類の仕事が増えています。That routine, rule-based, left brain work, certain kinds of accounting, certain kinds of financial analysis, certain kinds of computer programingは 簡単にアウトソースできます。簡単にautomateできます。Softwareのほうが早くできます。世界中にLow-cost providersがいます。だから重要になるのはthe more right-brained creative, conceptual kinds of abilitiesです。
Your own workを考えてみてください。Youが直面faceしている問題は、あるいはweがここで議論しているようなproblemsは、こちらのkindでしょうか？A clear set of rules, and a single solutionがあるような？そうではないでしょう。ルールはあいまいで、答えはそもそも存在するとしての話ですが、驚くようなsurprisingものであり、けっして自明obviousではありません。Everybody in this room is dealing with their own version of the candle problem。And for candle problems of any kind, in any field, if-then rewardsは機能しないのです。企業の多くはそうしていますが。
Now, これにはcrazyになりそうです。どういうことかというと、これはfeelingではありません。私は法律家lawyerです。Feelingsなんて信じません。This is not a 哲学philosophy。I'm an American。Philosophyなんて信じません(笑)。This is a fact。私が住んでいるWashington D.C.でよく使われる言い方をするとtrue factです(笑)。(拍手)Let me give you an example of what I mean。Evidenceの品を提示します。Iはstoryをtellしているのではありません。I'm making a 立証。
Ladies and gentlemen of the 陪審員, 証拠を提示します: Dan Ariely, one of the great economists of our time, Heは3人の仲間とともにsome MIT studentsを対象に実験studyを行いました。These MIT studentsにたくさんのgamesを与えます。Creativity, and 運動能力motor skills, and concentrationが要求されるようなゲームです。そして成績に対するthree levels of rewardsを用意しました。Small reward, medium reward, large reward。Okay？非常にいい成績なら全額、いい成績なら半分の報酬がもらえます。What happened？「As long as the task involved only mechanical skill、bonusesは期待通りに機能し、報酬が大きいほどパフォーマンスが良くなった。 しかし、cognitive skillが多少とも要求されるタスクになると、larger rewardはより低い成績をもたらした。」
Then they said,「cultural biasがあるのかもしれない。Indiaのマドゥライで試してみよう。」In Madurai, Standard of livingが低いので、North Americaではたいしたことのないrewardが 大きな意味を持ちます。実験の条件はSameです。A bunch of games, three levels of rewards. What happens? medium level of rewardsを提示された人たちは small rewardsの人たちと成績が変わりませんでした。But this time, people offered the highest rewards, they did the worst of all。「In eight of the nine tasks we examined across 3回の実験, よりhigherインセンティブがworse成績という結果となった。」
これはおなじみの感覚的なsocialistの陰謀conspiracyなのでしょうか？No. Theyはeconomists from MIT, from Carnegie Mellon, from the University of Chicagoです。And do you know who sponsored this research? FRBです。これはまさにAmerican experienceなのです。
Let's go across the pond to the London School of Economics。11人のNobel 受賞者 in economicsを輩出しています。Greatな経済の頭脳がここで学んでいます。George Soros, and Friedrich Hayek, and Mick Jagger(笑)。Last month, just last month, economists at LSE looked at 51 studies of 成果主義 plans, inside of companies。彼らの結論は「We find that 金銭的なインセンティブ can result in a negative impact on 全体的なパフォーマンス.」ということでした。
There is a 食い違い between what 科学 knows and what ビジネス does. And what worries me, as この潰れた経済の瓦礫の中に立って, is that あまりに多くの組織 are making their decisions, their policies about 人や才能, based on assumptions that are 時代遅れ, 検証されていない, and rooted more in 神話 than in 科学. this 経済の窮地からget out ofと思うなら 21st century的な答えのないtasksで high performanceを出そうと思うのなら、wrong thingsを これ以上続けるのはやめるべきです. To 誘惑 people with a sweeter carrot, or 脅す them with a 鋭いムチ. まったく新しいアプローチが必要なのです.
And the いいニュース about all of this is that scientistsが新しいapproachを示してくれているということです. It's an approach built much more around 内的な motivation. Around the desire to do things because they matter, because we 好き it, because they're 面白い, because they are 何か重要なことの一部. And to my mind, that new operating system for our businesses revolves around three elements: 自主性、成長、目的. 自主性, the 欲求 to 方向 our own lives. 成長, the desire to get better and better at 何か大切なこと. 目的, the 切望 to do what we do in the service of 大きな何か than ourselves. これらがour businessesのentirely new operating systemの要素なのです.
I want to talk today only about 自主性. In the 20th 世紀, we came up with this idea of マネジメント. Management did not 自然に生じた. Management is like -- it's not a 木. It's a テレビ. Okay? Somebody 発明した it. And it doesn't mean it's going to work 永久に. Management is great. 服従を望むなら, Traditional notions of management are ふさわしい. しかし参加を望むなら, 自主性 works better.
Let me give you some 例 of some kind of 過激なnotions of 自主性. What this means -- あまり多くはありませんが 、非常に面白いことが起きています. Because what it means is paying people 適切に and 公正に, 間違いなく. Getting お金の問題 off the table. And then giving people 大きな自主性. Let me give you 具体的な例.
How many of you ご存じ of the 会社 Atlassian? 半分もいない感じですね(笑). Atlassian is an オーストラリアのソフトウェア会社. And they do すごくクールなこと. A few times a year they tell their エンジニア, "これから24時間何をやってもいい, as long as it's not part of your regular job. Work on 好きなことを何でも" So that エンジニア use this time to come up with a cool 継ぎ接ぎ for code, come up with an エレガントなハック. Then they 何を作ったのか見せる to their teammates, to the rest of the company, in 雑然とした全員参加の会合 at the end of the day. And then, オーストラリアですから, everybody has a ビール.
They call them 「FedExの日」. Why? Because you 何かを一晩で送り届けなければならない. It's 素敵. It's not bad. It's a huge 商標権 侵害. But it's pretty clever. (Laughter) That one day of 集中的な自主活動 has produced 多数の software 修正 that might never have existed.
And it's worked so well that Atlassian has taken it to 次のレベル with 20 Percent Time. Googleがやっていることで有名ですね.Where エンジニア can work, spend 20 percent of their time working on anything they want. They have 自主性 over their time, their task, their team, their 技術. Okay? Radical amounts of 自主性, And at Google, as many of you know, 新製品の半分近く in a typical year are 生まれています during that 20 Percent Time. Things like Gmail, Orkut, Google News.
Let me give you an even more 過激な example of it. Something called 「完全結果志向の職場環境」. The ROWE(Results Only Work Environment). Created by two American コンサルタント, in place at about a dozen companies around 北アメリカ. In a ROWE people don't have スケジュール. They show up 好きなときに. They don't have to be in the office 特定の時間に, or any time. They just have to 仕事を成し遂げる. How they do it, when they do it, where they do it, is totally up to them. ミーティング in these kinds of environments are オプショナル.
What happens? ほとんどの場合, productivity goes up, 雇用期間 goes up, 社員満足度 goes up, 離職率 goes down. 自主性Autonomy, 成長mastery and 目的purpose, These are the 構成要素 of a new way of doing things. Now some of you might look at this and say, "Hmm, 結構だけど、it's 夢物語." And I say, "Nope. I have 証拠."
The mid 1990s, Microsoft started an 百科事典encyclopedia called Encarta. They had deployed all the right インセンティブ. All the right incentives. They paid プロ to write and edit 何千という記事. たっぷり報酬をもらっている managers oversaw the whole thing to make sure it came in on budget and on time. 何年か後に another encyclopedia got started. 別なモデル, right? Do it for 楽しみ. No one gets paid a cent, or a Euro or a Yen. Do it because you 好き to do it.
ほんの10年前に, if you had gone to an 経済学者, anywhere, And said, "Hey, I've got 百科事典を作る2つのモデル. 対決したら, who would win?" 10 years ago you could not have found a single まともな経済学者 anywhere on planet Earth, who would have predicted the Wikipediaのモデル.
This is the 大きな battle between these two approaches. This is モチベーションにおけるアリ vs フレージャー戦. Right? This is 伝説のマニラ決戦. Alright? 内的な motivators versus 外的な motivators. Autonomy, mastery and purpose, versus アメとムチcarrot and sticks. And who wins? Intrinsic motivation, autonomy, mastery and purposeが ノックアウト勝利します.まとめましょう.
There is a 食い違い between what science knows and what business does. And here is what science knows. One: Those 20th century rewards, those motivators we think are a 当然 part of business, do work, but only in a surprisingly narrow band of circumstances. Two: Those if-then rewards often 損なう creativity. Three: The 秘訣 to high performance isn't rewards and punishments, but that 見えない intrinsic drive. The drive to do things 自分自身のため. The drive to do things それが重要なことだから.
And here's the best part. Here's the best part. We already know this. The science confirms what we know in our hearts. So, if we repair this mismatch between what science knows and what business does, If we bring our motivation, notions of motivation into the 21st century, if we get past this lazy, dangerous, ideology of carrots and sticks, we can strengthen our businesses, we can solve a lot of those candle problems, and maybe, maybe, maybe we can change the world. I rest my 立証。
私が言ってるのは、http://wiki.livedoor.jp/reflation/ にリンクしてるバナーです。リフレ派というのは、バカにする用語なんですか？いちご等で自称していたのでそうは思いませんでした。申し訳ない。
それでは本題。
Q1. デフレはよくないのではないか？
まず最初からおかしい。マイルドなインフレが一番望ましいというのは世界の経済学者のほとんどが賛成する。たしか、そういう統計がどこかにあった。
デフレもインフレもよくない、これは、共通認識です。ただし、どちらかといえば低いインフレのほうがいいと考えている学者が多い。君の指摘は、揚げ足をとってるだけ。「Q１．1緩やかなインフレは悪いことですか？ A1.ゼロインフレが好ましいので金融政策でゼロに近づけるべき」 という記述があって、「池田は主流の学者と意見が違う」と言える。それでも、１＋１＝３のような間違えではなく、主流の学者と違う意見を持っているというだけだ。
また、その場合にも、「たしか、そういう統計がどこかにあった。」いうような指摘は、学者を非難するのにはよろしくない。たとえば、「JEFFREY ROGERS HUMMEL (2007) Econ Journal Watch, 4, 46-59 にMost macroeconomists now favor a low but still positive rate of inflation. という表記がある。だから、池田の意見は主要なマクロ経済学者の意見とは異なる」というように、ちゃんと文献をあげるべきだ。
加えて次のECBのHPを見てほしい（これは、Q2にも関係する）。普通の中央銀行がかなりゼロインフレに近いインフレ値が好ましいと考えているのがわかる。
Reasons for aiming at below, but close to, 2%
Inflation rates of below, but close to, 2% are low enough for the economy to fully reap the benefits of price stability.
It also underlines the ECB’s commitment to
中略
# take into account the possibility of HICP inflation slightly overstating true inflation as a result of a small but positive bias in the measurement of price level changes using the HICP
http://www.ecb.europa.eu/mopo/strategy/pricestab/html/index.en.html
以上のように、ヨーロッパ中央銀行は、HICP(Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices )で２％以下かつ２％に近いHICPを誘導目標としている。しかもHICPは、少量のポジティブバイアス（実際のインフレ値より少し多めにでる）性質がある。だから、ECBが目標としているマイルドインフレは、かなりゼロインフレに近い。
Q2. 日銀はいくらでも紙幣を印刷できるのだから、インフレにできるのでは？
A2. ゼロ金利状態では貨幣需要が飽和しているので、中央銀行がマネタリーベースを増やしても銀行の貸し出しが増えず、市中に流通するマネーストックは増えない。
まず、バーナンキの背理法は、日本のネット社会に広がったスラングである。普通の「（経済）学部生が習うような」教科書に載ってるようなものではないし、（世界）標準の経済学者が使う用語ではない。バーナンキは、彼の師匠であるフリードマンに敬愛をこめて、お金を刷ってヘリコプターで撒けばインフレになると言っただけである。それを日本人が変な名前を付けた。これは、無限にお金を刷って（金融政策）撒けば（財政政策）、いつか・どこかで・なんらかの規模の物価上昇が高確率でおきるであろうとしか言えない。ヘリコプターマネーをすれば、適正な物価が保てるというものではない。
provide an adequate margin to avoid the risks of deflation. Having such a safety margin against deflation is important because nominal interest rates cannot fall below zero. In a deflationary environment monetary policy may thus not be able to sufficiently stimulate aggregate demand by using its interest rate instrument. This makes it more difficult for monetary policy to fight deflation than to fight inflation.
ヨーロッパ中央銀行ですら、「デフレ時には、金融政策で総需要の刺激ができなくなり、デフレに立ち向かえなくなる」と言っている。デフレ時に、金融政策（マネタリーベースを増や）しても、デフレ克服は難しいというのは、池田や日銀だけじゃなく少なくてもヨーロッパ中央銀行の意見でもある。
また、「ゼロ金利状態では貨幣需要が飽和しているので、中央銀行がマネタリーベースを増やしても銀行の貸し出しが増えず、市中に流通するマネーストックは増えない。」というのは、おそらく池田が嫌いなケインズ学派の流動性の罠という考え方であり、教科書に載っている。
日本では有名になることは無条件に良いこと、という価値観がどうもあるように思うが、あの価値観から真っ向から逆をいく人をアメリカでは随分たくさん見た。彼の国で、恐らく成功している人のかなりはそうだと思う。名が知れ渡っていることをhigh profileと英語で言うが、「low profileで豊かな暮らし」というのが本当に豊かな生き方なんだなあと、当時つくづく思った。目立ってよいことなどあまり何もなく、出来る限り目立たぬように過ごしているのが本当の豊かな生き方なんだなと。
僕が住んでいたのが、南コネティカットという、米国で一二位を争う豊かな州の最も豊かな一帯だったせいもあり、表札も何もない長く長く続く石塀に囲まれた広大な森の中に住む*1アメリカで際立って豊かな人たちの大半が、高くてもせいぜいレクサスとかBMWの（その中でも上の方ではないクラスの）クルマに乗り、堅実に生きているのを見るたびに学ばされたものだった。正直、城南地区のクルマの方がよっぽど高いモノが多い。*2
中でもグリニッジという英国の天文台がある町にちなんで出来た町がとりわけ豊かな町なのだが（特に上の森の方）、この街のショッピングエリアにいっても、日本のようにLVなんて文字が入っているカバンを持っている人を見たことが殆ど記憶にない。つまり誰もあからさまに富をshow off（みせびらかしたり）しない。けれど、そこにあるSaks Fifth Avenue*3にいくと、たった二階建ての店なのに、数万ドルクラスの毛皮のコートは毎週10枚ぐらいは売れると言う。多分ショーファー（運転手）にリムジンで連れて行ってもらうようなパーティのときなどにはそう言うものを着る。そういうお金の使い方なのだ。
Linked In "Digital Marketing"グループでのある会話。
I'm experimenting with Huddle workspaces in my Linkedin profile.
I'm starting to list all the free, or low fee, marketing tools worth looking at...
I'm using an excel sheet in Huddle as a starter.
Drop me an email and i'll grant you access to it, all i ask in return is that you contribute to the list to make it more comprehensive.
“There is no delight in owning anything unshared.”
(Roman philosopher, mid-1st century AD)
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Hi Peter,
Great idea and I love your quote about sharing.
Funnily enough I have been searching free tools today and here are a few goodies I am happy to share with you and the group.
1. http://www.keotag.com/ - searches tags on blogs and social bookmarking sites. (been having plenty of fun with this one and it's seems v. useful).
2. http://boardtracker.com/ - Searches posts on bullitin boards / forums for mentions of keywords / brand terms.
3. http://www.trendrr.com/ - enables you to track trends and provides some very valuable competitive analysis functionality.
4. http://usernamecheck.com/ This tool is essential for brand name protection. It lets you search a wide range of social sites to see if anyone is using your brand term / name as their profile ID. If they are not then I would suggest you register your brand / business name even if you do not plan to use the site to protect your business from damage. If your name is taken and not being used the chances are it is being squatted by a chancer. I had this issue on twitter with my social site for business people marzar.com but the nice folks at twitter reverted the name to me as the trade mark owner as soon as I contacted them in regards to the issue.
5. http://hellotxt.com update your status from one place across multiple social sites.
6. http://www.twilert.com/ Seems to be a number of tools to monitor twitter but this one seems to be pretty useful. Twilert is a Twitter application that lets you receive regular email updates of tweets containing your brand, product, service, well any keyword you like really.
7. http://www.backtype.com/ Monitors comments left on blog posts monitoring posts for sentiment may not be enough and issues and or insights often come from the comments posted by readers.
8. http://socialmention.com/ Again allows you to search blog posts, comments, news, events, images, bookmarks, microblogs and video all at once or on their own. This is a very useful tool and when I searched on my brand terms it came back with results that the other tools did not pick up on. In particular I found the bookmark search to be of value.
9. http://www.samepoint.com conversation search engine again came back with differing results to the other tools listed above.
10. http://www.marzar.com free to use business networing platform. Many members are involved with online marketing and or are senior business people. The audience is similar to Linkedin but the functionality differs. I built this site and I am working hard towards the next release of our platform now that we are funded.
Hope that this list posted publicly to the group helps others :)
Regards,
John
---
Wow John you rock I haven't heard of any of these!
---
Darren,
Thanks :) you are welcome I only added 10 but I could have listed at least 50 if I had the time. I hope you find this list of use.
John
---
I'm experimenting with Huddle workspaces in my Linkedin profile.
I'm starting to list all the free, or low fee, marketing tools worth looking at...
I'm using an excel sheet in Huddle as a starter.
Drop me an email and i'll grant you access to it, all i ask in return is that you contribute to the list to make it more comprehensive.
“There is no delight in owning anything unshared.”
(Roman philosopher, mid-1st century AD)
Posted 6 months ago | Reply Privately
Peter Abraham
Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional, Director Econsultancy.com (80,000 professionals) Twitter:peterjabraham
See all Peter’s discussions »
Comments (32)
John Horsley
Internet Evangelist email john@marzar.com 9000+
Hi Peter,
Great idea and I love your quote about sharing.
Funnily enough I have been searching free tools today and here are a few goodies I am happy to share with you and the group.
1. http://www.keotag.com/ - searches tags on blogs and social bookmarking sites. (been having plenty of fun with this one and it's seems v. useful).
2. http://boardtracker.com/ - Searches posts on bullitin boards / forums for mentions of keywords / brand terms.
3. http://www.trendrr.com/ - enables you to track trends and provides some very valuable competitive analysis functionality.
4. http://usernamecheck.com/ This tool is essential for brand name protection. It lets you search a wide range of social sites to see if anyone is using your brand term / name as their profile ID. If they are not then I would suggest you register your brand / business name even if you do not plan to use the site to protect your business from damage. If your name is taken and not being used the chances are it is being squatted by a chancer. I had this issue on twitter with my social site for business people marzar.com but the nice folks at twitter reverted the name to me as the trade mark owner as soon as I contacted them in regards to the issue.
5. http://hellotxt.com update your status from one place across multiple social sites.
6. http://www.twilert.com/ Seems to be a number of tools to monitor twitter but this one seems to be pretty useful. Twilert is a Twitter application that lets you receive regular email updates of tweets containing your brand, product, service, well any keyword you like really.
7. http://www.backtype.com/ Monitors comments left on blog posts monitoring posts for sentiment may not be enough and issues and or insights often come from the comments posted by readers.
8. http://socialmention.com/ Again allows you to search blog posts, comments, news, events, images, bookmarks, microblogs and video all at once or on their own. This is a very useful tool and when I searched on my brand terms it came back with results that the other tools did not pick up on. In particular I found the bookmark search to be of value.
9. http://www.samepoint.com conversation search engine again came back with differing results to the other tools listed above.
10. http://www.marzar.com free to use business networing platform. Many members are involved with online marketing and or are senior business people. The audience is similar to Linkedin but the functionality differs. I built this site and I am working hard towards the next release of our platform now that we are funded.
Hope that this list posted publicly to the group helps others :)
Regards,
John
Posted 6 months ago | Reply Privately
Darren Monroe
Chief Operating Officer/ President
Wow John you rock I haven't heard of any of these!
Posted 6 months ago | Reply Privately
John Horsley
Internet Evangelist email john@marzar.com 9000+
Darren,
Thanks :) you are welcome I only added 10 but I could have listed at least 50 if I had the time. I hope you find this list of use.
John
Posted 6 months ago | Reply Privately
Steve Momorella
Owner, TEKgroup
Great list! Wow, I'd certainly be interested in seeing more if you have them posted somewhere. Thanks for sharing.
Posted 6 months ago | Reply Privately
Karla Ferrer
Bravo for this sharing! thanks a lot.. I will take a look
Posted 5 months ago | Reply Privately
Carrie Orfield Oman
Residential Sales Specialist at ADT Security Services
Thanks. I haven't heard of any of these, either.
Posted 5 months ago | Reply Privately
Caroline Bogart
Owner, Bogart Computing, LLC and Computer Software Consultant
Posted 5 months ago | Reply Privately
Judy Hoffman
Here is my email: judy@ judymae.com
Posted 5 months ago | Reply Privately
Lisa Russell
Independent Interactive Marketing Professional
Thanks for sharing!
Posted 5 months ago | Reply Privately
Darren Monroe
Chief Operating Officer/ President
OK been a month but all of our posts (me included) and no one has shared more resources so here goes
専門家「弱毒性インフルエンザが強毒性インフルエンザに変わることはありません」
報道陣「でも、スペイン風邪は弱毒性から強毒性に変わったのでは？」
専門家「スペイン風邪は弱毒性です。強毒性になったりはしていません」
報道陣「では、なぜあんなに猛威をふるったのでしょう？」
専門家「発症しやすさとか重症になりやすさとか、そういうものです」
専門家「毒性、ですかね」
報道陣「つまり、スペイン風邪は弱毒性から強毒性に変わったということですね」
専門家「そうですね」
報道陣「？」
専門家「？」
highly pathogenic
lowly pathogenic
弱毒性：インフルエンザの場合は気道にしか感染しないものを示す
high virulence
low virulence
新型インフルエンザの強毒性・弱毒性について頭の中が混乱してしまったのでわかる範囲で整理してみた。さらに混乱中。素人の付け焼刃なので、専門家による整理を期待。
強毒性インフルエンザはhighly pathogenic influenzaの日本語訳で、気道以外にも感染するインフルエンザを意味する。全身感染することがポイントなのであって、症状の重さや感染力の強さは関係ない。
pathogenicは「毒性」ではなく「病原性」と訳すべきであり、従来の鳥インフルエンザの話題においては正しく「病原性」と訳されていた。なぜ今回に限ってこんな訳になったのかわからない。
「強毒性」は、本来はhigh virulenceの訳。インフルエンザの話題においてこちらが使われなければ混乱することもなかったが、困ったことにこれもしばしば使用される。
そのため、次のような意味不明の文章ができあがってしまう。
「スペイン風邪は、変異して強毒性となっても弱毒性インフルエンザ」
弱毒性はlowly Pathogenic、強毒性はhigh virulenceなので矛盾しないのだが。
もっとも、実際に混在することは少なくて、専門家がいう毒性はpathogenicで、政治家がいう毒性はvirulenceであることが多いように思う。
ちなみに、今回の新型インフルエンザはlowly pathogenicであり、low virulenceであるとみなされている。H1N1であるため、H5N1のようにhighly pathogenicになることはないとされるが、感染が拡大すればスペイン風邪のようにhigh Virulenceに変異する可能性はある。
[Perhaps from Low German fussig, spongy; see p- in Indo-European roots.]
＞http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20090326222016
あー、診療記録あったんだねー、てその方随分な目に合ってらっしゃいますが。
＞http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/cgi-bin/data.show.pl?di=record&da=survivors&ke=7
隠れてたんじゃねーのこいつ。マイダネクからの知り合いの好意で。なんなのこの病院（つーかバラックてかいてありますが）。ドイツ人医師が巡回してきたらヤバイ、て書いてありますがなんなのこれ。おまけにすでに何人か殺されてるみたいですけど、なにこの病院。貴重な生き残りの証言と裏付け資料をありがとう。けっこう腹たってるけど、まぁいいや。
んー、提示されたサイトに出産記録、て語句が見つからないんですが、どこらへんに有るんかの。あのね、前に２ｃｈでこの話題になった時にStanislawa Leszczynskaて方の証言が大元のお話だ、てことになったんですが違うかの。
＞http://www.seattlecatholic.com/article_20050104.html
これによると出産場所はバラックで、しかも生まれてすぐに樽に漬けられて殺された、てなっとるが違うかの。その写真の赤ちゃんは、収容所職員の赤ちゃんではないんかの。うん、ちょっと腹立ててるけど。まぁいいや。
なんか色々エスパーしてる(論点先取りのことね)けど、なんかあなたの方が妙なベクトルが掛かってるように見えるんだがね。トラバに答えて「両論比較した」とか書いてたけど、比較した結果がコレなんかの。それとな、なんでこの記事で確実にあります、て言い切れるの。コレも比較したかい？＞http://www.annesrosechurch.com/1995terezin.htm なんつかね、まぁいいや。
つまり、アウシュヴィッツてところは、病院施設が整ってて、収容者は病院に隠れ、見つかったら殺されて、倒れるまで労働して、ちゃんとした産婦人科病院があって、バラックで３０００人の赤ちゃんが生まれて、すぐに樽の水に漬けられて殺されて、死の恐怖の怯えながら絵を描いた子供たちは、喜んで合唱団を作って歌って、一日平均９１人もの人が(ある日は９７０人の人が)、優れた医師がいながら整った施設で死んでいく場所なワケかね。どんなとこなの、それ。なんか、俺の矛盾とか書いてるけど、あなたの思うアウシュヴィッツてコレ？
その死亡記録にせよ「ゴルバチョフに秘密で見せてもらった」てなに？これが信頼性高くて、歴史学の記述が信頼性低い、てどういうことよ。
焼却炉が廃油で動いてた、なんてどこの学説ですかね。俺が提示した資料にキチンとコークス、て書いてあるはずだがね。それに、グーゼンのタイムシートを見たね？焼却数の多少と燃料の消費は関係ありません。この焼却炉は連続式の焼却炉で、２体目以降は遺体の焼けた熱を利用して焼却するので、燃料消費を抑えられるんだよ。イェーリング技師の報告書にも、そう書いてあるだろ？
さっき書いたのに付け加えよう。天国みたいな収容所だけど、一日に５０００体近く(カムレルのメモ基準)処理できる遺体焼却炉が必要だった、と。
なんかねー、俺はね、今はてなでちょっと問題になってる「否定論者を寄って多かって叩くのは魔女裁判と同じ」て話に興味もって、そんなエントリー書いてたあなたにトラバしたワケ。そのあなたは結局は、はてな村民と同じメンタリティーなワケだ。なんか色々、どうでもよくなってきた。
被害者総数について本を見ろ、つーのはめんどくさいから。長くなるけどヒルバーグの例だけ上げたる。
1 DEATHS BY CAUSE
Ghettoization and general privation: over 800,000
Ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Eu-rope: over 600,000
Theresienstadt and privation outside of ghet-tos: 100,000
Transnistria colonies (Romanian and Soviet Jews): 100,000
Open-air shootings: over 1,300,000
Einsatzgruppen, Higher SS and Police Leaders, Romanian and German armies in mobile operations; shootings in Galicia during deportations; killings of prisoners of war and shootings in Serbia and elsewhereCamps: up to 3,000,000
GermanDeath camps up to 2,700,000
Auschwitz 1 ,000,000
Treblinka up to 750,000
Belzec 550,000
Sobibor up to 200,000
Kulmhof 150,000
Lublin 50,000
Camps with tolls in the low tens of thousands or below: 150,000
Concentration camps (Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald Mauthausen, Dachau, Stutthof, and others)
Camps with killing operations (Poniatowa, Trawniki, Semlin)
Labor camps and transit camps: 150,000
RomanianGolta complex and Bessarabian transit camps: 100,000
Croatian and other: under 50,000Total: 5,100,000
Note: Ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe, open-air shootings, Auschwitz figures are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, other categories nearest fifty thousand.
2 DEATHS BY COUNTRY
Poland up to 3,000,000
USSR over 700,000
Romania 270,000
Czechoslovakia 260,000
Hungary over 180,000
Lithuania up to 130,000
Germany over 120,000
Netherlands over 100,000
France 75,000
Latvia 70,000
Yugoslavia 60,000
Greece 60,000Austria over 50,000
Belgium 24,000 Italy (including Rhodes) 9,000
Estonia 2,000
Norway under 1,000
Luxembourg under 1,000
Danzig under 1,000
Total 5,100,000
Note: Borders refer to 1937. Converts to Christianity are included, and refugees are counted with the countries from which they were deported.
3. DEATHS BY YEAR
1933-1940under 100,000
1941 1,100,000
1942 2,700,000
1943 500,000
1944 600,000
1945 100,000
Total 5,100,000
Note: Rounded to the nearest 100,000.
あああああ、めんどくせぇ～。大概みんなもメンドクサイんだと思うよ。
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20071025184640
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20071025184924
なんかね、こういう言説を弄する輩がこの辺に沢山いるのを見てると、やっぱこの国は根っからイジメ体質なんだなあ、って思いますね。オオゲサかね？
どうしますご同輩。このままじっと耐えていても、状況は悪化するばかりじゃないですかね？人種差別と戦うキング牧師のように、非暴力の闘いを始めますか？
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Hatena, the sons of former smokers and the sons of former anti-smokers will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even at the site of Masuda, a site sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the habit of smoking but by the content of their character.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."
（中略）
Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!