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はてなキーワード: Leadとは
フード・コンピューター (food computer) のプレゼンを配信していたTEDが、2点の批判についてページを公開した。
汚染水排出でMITメディアラボのオープン農業構想を州の環境保護局が調査中
Hype vs. Reality at the MIT Media Lab (The Chronicle of Higher Education)
オープン農業構想のプロジェクトリーダー Caleb Harper が建築を学んだ後この構想に至った経緯や、プレゼンで偽装するよう指示された研究員が、開発していない機器や無関係のプロジェクトに写真入りで紹介されたこと（プロジェクト担当者の水増し）も説明されている。
As research lead, Babakinejad felt it was his responsibility to raise these issues with Harper and other members of the team, and he did so in an email. He also raised his concerns with Ito. In an email, he told the director that the Open Agriculture Initiative had not been able to create a controlled environment in the food computers, and that the devices had been sent to schools and a refugee camp without being tested to ensure that they worked. He worried that Harper was misleading funders. Ito responded by asking if he could raise these issues with Harper. Babakinejad agreed to let Ito share his general concerns. (Ito did not respond to a request for comment. A Media Lab spokeswoman declined to comment.)
プロジェクトにおけるresearch leadとして、Babakinejadはフード・コンピューターの問題（光合成のためのLEDによる熱で温度が安定しない、二酸化炭素、酸素、湿度を調整できない）を提起する責任があると感じ、その問題をメールでHarperや他の研究員に提起した。その心配を伊藤穣一MITメディアラボ所長（当時）にも提起した。「オープン農業構想はフード・コンピューターの中で制御された環境をつくることができていません。その装置はきちんと動作するか検証されないまま学校や難民キャンプに送付されました。」Harperが資金提供者を誤解させていることが心配だった。伊藤所長は、その問題をHarperとともに提起できる（その問題をHarperに話していい）か、彼に質問しました。Babakinejadは自分の懸念を伊藤所長から他に伝えることを了解しました。（伊藤穣一氏にコメントを依頼したが、返答なし。メディアラボの広報担当もコメント拒否）
Harper's optimism helps raise money, and without money he won’t be able to see this dream of an international network of food computers come true. His critics, he said, “are basically jealous because I raise a lot of funding while giving away knowledge for free.” Harper also said that he doesn’t mislead the public. He’s explained his progress in great detail in a series of Medium posts, he said. Some may have misinterpreted his vision as current reality, he said, but if they listened closely they would not be mistaken. “Can you email a tomato to someone today? No,” he said. “Did I say that in my TED talk? Yes. Did I say it was today? No. I said, you will be able to email a tomato.”
Harperの楽観主義は資金集めに役立ちました。その資金がなければ、フード・コンピューターの国際的ネットワークが実現しませんでした。Harperによれば、自分への批判は基本的には嫉妬、なぜなら知識を無料で提供しているのに多くの資金を集めているから。Harperは、自分は一般の人を誤解させていない、Medium に詳細を書いた進捗状況の記事をずっと書いているから、とも言いました。自分の展望を今の現実と誤解している人がいるかも知れないが、もししっかり聞いていたなら、誤解は決してしない。「トマトにメールを今日送れますか？いいえ」「TEDトークで私は言ったでしょうか。ええ。それが今日だと私は言いましたか？いいえ。私は、トマトにメールを将来送れるようになる、と言ったんです。」
It's true that Harper didn’t quite say that food computers can email tomatoes or apples, though you could be forgiven for thinking exactly that. He frequently leaves the impression that the project has achieved, or is on the brink of achieving, an enormous breakthrough. It’s a style that has attracted the sort of high-profile attention, not to mention corporate funding, that fuels projects at the MIT Media Lab, and his willingness to showcase food computers beset with problems feels consistent with Ito’s “deploy or die” philosophy.
確かにHarperは、フード・コンピューターがトマトやリンゴにメールできるとは言っていない。しかし今できると考えてしまうのもしかたない。彼は、自分のプロジェクトがすでに大きなブレークスルーを達成したか、今すぐにも達成しそうだという印象を頻繁に残している。その方法で、いわゆる有名人やもちろん企業の投資の注目を集め、MITメディアラボのプロジェクトに資金が集まる。問題が山積している食料コンピューターをHarperが展示し続けるというのは、伊藤穣一氏の「実装なくば死を」の考えに一致しているようだ。
M.I.T. Media Lab, Already Rattled by the Epstein Scandal, Has a New Worry (The New York Times)
“You seem to think endlessly reiterating untrue claims will lend them credibility, but it won’t,” Dr. Babakinejad wrote to Mr. Harper. “By persisting in this course of action, you have been putting M.I.T. and everyone associated with you at risk and I think it’s time that you were made to face up to that and take responsibility for it.”
「正しくない主張を終わることなく繰り返していればその主張に真実味が出てくると考えているようですが、ありえません」とBarakinejadは（雇用契約の更新がされなかった後）Harperに書いた。「そういった行動を続けることで、MITとあなたに関係している全員を危険にさらし続けています。それ（正しくない主張を繰り返すこと）に向き合って、責任を取るときだと思います。」
The food computers, which researchers have envisioned selling to the public, are supposed to provide plants with just the right amount of light. But when the light function was not working, another member of the OpenAg team said, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe sensitive events, an engineer manually rigged the device so that light would shine at the correct level during an important demonstration.
フード・コンピューターは、一般に売り込むために研究者の想像したものですが、適切な光の量をちょうど植物に供給すると思われています。しかし、光の装置が機能しないとき、匿名を条件にしたあるオープン農業構想チームの研究員によれば、大事なデモのときに技術者が装置を不正操作して、適正レベルに光らせていました。
コーネル大学教授（植物学）Thomas Bjorkman によると、オープン農業構想の論文が書いているような機能を持つ箱はあるが、操作するのに費用が掛かり、24キロワット（240個の100ワット電球を同時に光らせる）エネルギーが必要になる。
論文の学術的価値について、「制御環境を使った農業工場の現状はとても進んでいるので、植物栽培の研究や実践について影響はほとんどない。」とBjorkman教授はコメントした。
In an email exchange with Mr. Ito, Dr. Babakinejad expressed his concern about what he said were Mr. Harper’s false claims in a draft of the academic paper, the “60 Minutes” interview and lectures.
“Up to now,” Dr. Babakinejad wrote, “we have not been able to achieve a ‘controlled environment’ nor been able to create an atmosphere (Climate control) as he leads people to believe in his talks. His claims about developments such as implementations of image processing, microbiome dosing, creating different climates and collecting credible data from bots across the world are not true.”
Mr. Ito wrote in his reply: “Can I say that you have concerns about whether the food computers have been able to create a controlled environment which would put into questions some of the claims we make about the data and outcomes?”
Dr. Babakinejad replied in the affirmative, and the exchange ended.
MITメディアラボ伊藤穣一所長（当時）とやりとししたメールで、Barakinejadは論文のドラフト、ドキュメンタリー番組のインタビュー、講義でのHarperの誤った主張に関する心配を書いていました。
「現在まで、Harperが講演で人々を信じさせているような、制御された環境も出来ていないし、天候の制御も出来ていない。画像処理の実装、マイクロバイオーム、異なる気候を作ること、世界中のボットから信頼できるデータを集めること、といった開発についての主張は正しくありません。」伊藤穣一氏の返事は「フード・コンピューターが制御された環境を作れるかどうかによって、データや結果に関しての主張のいくつかに疑問が生まれる、という懸念を持っているということでしょうか」
Babakinejadは肯定的な返事を返したが、そこでやりとりは終わった。
他に「リンゴは収穫してから店頭に並ぶまで平均11か月（最近は14か月）掛かっている」の11か月という統計に根拠がないと指摘しても、Harperは止めなかった。アメリカ農務省の答え「その統計は不正確」
MIT Media Lab Kept Regulators in the Dark, Dumped Chemicals in Excess of Legal Limit (Propublica and WBUR)
以下では、MITメディアラボオープン農業構想をメディアラボ、MIT環境健康安全オフィスをMIT、マサチューセッツ州環境保護局を州と略記。
2015年 オープン農業構想 (Open Agriculture Initiative) がCaleb HarperによりMITメディアラボで開始
2016年8月 コンサルタントがMITメディアラボの施設ディレクターにメール「水耕栽培用の水の窒素量を10ppm以下に抑えるなら、排水用の貯水池が最適」
2017年6月ごろ Babak BabakinejadがHarperのグループに参加
2017年10月 Babakinejadがresearch leadに昇進し、汚染水を排出した施設での勤務を開始
2017年12月 マサチューセッツ州監査員が貯水池の利用に制限付き許可を出す。
2018年3月22日 ラボノートの記録によると、廃棄濃度を報告義務の限度を大幅に超える（水の量が多く、許可の制限内では希釈できない）。
2018年4月 （研究員→メディアラボ）BabakinejadがHarperにメールで汚染水の窒素量が制限を大幅に超えているとHarperに報告（1度目）
2018年4月16日 （研究員→メディアラボ、MIT）Babakinejadがメールで汚染水の窒素量が大幅に超えているとHarperとMITに報告。HarperはBabakinejadにMITへの直接報告を禁止。
2018年4月17日 MITのPhyllis CarterがHarper, Babakinejad, ほかのメンバーにメール「先週のサンプルにおける窒素量は140ppm。このレベルの排水は許可されない。」（MITはこの時点で州の規則違反となる環境汚染を把握）
時期不明 HarperはBabakinejadに勤務時間中の作業内容を30分ごとに記録するよう指示（Babakinejadは報復だと感じた）
2018年中旬 BabakinejadがHarperのグループから去る。
2019年1月 （州→MIT）マサチューセッツ州の担当者 Joseph CeruttiがMIT環境健康安全オフィスPhyllis Carterにメールで、貯水池に排出された汚染水の窒素量の月例報告を催促。
（MIT→州）Carterは4月から6月まで何も貯水池に排出していないと返答（1-3月、7-12月の報告を送らず、無視）
2019年2月（州→MIT、メディアラボ） 報告が届かないので、CeruttiはCarterとHarperに、2週間以内に回答がなければ、違反通知、罰金、許可取り消しを警告
（メディアラボ→州）HarperはCeruttiへ即座に返答「農業廃液は野外に捨てて、米国環境保護庁の地下注入管理プログラム (UIC) のシステムには入れていない。これはMITと合意した手続き」（貯水池のみの利用という
インターネッツにわか知識マンと荻上チキ(同一人物かもしれない)がよく口走る台詞であるが、どうも正しくはないらしい。
欧米の道迷いに関する書籍「mountain navigation」には以下の記述がある。「
work your way slowly downhill folowing streams, as these tend to lead eventually to havitation」とあるように、川筋に下っていけば、やがて居住地にたどり着くという考え方もある。
とあり、川が必ず人間の領域に接しているのであるから川を回避するのは必ずしも得策とは言えないということだ。
但し、日本の山である場合には川は必ずしもslowlyではなく急で滝もあるというのはその通りだが、反対の登る時を考えると、「登ったからといって必ずしも登山道に復帰できるとも限らず、寧ろ悪路により滑落するリスクもある」のであり、そもそも山の中腹以上であるなら登山道に復帰するまでは短いが、山裾であると尾根であってもヤブが多いためそのもの移動に危険性とコストが掛かり、道なき登山は無意味であると考えられる。
これらのことにより、本書では「登るのが良いとも下るのが良いとも言えない」と結論付けている。
増田のゆる登山家供も、試しに山で迷った時などに荻上チキだったりインターネッツにわか仕込み知識で二重に遭難しないようにしろよ。
『歴史人口学で見た日本』はともかく、『ユーゴ紛争』って、体系的な読書の入り口になるか……？
いや、ユーゴ紛争とか国際政治とかについて関心を持つ糸口にはなると思うけど、良くも悪くもルポルタージュなので、体系的な読書の入り口になるかっつーと微妙では。
ルポルタージュはルポルタージュとして興味深いものだけど、往々にして「入り口」というか「とっかかり」であることが多い。本当に相手に体系的にものごとを知ってほしいなら、導入は別の本がいいんじゃないの。
もし国際政治とかそういった話に興味を持ってほしいなら、ナイ＆ウェルチ『国際紛争』（http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/books/detail/9784641149175）とか、あるいは有斐閣の政治学入門のやつ（http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/books/detail/9784641150256）とか。
東大出版会は最近政治学の入門シリーズ出してるな＞http://www.utp.or.jp/book/b297525.html。政治学の入門としてはお手頃かなと。
民族問題とかそういうテーマにいざないたいなら、『民族とネイション』（https://www.iwanami.co.jp/book/b225944.html）とか、『民族紛争』（https://www.iwanami.co.jp/book/b226218.html）とか。『ナショナリズム論・入門』（http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/books/detail/9784641123359）はちょっと初心者にはとっつきにくいかな。
ユーゴ紛争に興味を持ってほしいなら、『ユーゴスラヴィア現代史』（https://www.iwanami.co.jp/book/b268264.html）とか、最近出たやつだとマゾワーの『バルカン』（http://www.chuko.co.jp/shinsho/2017/06/102440.html）なんかがいいんじゃないの。
『国際紛争』はレベル的にも大学新入生がちょっと背伸びして読んでみるくらいだから青二才さんにちょうどいいと思うんだよね。色々おもしろいエピソードが紹介されてたりするし。やっぱり英米の教科書はおもろいわ。
あるいはどんな入門書が適切かわからん問題もあるのかもなー。青二才さんが何かの入門書を探したい、となったときには、だいたい、
この辺をチェックして入門書探して、そこから参考文献を芋蔓式にたどっていくのがいいと思うんだよね。
ただまあ最終的には青二才さんに興味がないとどうにもならんところはあるので。You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drinkですよやっぱ。
When I met you there was spring light
And breeze in the street
In the distant summer night of that day
I neglected loneliness
As I passed through the autumn day
A warm winter street
Even if you fall you will stand up again
I drew some strength
Created my future
Carved out slowly changing days.
I should be able to overcome
Because I have a dream
Something that I want to protect.
I don't know the reason
Then I can have more faith in myself.
People look towards
The other side of sadness
This is what the sight of your back has told me
At my side
I could cry with longing to live in the moment
A dream
Without end
Must lead to somebody's future.
Don't give up
Whenever
I found
Something that I want to protect
Because I want to see your smile
Although what causes pedophilia is not yet known, researchers began reporting a series of findings linking pedophilia with brain structure and function, beginning in 2002. Testing individuals from a variety of referral sources inside and outside the criminal justice system as well as controls, these studies found associations between pedophilia and lower IQs,[48][49][50] poorer scores on memory tests,[49] greater rates of non-right-handedness,[48][49][51][52] greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences,[53] lesser physical height,[54][55] greater probability of having suffered childhood head injuries resulting in unconsciousness,[56][57] and several differences in MRI-detected brain structures.[58][59][60]
Such studies suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Some studies have found that pedophiles are less cognitively impaired than non-pedophilic child molesters.[61] A 2011 study reported that pedophilic child molesters had deficits in response inhibition, but no deficits in memory or cognitive flexibility.[62] Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.[63] A 2015 study indicated that pedophilic offenders have a normal IQ.[64]
Another study, using structural MRI, indicated that male pedophiles have a lower volume of white matter than a control group.[58] Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has indicated that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the hypothalamus as compared with non-pedophilic persons when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults.[65] A 2008 functional neuroimaging study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours". The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the cognitive stage of sexual arousal processing".[66]
Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) reviewed the research that attempted to identify hormonal aspects of pedophiles.[67] They concluded that there is some evidence that pedophilic men have less testosterone than controls, but that the research is of poor quality and that it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion from it.
While not causes of pedophilia themselves, childhood abuse by adults or comorbid psychiatric illnesses—such as personality disorders and substance abuse—are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges.[6] Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud addressed comorbid psychiatric illnesses that, "The theoretical implications are not so clear. Do particular genes or noxious factors in the prenatal environment predispose a male to develop both affective disorders and pedophilia, or do the frustration, danger, and isolation engendered by unacceptable sexual desires—or their occasional furtive satisfaction—lead to anxiety and despair?"[67] They indicated that, because they previously found mothers of pedophiles to be more likely to have undergone psychiatric treatment,[56] the genetic possibility is more likely.
A study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam determined that males with a pronounced degree of paraphilic interest (including pedophilia) had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate low prenatal androgen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in deviant attractions.[68]
まず職位名だが本国と出先では同じ職位名でも実際の機能は結構違う。これは出先機関は基本的に本国の指示を実行することがまず求められるのと、大抵は営業拠点であるので売上・利益というゴールが最大の関心事になるためと思われる。
Assistant - 契約社員 / Associate - 新入りレベル / Senior - 新入りレベルではない人、または、何年かはいる人 / Lead - 現場リーダー / Manager - とりまとめ担当者、または係長〜課長 / Director - 課長〜部長 / Vice President - 部長〜本部長 / Executive Vice President - 本部長〜執行役員 / Senior Executive Vice President - 取締役（CXO） / President - 社長（CEO）
Specialist - 担当者。専門家という意味は特に含まない / Architect - 作業担当者。設計という意味は特に含まない / Engineer - 作業担当者。開発という意味は特に含まない
Sales - 営業段階で動く人 / Services - 利用段階で動く人 / Engineering - 開発段階で動く人
なので、たとえばService Architectは「サービス設計をする人」ではなく「導入支援担当者」で、Engineering Architectは「開発物の設計をするアーキテクト」となる。
面倒なのがManagerで、一般名詞として使うときは「管理者」だが、Product ManagerなどXXX Managerと使うときは管理者ではなく「XXXまわりのとりまとめ担当者」といった意味の役職になる。
これらは一例で、会社によってどういう修飾語を付けるかは結構違う。ただ言えるのは、日本の会社に比べてインフレした名前をつけるというか、実際の役務以上にカッコイイ響きにしている感がある。「Senior Architect」とか言われたらおおっと思ってしまうが、「新入りではない作業担当者」と読み替えたら普通である。
意思決定については、VP-Director-Managerのラインでは、VPが意思決定を行い、Directorは部門間調整を行いながらManagerを支援し、Managerがスタッフ管理をする形になる。日本でも同じではと思うかもしれないが、中央集権度が違う。
Managerが一番現場と上層部の意思決定の板ばさみとなっているのは洋の東西を問わないようで、しかも中央集権度が高いため中間では判断できずメールの転送リレーになってしまうこともしばしば。実務上の判断よりも、メッセージのルーティングが最大の機能になる。これを「オープンな組織とコミュニケーションスタイル」と呼ぶのか「ヒラメ族による調整」というのかは地域によって違うようだ。
このあたりは本国か出先機関かがおそらく影響しており、叩き上げが多かったりコミュニケーション密度が高くなる本国内であればManagerへも権限委譲しやすいが、人の出入りが激しい出先機関では難しいと思われる。
また、これは組織構造に加えて組織の大きさが影響していると思われるが、数値での目標管理がしっかりしている。全く異なる地域・文化の社員を管理・比較しなくてはならないので、個別状況を勘案することは基本的に無理。したがって数量換算できる指標で管理するのが原則となる。これは成果主義ではなく、数値主義と言える。例えばSalesであれば獲得顧客数・売上・利益、Serviceであれば売上稼働時間といった指標になる。
再び本国と出先機関の違いに戻ると、出先機関は基本的に在籍年数が少ない。いわゆる日本での典型的な外資系イメージがこれであろう。これは出先機関はとにかく売上・利益を本国にもたらすことが最優先なのが理由と見ている。先の数値管理に加えて現場での自由度の低さもあり、プレッシャーの大きさだけでなくストレスレベルも高い。
そしてそんな短期間で回転してゆく社員を個別の非数値的状況を勘案しつつ管理することは難しいので、数値管理がますますなされてゆくという傾向がある。ここはかつて流行った数値的経営管理の影響も大きそうである。KPIをどんどん定義して、その数値によって判断するのが論理的に正しい、という傾向がある。
一応、数値だけではまずいということで、それを補うために数値外の評価制度がある。しかしこれも360度評価が主流となり上長が指揮下のスタッフを自らの責任で評価するものではなくなっているため、全員がある意味「世間による評価」を意識する必要があり、これはこれで大変である。日本の「空気」みたいなものだが、結局管理せずに管理したいと処理を分散していくと同じ様なものになるのが面白い。
そんな状況のため出先機関では常時人が不足している。しかし育成機能はなく、本国要求は現地状況と関係なくどんどん出てくる。そうなると短期間でやめるにしても給与レベルは高いですよ、という形にして集めざるを得ない。備兵みたいなものである。しかしそうなると会社としても元は取らなくてはいけないので目標管理が更に厳しくなる。
この構造では商売が軟調になると、社員はストレスばかり大きくなるので一気に離散する。また、社員としても元々長年居られると思っていないので、軟調以前に他社のでもより強い商材が登場すればそれに乗って転職してしまう。こうして転職が激しい構造が生まれ、維持される。
企業の興亡が激しいのもこういう人的資本の急激な集散が要因になっていると思うが、こういうダイナミックな状況で法人が滅ぶのはいいとしても個人は死ぬわけにはいかないので大変である。この構造を「状況に適応し迅速に新しいバランスに至るよい仕組み」とみなすか「過敏に状況を揺らし個人や社会を不安定化させる仕組み」とみなすか、難しいところだ。「経済効率の追求が世界人類を総体ではより豊かにした」vs「経済効率の追求が個人の生活を破壊した」みたいな話。
何が言いたいわけでもないが、結局どの組織も置かれた状況に適応しているだけで、どちらがいいというものでもない。地の利と時の運に恵まれ業績のいい企業・産業・地域では余裕があるため、その余裕が反映して「理想的なワークスタイル例」としてもてはやされるが、それが自社・自分に適しているかは全然別の話になる。
英語の不規則動詞はおおまかに，過去分詞がtかdで終わるもの（以下dtタイプ）とnで終わるもの（以下nタイプ）に分けられる。ほとんどのdtタイプの動詞は過去形と過去分詞形が同じ形で，A-B-B（一部はA-A-A）のように変化する。また，原形の末尾がdかtの不規則動詞はほとんどがdtタイプに属する。（例外：eat,get,bid等）一方，ほとんどのnタイプの不規則動詞は原形，過去形，過去分詞形がすべて異なり，A-B-Cのように変化する。
原形から過去・過去分詞形になるときに起こる変化は基本的に母音が変化するか末尾にdtnが加わるかの2種類，あるいはその両方で，原形にあった子音がなくなることは原則としてない。（例外：-ught型,went,had,made）
分類は以下の通り
become,forgetなど末尾にほかの不規則動詞を含むものは省いた。
表中の*は規則変化もし得ることを，#は他の不規則変化もし得ることを，!は意味によって変化が異なる単語であることを示す。
すべてdかtで終わる。特に末尾tで短母音のものが多い。get,sitが含まれないことに注意。形が1種類で覚えやすいが，英文中の「have put」「is put」等を見てもビビらない心構えが必要。
| bet * | bust * | cast | cost | cut |
| hit | knit! | let | put | quit * |
| set | shit *# | shut | sweat * | thrust |
| wet* | burst * | hurt | beat # | bid # |
| clad | glid * | rid* | shed | spread |
| wed* |
原形がdで終わる動詞が母音を変化させて過去形・過去分詞形になる型。最後のplead,readは発音のみ変化する。
| breed | bred |
| feed | fed |
| lead | led |
| plead *# | pled |
| speed ! | sped |
| tread # | trod |
| bind | bound |
| find | found |
| grind | ground |
| wind | wound |
| chide *# | chid |
| slide # | slid |
| hold | held |
| stand | stood |
| abide * | abode |
| plead *# | plead |
| read | read |
原形の末尾のdがtに置き換わり，それ以外は綴りも発音も変わらない。endで終わる動詞が多いが，end自体は規則動詞。原形のほうが過去形っぽく見えたりするので注意が必要。逆パターン(At-Ad-Ad)は存在しない。
| bend | bent |
| lend | lent |
| rend | rent |
| send | sent |
| spend | spent |
| build | built |
| geld * | gelt |
| gird * | girt |
【Ad-Bd-Bd】の末尾tバージョン。get,sitはこちらに含まれる。
| fight | fought |
| light * | lit |
| meet | met |
| shoot | shot |
| get # | got |
| shit *# | shat |
| sit | sat |
末尾にdが加わるという点で規則動詞に近いが，付き方が特殊で母音も変化する。
| lay | laid |
| pay | paid |
| say | said |
| sell | sold |
| tell | told |
| hear | heard |
| flee | fled |
| shoe * | shod |
| baa * | baa'd |
| make | made |
| have | had |
末尾にtが加わる。原形の/iː/が/e/に変化するものが多い。
| feel | felt |
| keep | kept |
| sleep | slept |
| weep | wept |
| creep | crept |
| kneel * | knelt |
| sweep | swept |
| leave | left |
| bereave ! | bereft |
| cleave *# | cleft |
| deal | dealt |
| mean | meant |
| dream * | dreamt |
| lean * | leant |
| leap * | leapt |
| lose | lost |
| spoil * | spoilt |
| burn * | burnt |
| learn * | learnt |
| dwell | dwelt |
| smell * | smelt |
| spell * | spelt |
| spill * | spilt |
| drip * | dript |
| grip * | gript |
| wrap * | wrapt |
| pen * | pent |
末尾が-oughtか-aughtに変化する。どちらも発音は/ɔːt/。wentを除けばもっとも原型をとどめない変化が起こるので過去形から原形を思い出せるようにしておく必要がある。
| beseech * | besought |
| bring | brought |
| buy | bought |
| overwork * | overwrought |
| seek | sought |
| think | thought |
| catch | caught |
| teach | taught |
過去分詞形が原形+nとなるもの。過去形では母音が変化している。fall,eatにはenが，do,goにはneが付くことに注意。
| blow | blew | blown |
| grow | grew | grown |
| know | knew | known |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| take | took | taken |
| drive | drove | driven |
| rise | rose | risen |
| strive | strove | striven |
| thrive * | throve | thriven |
| see | saw | seen |
| give | gave | given |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| do | did | done |
| go | went | gone |
【A-B-An】の亜種で，showに代表される過去形が規則変化(-ed)になっているもの。
| grave * | graved | graven |
| hew * | hewed | hewn |
| mow * | mowed | mown |
| prove * | proved | proven |
| saw * | sawed | sawn |
| sew * | sewed | sewn |
| shave * | shaved | shaven |
| show * | showed | shown |
| sow * | sowed | sown |
| strew * | strewed | strewn |
過去分詞形が過去形+nとなるもの。eが脱落するtear-tore-tornのパターンに注意。wakeはtake,makeと異なり，この型に属する。
| break | broke | broken |
| cleave *# | clove | cloven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| weave ! | wove | woven |
| shrink # | shrunk | shrunken |
| wake | woke | woken |
| bear ! | bore | born |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| tear | tore | torn |
| wear | wore | worn |
| bear ! | bore | borne |
原型にd,tを含み，過去分詞形でそれが重なるもの。get以外は【A-B-An】に近いがgetは【A-B-Bn】に近い。
| smite # | smote | smitten |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| write | wrote | written |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| chide *# | chid | chidden |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| slide | slid | slidden |
| bid # | bade | bidden |
| forbid # | forbade | forbidden |
| forbid # | forbad | forbidden |
| get # | got | gotten |
過去分詞形にnが付くが，【A-B-An】でも【A-B-Bn】でもないもの。
| fly | flew | flown |
| lie | lay | lain |
| slay | slew | slain |
| shear * | sheared | shorn |
| swell * | swelled | swollen |
| tread # | treaded | trodden |
原型にiを含み，それがi-a-uと変化していくもの。わかりやすい変化だが数は少ない。
| begin | began | begun |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| ring | rang | rung |
| shrink # | shrank | shrunk |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| spring # | sprang | sprung |
| stink # | stank | stunk |
| swim | swam | swum |
dt型でないが，A-B-CではなくA-B-Bと変化するもの。末尾が-ingのものが多いが，bringやring,singが含まれないことに注意。
| cling | clung |
| fling | flung |
| sling | slung |
| slink | slunk |
| spling # | splung |
| sting | stung |
| stink | stunk |
| string | strung |
| swing | swung |
| wring | wrung |
| hang ! | hung |
| dig | dug |
| stick | stuck |
| strike | struck |
| heave ! | hove |
| reeve * | rove |
| stave * | stove |
| shine ! | shone |
| win | won |
| dive * | dove | dived |
| smite # | smote | smit |
| beat # | beat | beaten |
| come | came | come |
| run | ran | run |
「マンガとかでさ、ヒロインが奇抜な衣装や、エロイ水着とか着させられる場面があるよな」
「うん、よくあるよね」
「それを着て『なによこれえ！？』とか言うんだけど、あれって着替え終わる前に気づかないもんなの？」
「確かに、少なくとも私だったら気づくと思う」
「……そっか」
「あれ、もしかして下手なこと言ってたら私が実験台にされてた？」
「まあ、区別しないというより、できないというか」
「要は平等主義的な諺ですね」
「なるほど、人間は天びんではないから、差別してしまうということですか」
「ほぉ、そうきましたか」
「『金持ちは夏に氷を手に入れるが、貧乏人は冬に手に入れる』といいましてね」
「ああ、なるほど！ 確かに平等だ」
「うわあ、引っかかったあ」
真面目に答えず、出来る限り嘘と虚構を織り交ぜて答えていきたい。
ボツネタの詰め合わせ。
答えはYESだ。
個人差はあるが、まあ多少は。
直に泣かなくなるさ。
性差には、大まかに分けて「身体」と「心理」がある。で、オリンピックで男女別なのは、身体的性差を考慮しているからだ。
君は世間が提唱している「平等」をちょっと誤解している。男女の差別問題解消において、女性にスポットライトが当たることが多いのは、女性のほうが社会で不当に扱われてきた歴史がある、とされているからだ。
学ぶべき教訓は、「偏った天秤に同じ重りをそれぞれ乗せても偏ったまま」ということだ。現状を踏まえない平等論は平等ではない。これは身体的性差においてもいえる。私たちは同じ人間だが、どうしても性差による身体の違いや個人差はあるわけだ。これを一切考慮しないで作られたルールは、ある意味では平等かもしれないけれど、人間の作り出した“平等”という概念とは違うわけだ。
別に皮肉ではない。人間は多様で、かつそれらが社会で混在することが基本的に“認められている”(妥当な表現がパッと思いつかない)。その時点で、真の意味での平等は物理的に不可能なのさ。だから、彼ら人間の作り出す平等には「機会の平等」などといったように、社会に伴った限定条件がつけられる。広義的には「ジェンダー」といわれているやつで、平等にすべきはそこだとされているようだな。そんな平等でいいのかだとか、現在そういう理想的な平等に近づいていっているのかなんてこと私は知らんよ。
英語には“The balance distinguishes not between gold and lead”という諺がある。日本語で「天びんは金も鉛も区別しない」といったところかな。つまり「人間は天秤ではないので、物事を公平に判断することはできない」という意味さ。
……真に受けるなよ。本当は「人間は平等である」という意味の諺だ。人間は天秤ではないが、天秤を作ったのは人間だからな。
答えは「成立しない」だ。
前提が甘い状態で作られた論は、私からいわせればナンセンスだ。
せめて「不自然にトラブった場合に、出るとこ出れば勝てるのか、過剰防衛にはなってしまわないか」くらいのレベルにしてくれないと、答えようがない。
ザックリいえば「足し算は簡単なのに、引き算は簡単にできない」からだ。
時代遅れは置いといても、日本の伝統的な企業っていろんな部門をローテーションさせて育てる、みたいな慣習があるのかな? 以前N○T系列の知り合いからUS企業への転職の相談を受けたんだけど、色々な分野のプロジェクトに色々な職責名で関わってるもんだから、レジュメ見て何ができるのか良くわからないのがかなり不利だなあと思った。
海外いいかな、と思いつつとりあえず日本で働いてるなら、英文レジュメの例や書き方、それから目指す分野の求人のjob descriptionを見て、後々キャリアとして主張できるようなパスを考えとくといいかもね。今いる企業名は売りにならないと思った方がいい。分野ごとに職責にはある程度共通の名前がついてて、募集も特定分野、特定職責について行われるから、その職責に明確につながる経歴がないと苦しい。
あくまで一例だけど、無印のチームメンバーに対し、senior (メンタリング無しで自律的に業務を遂行したり、ジュニアメンバーのメンタリングができる)とか、lead (チームにおいて技術的な決断の責任を持ったり、方向性をまとめたりする)とか、manager (非技術メンバーも含め人事に関わる話だとか、技術以外の管理の責任も担う)とかあって、leadのポジションに応募しようと思ったらleadの経験かせめてseniorで何年かやりました、っていうのが必要だったり。これがいろんな分野をつまみ食い的に無印ポジションで経験してました、となるとjuniorで取るには妙に経験ありすぎるし、かといって特定分野のseniorとして自律的に動けるかが不明だし、使い方がわからないから採用見送り、なんてことになりかねない。
Changing a new laptop computer keyboard will be difficult regarding someone considering that it is without a doubt defined to become tech function though really isn't. Just by subsequent a number of easy steps one could replace the actual laptop key pad comfortably.
1st step is actually to ensure that you will have powered down the vitality and taken off the particular battery. Equally you might want to unplug this from switchboard to prevent just about any hassle. An individual will be through with the software, you ought to start all the laptop computer along with remove lots of the screws behind that. Even if various mobile computer models possess different screws but it is simple to choose the anchoring screws in order to them all.
Typically, all the keyboards are generally devote a plastic material sheet which happens to be screwed throughout the equipment. For that reason right here anyone must also get rid of the screws in an effort to get rid of those plastic-type sheets. Any time one can find absolutely no plastic-type material sheets after that probably right now there may be some clamps which is often deleted readily.
An individual will be through with the actual taking away the plastic material sheets right now there may be some cosmetic outstanding on the computer keys. All of these plastic material bits has to be removed cautious and it could be completed any help in various cosmetic choose and tooth find. It is actually highly recommended will not use almost any needle which is able to really problems another aspects of machines.
At this time you might be through with just about all screws inside the back, you need to take away the screws towards the top because in some laptop or pc units often times there are anchoring screws beginning which should end up being deleted before you really replace all the computer keys. When most of anchoring screws really are eliminated, you will see the laptop computer keyboard is something related to any thin knowledge lead that is straightaway that come with the actual motherboard best in the bottoom. To eliminate any laptop correctly, feel free to use the equivalent enamel pick to enable you to raise the plastic-type connectors which you'll find storing with this knowledge lead. You will see of the fact that entirely computer keyboard can be free professionals who log in very easily lift that up.
You will have successfully carried out the most important part and it's the moment you are able to replace that classic laptop or pc computer keyboard while using unique 1. Very first thing earliest, take the popular computer hp laptop keyboard out from the plastic page and remedy a repair anywhere between that cosmetic fittings that are existing for the chief panel. You will need to ensure that your comprehensive brand new keyboard set is set. These days include the info line very carefully. You need to use similar choose anyone used formerly to try the equivalent. Be sure that the entire openings as well as clamps are straight aligned along with the mess space as a result for all those securing that screws repeatedly, it is possible to finished the software as necessary. Lastly refasten your current laptop computer keyboard within the top and also if you wish to remove any specific cosmetic articles replicate the equivalent option a person achieved it up to now.
Now restricted most of the screws from again and get that laptop's solar battery funding the area to enable you to observe regardless if your own laptop have been replaced instead systematically or even in no way. An individual will be through with tensing all the screws, start up your current laptop considering the fact that a person hear numerous beeps in the beginning then very likely you might want to eradicate all of the procedures once again. See a BIOS through important F2 or DEL button to be sure of whether or not keyboard is actually tracked down to be had and not even.
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Now, a digital camera is mainly rely on battery with power. Use the battery also has a lot of attention to the place, so that they can make a battery "prolong life".
In order to avoid the loss of the power problem, you want to keep the battery on both ends of the contact points and the battery cover internal clean. If the surface is very dirty words to use soft, clean dry cloth FuShi gently, can never use clean sex or the chemical has the solubility cleaner, such as diluent or contain alcohol solvent composition of the clean your digital camera, battery or charger.
For charging time, depends on the charger and battery, and whether the use of voltage stability, and other factors. Usually the first time to use the battery (or several months used battery) charging, li-ion batteries must more than six hours, the nimh batteries must be more than 14 hours, or future battery life will be short. And the battery and residual power, try not to repeat charging, to ensure the battery life.
Use process to avoid a discharge. A discharge is a power consumption over limit. Otherwise even recharge and its capacity cannot fully recover, for the battery is a kind of damage. Due to a discharge can lead to bad battery charging efficiency, reduce capacity, therefore camcorders are equipped with battery alarm function. So in similar circumstances should appear to replace the battery, try not to let the batteries run out and make the camcorders automatic shutdown.
The preservation of the battery
If you plan to use a long time without digital camera, must want the battery from a digital camera or remove the charger, and the discharge completely, and then stored in a dry, cool and environment, and try to avoid the battery and general metal items stored in together. In order to avoid short-circuited batteries, in batteries need not when, should cover to protect its preservation.
The green environmental protection battery is to point to in recent years has been put into use or are development, the development of kind of high performance, no pollution batteries. At present already use large nickel metal hydride battery, the lithium ion battery and is expanded use of mercury free alkaline battery manganese zinc and rechargeable batteries and is research and development of lithium or lithium ion plastic pack and fuel cells belong to this category. In addition, it is widely used and use of solar energy for photoelectric convert solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.
Nickel metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) and nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd) have the same working voltage (1.2 V), due to the adoption of rare earth alloy or TiNi alloy anode materials for the activity of hydrogen storage material, replacing the carcinogen cadmium, which not only makes this battery became a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery of energy than increased nearly 40%, to 80-60 Wh/kg and 210-240 Wh/L. The battery is 90 s gradually realize industrialization PANASONIC VW-VBK360 Battery , and the first to use in the cell phone battery. At present although it on their dominance of the gradually be lithium ion battery replaced, but mobile phone applications in Europe and America, and its market share is still at about 50%.
The lithium ion battery (Li-ion) is by can make the lithium ion embedding and take off the carbon embedded as negative, reversible intercalated-li metal oxide as the positive (LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMn2O4) and organic electrolyte constitute, the working voltage of 3.6 V, so a lithium-ion battery is equivalent to three cadmium nickel metal hydride battery or nickel. Thus the batteries than energy is the over 100 Wh/kg and 280 Wh/L, and considerably more than the nickel metal hydride battery than energy. In view of the above advantages, since the 1993-2000 in just a few years, its production and usage with extremely high speed growth.
Alkaline manganese zinc dry (alkaline) compared with ordinary dry cell size has higher capacity PANASONIC CGA-S005E Battery, and have high discharge current ability. In recent years has been used on mercury zinc powder, therefore make the battery become a green battery, and become the mainstream battery products, at present the alkaline xinmeng dry cell is still BP machine use most power supply. At the same time, the world is the battery charged on the sex, an American company has launched a charged battery alkali manganese, product and application of slow growth. Such batteries keep the battery discharge characteristics, but also can be recharged using a dozen times to hundreds of times (deep recharge cycles life of about 25 times).
Lithium plastic battery (LIP) is for lithium metal anode, conductive polymers of electrolyte for new battery, the energy than has reached 170 Wh/kg and 350 Wh/L. The lithium ion battery is will present plastic of organic lithium ion battery electrolyte stored in a polymer membrane, or use conductive polymer as electrolyte, make a battery in no free the electrolyte. Such batteries can use aluminum plastic composite membrane realize hot pressing encapsulation, with light weight, shape can be arbitrary change, safety better characteristics.
Fuel cells (FC) is a kind of use of fuel (such as hydrogen or contain fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) for power generation device directly, because avoided the carnot cycle limit, this power unit is not only high efficiency (electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can be as high as 40% or more), and no pollution discharge gas, so is the future of efficient and clean power generation method. Many companies at home and abroad are engaged in development for mobile phones, notebook computers, the PEM fuel cell, once put into application, and its economy benefit greatly.
Seal lead-acid battery is a kind of lead-acid batteries.
The following new green battery technology and related industry development is rapid.
1. Hydrogen storage material and nickel metal hydride Battery-the nimh batteries (PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery)
2. Lithium ion embedded material and liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
3. Polymer electrolyte of lithium battery or lithium ion battery
4. Zinc air battery and PEM fuel cell
In addition to the above, in view of the communication industry growth, China's battery industry is with extremely high speed to promote environmental protection mercury-free alkali manganese zinc original pool and rechargeable batteries and seal lead-acid battery technology development and application expansion market.
When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.
Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera
Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.
The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:
1. Shutter Full speed
step 2. Aperture
3. ISO
A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.
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Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.
Shutter Pace
In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.
Any sort of ISO adjustments a fabulous tenderness of the "film". Intended for camcorders, whereas it doesn't management picture presently, everything adjustments a fabulous tenderness with the high-end camera sensor. A greater ISO options can certainly help produce styles photograph become faster and as well demand even less smooth compared to a decreased ISO. Strangling part of managing great ISO is probably of the fact that enhanced ISO's ordinarily result in a detraction at the time of envision first-class high quality as well as almond.
At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.
The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.
Digital camera battery is the key for the key, second in importance only lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph in your heart, a powerful battery to provide power as a follow-up is essential. But even the best battery time, if not properly carry out maintenance and maintenance, will not take long to lose the strong power, so battery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section) digital camera battery for the duration of use, not just its quality, power on, in fact, the use of operations with the user also has great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the camera on the camera bag inside, or on the cupboard, took out the battery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive to battery protection.
If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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February With the world going mobile and billions of new devices requiring electrical storage, battery technology is almost certainly due for a renaissance in the near future and recent developments suggest MIT will play a role in the next significant battery technology. Less than a week ago, we reported on work being done by MIT's Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) that could become the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in 200 years. Now a second new and highly promising battery technology is emerging from MIT - a new type of lithium battery that could become a cheaper alternative to the batteries that now power hybrid electric cars.
Until now, lithium batteries have not had the rapid charging capability or safety level needed for use in cars. Hybrid cars now run on nickel metal hydride batteries, which power an electric motor and can rapidly recharge while the car is decelerating or standing still.
But lithium nickel manganese oxide, described in a paper to be published in Science on Feb. 17, could revolutionize the hybrid car industry -- a sector that has "enormous growth potential," says Gerbrand Ceder, MIT professor of materials science and engineering, who led the project.
"The writing is on the wall. It's clearly happening," said Ceder, who said that a couple of companies are already interested in licensing the new lithium battery technology.
The new material is more stable (and thus safer) than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, which are used to power small electronic devices like cell phones, laptop computers, rechargeable personal digital assistants (PDAs) and such medical devices as pacemakers.
The small safety risk posed by lithium cobalt oxide is manageable in small devices but makes the material not viable for the larger batteries needed to run hybrid cars, Ceder said. Cobalt is also fairly expensive, he said.
The MIT team's new lithium battery contains manganese and nickel, which are cheaper than cobalt.
Scientists already knew that lithium nickel manganese oxide could store a lot of energy, but the material took too long to charge to be commercially useful. The MIT researchers set out to modify the material's structure to make it capable of charging and discharging more quickly.
Lithium nickel manganese oxide consists of layers of metal (nickel and manganese) separated from lithium layers by oxygen. The major problem with the compound was that the crystalline structure was too "disordered," meaning that the nickel and lithium were drawn to each other, interfering with the flow of lithium ions and slowing down the charging rate.
Lithium ions carry the battery's charge, so to maximize the speed at which the battery can charge and discharge, the researchers designed and synthesized a material with a very ordered crystalline structure, allowing lithium ions to freely flow between the metal layers.
A battery made from the new material can charge or discharge in about 10 minutes -- about 10 times faster than the unmodified lithium nickel manganese oxide. That brings it much closer to the timeframe needed for hybrid car batteries, Ceder said.
Before the material can be used commercially, the manufacturing process needs to be made less expensive, and a few other modifications will likely be necessary, Ceder said.
Other potential applications for the new lithium battery include power tools, electric bikes, and power backup for renewable energy sources.
The lead author on the research paper is Kisuk Kang, a graduate student in Ceder's lab. Ying Shirley Meng, a postdoctoral associate in materials science and engineering at MIT, and Julien Breger and Clare P. Grey of the State University of New York at Stony Brook are also authors on the paper.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Undesirable cameras benefits us many 100 % satisfaction, leading to numerous spectacular images, as well as the hot months is operating relating to dependable summertime. This specific classmate through break free will be able to figure out any tons in addition to waterways, downtown along with far-away beautiful gardening, and yet may these pure attractiveness to become a memento playing hit decrease, apart from skin color boil due to the high-end digicam purpose, a great deal more simple could be to evaluation whatever taking pictures competency as well as having photos. The amount, smaller try to make your work latest many of the summer season harvesting powerful see to it, typically the classmate need to next image have a go through, you become this confidently unexpected wonder.
Digital cameras would bring us lots of enjoyment, leaving a myriad of unique images, and summertime is journeying in wonderful summer season. The classmate throughout the getaway can recognize that reams together with estuaries and rivers, metropolitan and also countryside attractive panoramas, yet take place all these charm being a memento opportunity straight down, together with steam as a result of a camcorder operation, a lot more crucial is usually to examine ones own taking functionality and also taking photographs. That period, the little generate your choice have quite a few summer months firing effective be mindful, the particular classmate may as well within the next snapshot have a shot at, you will get the particular total surprising stun.
Household landscapes
By out of doors firing indoors panoramas, basic will need throughout the Windows 7, out-of-doors mild typically currently have more substantial indoors light-weight, now a couple of challenges ought to be sorted out, is the particular coverage time frame, a couple of it truly is in order to avoid a display reflective, when pics of any camera through hands-on management operate, might take number of years coverage setting up, when photographic camera goes so that you can twit style, can easily will likely be ISO level of sensitivity Surroundings bump up, this ISO 2 hundred or perhaps ISO six hundred aiming.
Inside panorama 's best golf shot employing a tripod, in any other case, wants a spot to guide, one example is in opposition to any divider and entry, and even the true reason for executing it is because very long coverage is quite effortless construct any digital camera protein shake, producing photographs regarding fluffy envision. It's best to utilize the shutter launch, or perhaps utilize to get center-weighted avoiding relocate a video camera. Notice: except if absolutely necessary, tend not to available the particular pen, stay clear of a lot more reflective.
Bring that landscape designs from the probability with the photo may well schedule some individuals or even factors, and this also may help the room inside the operation of your view photos. Get a large surfaces area photos, as an example the veranda as well as the roof top, hillside, for example. Typically inside the mid-day is without a doubt the most suitable time frame filming this landscapes. Filming, having a polarizer to adjust a illumination with the stars, produce the particular heavens develop into dreary quite a few, well known from the glowing blue stars the white kind of fog up, as a way to boost the space or room repeatedly.
Several virtually no guidebook vulnerability management of any camera together with location form, as well as the landscape designs way is completely features on the list of manner, you are able to use landscape designs way to adopt shots. Together with handbook vulnerability restrain photographic camera might opt for aperture goal option that will movie, aperture to help acquired far better pick out F8 to help you photograph or maybe F11, this photo will be extra management concentrations senses.
houses
The particular modify on the urban center is without a doubt switching, specifically together with a lot of approach large establishing intended for symbolize, and also this are at recent many portrait digital photography buffs including firing template.
Yet typical photographic camera through simply how much suitable container distortion, hence as a way to make an effort to reduce the photograph of your deformation belonging to the accumulating " up ", thus you ought to pick around substantial thoughts and opinions filming. One example is inside the steps, or perhaps some other might help the beliefs with area. If you fail to find the correct destination for a reside, you can from the again, clear of the particular lead entity to cut back a distortion. Maybe you've employed the greatest wide-angle standard zoom lens. Vivid stars will be able to replace with a developing with the darkish. Having a polarizer to cut back or perhaps wipe out construction with reflective a glass. In addition to, certainly, consume an excellent know with the can make one of a kind imaginative results.
mineral water
Firing apply or maybe a aerosol in waters, incorporate the use of part mild and also backlight try to make waters intended for introducing see through pattern. Several novices all of coveted by a really "splash with photos, in truth, I am able to effortlessly applied for, so the hurrying h2o glance alot more downy, have got a form of passionate blur. Shutter possibly inside 1/10 so that you can 1/6 erinarians regulate might get move cosmetic perception for splash pics.
Local plumber to be able to sunset taking scenario regarding is usually 15-30 moments, next the stars always possess some colouring failed to ends. As a way to raise the graphic with the amount with subject, can easily on the ending with the passage and also uncover several regarding an individual's special world. It is as well the location where the tripod on has to be, commonly programmed coverage is definitely o . k ., yet you should attempt to utilize hands-on visibility, and also the employment of the particular shutter put out restrain taking, respectively for 2, 5, 8, 12 and also of sixteen secs shutter tempo so that you can capture some photo contrast.
Needless to say now and again continue to are able to use ISO200 to help you photograph, yet so that you can be aware of an electronic camcorder with disturbance handle is normally adequate, when pixels will be overweight, or maybe together with ISO100 contrasting by using base style to help motion picture.
In truth firing night time scenarios, at times to be able to as well do not require that filming with step-by-step developing oh, this streets these kinds of, a small amount convert tips plus aiming design and style, might get the result of experiencing a specialized pattern.
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切込隊長氏の週刊ポストの馬鹿記事に釣られる奴多数、っていうか孫正義まで釣られてｶｰﾆﾎﾞｰ: 切込隊長BLOG（ブログ） Lead‐off man's Blogの関連で。
どうも引っかかってる人は、刑事訴訟法改正案のこの部分が気になっているようだ。
１ 検察官、検察事務官又は司法警察員は、差押又は記録命令付差押えをするため必要があるときは、電気通信を行うための設備を他人の通信の用に供する事業を営む者等に対し、その業務上記録している電気通信の送信元、送信先、通信日時その他の通信履歴の電磁的記録のうち必要なものを特定し、三十日を超えない期間を定めて、これを消去しないよう、書面で求めることができるものとし、この場合において、当該電磁的記録について差押え又は記録命令付差押えをする必要がないと認めるに至ったときは、当該求めを取り消さなければならないものとすること。（第百九十七条第三項関係）
(全文はこちらで情報処理の高度化等に対処するための刑法等の一部を改正する法律案要綱)
これが何を意図しているか理解するためには、通信記録の差押が現在実務的にどのように行われているかを理解する必要がある。
メールアドレスAを所有していることが分かっている者が、犯罪行為を行っていることが疑われる場合を想定する。
なぜ警察からの問い合わせだけでは教えられないのかは、総務省のガイドラインに書いてある。
通信履歴は、通信の秘密として保護されるので、裁判官の発付した令状に従う場合等、
違法性阻却事由がある場合を除き、外部提供は行わないこととする。法律上の照会権限の
ということで、通信記録を出すためには差押令状が必須なのだ。
ここで、今回の改正案を読むと、全て「記録を準備しておいてくれ」にかかっていることがお分かりだろうか。
以上のことから、この刑訴法改正案は、現在の実務上の手続きを担保する目的だろうと、予想する。
ネット規制強化法案とか言ってる奴ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ - はてなでどんどどん
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
へ続く
Metro紙の威力すげえ。
この１～２日の間に欧州中のニュースメディアに「初音ミク」の話が広まってやがる。
・火をつけたMetro紙の記事
Hatsune Miku is pop's biggest draw as Japanese 3D cartoon stage sensation | Metro.co.uk
This Rocking Lead Singer is a 3D Hologram (video) | Singularity Hub
The Virtual Pop Star Hatsune Miku | VizWorld.com
Hatsune Miku is a 21st Century Rockstar | Hybrid Reality | Big Think
BBC Mundo - Noticias - Hatsune Miku: el holograma japonés estrella de la música
http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2010/10/101022_hatsune_miku_holograma_musica_3d_amab.shtml
Hatsune Miku : une idole pas comme les autres
Les concerts de Miku Hatsune, chanteuse virtuelle, rameutent les foules | 24 heures
HATSUNE MIKU - Japans nye megastjerne er et hologram - Side3
・ポーランド語
海外製のフリーのビジュアルノベルエンジン"Ren'Py"の作者が、昨今のエロゲ規制騒動に関して氏のwebサイトでメッセージを掲示しました。
以下に紹介します。
http://www.renpy.org/wiki/Censorship
今まで生きてきた中で、私はさまざまな形のアートに触れてきました。
そして、この5年間にわたってずっと普及に向けてつとめてきたアートの形態が一つあります。ビジュアルノベルです。
文章と絵と音楽が絡み合うビジュアルノベルは、コンピュータ技術を用いてインタラクティブな物語を形作ります。
正しく用いられれば、この媒体は様々な文化圏に渡って真にすばらしい物語を伝えるために使えることでしょう。
ルカ・ジョルダーノ ルクレティアの陵辱 （キャンバス地、油絵 1663）
この数ヶ月、これらの物語の作者たちは規制を求める声に追い立てられています。
他のアートの形態であれば、そのような規制は忌避すべきものと公正に判じられることでしょう。
ビジュアルノベルは比較的新しい媒体であり、美術館や書店で見られるような、他のアートの形態と同様の題材を扱うことは認められない、と
こうした規制の推進者は考えているのでしょうか。
日本政府にお願いします。ビジュアルノベルを、私人に向けて私的に販売される、他のアートの形態と同様に扱ってください。
書籍や漫画や映画で語ることのできる物語を、ただコンピュータの画面に写されているからと言うだけの理由で禁止するというのは
あってはならないことです。
日本および世界中のビジュアルノベル制作者の方々へお願いします。自主規制を求める声に屈しないでください。
あなた方が伝えたいと思う物語、読み手が読みたいと願う物語を語り続けてください。
それ以外の道をたどることは、わたしたちのアートをいかなる意味であれ価値の劣るものとして扱うということです。
そんなことは受け入れられません。
Ren'Py ビジュアルノベルエンジン 主開発者 PyTom
Regarding Censorship of Visual Novels
Over the course of my life, I've been exposed to many different forms of art. And yet, there's one form that I've spent the past five years of my life trying to encourage, and that's the visual novel. Involving text, pictures, and music, visual novels use computer technology to create a interactive stories. In the right hands, this medium can be used to tell truly great stories that span cultures.
Luca Giordano, The Rape of Lucretia (Oil on canvas, 1663)
Over the past few months, the creators of these stories have been hounded with calls for censorship; censorship that we would rightly find abhorrent in other forms of media. Perhaps these censors believe that since the visual novel is a relatively young medium, they should not be allowed to cover same range of material as other art forms — material one can find in art galleries and bookstores.
To the Japanese government, let me ask that you treat visual novels in the same way as other art, sold privately to private consumers. Stories that can be told in books, comics, and movies should not be prohibited simply because they are displayed on a computer screen.
To the creators of visual novels, in Japan and the rest of the world, let me just ask that you resist calls for self-censorship and continue to tell the stories that you wish to tell, and that audiences wish to experience. To do otherwise would be to treat our art as somehow less worthy, and that is unacceptable.
PyTom, Lead Developer, Ren'Py Visual Novel Engine
June 29, 2009
