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はてなキーワード: e durとは
Japan's Holocaust: History of Imperial Japan's Mass Murder and Rape During World War II
https://www.amazon.co.jp/Japans-Holocaust-History-Imperial-Murder/dp/1637586884/
Japan’s Holocaust is a comprehensive exploration of Japan’s mass murder and sexual crimes during the Pacific and Asian Wars from 1927 to 1945.
増 "Well… do you have something you want to tell to Japanese people?"
B "well, I would say something not only to the Japanese, but to many other people. how should I put this?
"Most people began to hate Russians by default. But this war was started by our government, not by us. Of course, we don't want this war, nobody wants it. And I assure you, our people have repeatedly gone to rallies against the government. But always people who participate in such events are sent to prison. Even people on the Internet who express a point of view that the government does not like are jailed for misinformation.
And I will not deny that some Russians have succumbed to the propaganda of our government and are expressing support for this "military operation". But many people in other countries are actually the same. They hypocritically pretend that they are concerned about the fate of Ukraine, although in fact they have only recently learned that this country even exists. In reality, if you ask them "What do they think about the DNR and LNR?", they will have absolutely no idea what are you talking about.
It's good if you sincerely worry about Uraina. But the majority worry about Ukrina and hate Russians only and only because it's a trend that their government has set. In other words, this is the same propaganda.
Well, to summarize, I just wanna say "let's just be friendly to each other." Even if our governments are not friendly to each other, this doesn't mean that we should be the same." "
C*
https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20220429233816
•what do you think about zelenskii
•do you know other politicians except him
•how future is you predict, how future is you want (i mean politically and concretely)
•What do you think about ukranians language law
•how DNR and LNR people life is?
•did you see people which changed after starting this war
•what do you think that Russian army kidnap ukranians
•what do you think about that Russian language uses «в» for any country but «он» for yours?
•and anything you want to say to Japanese
Aの露訳
①の回答
О своем будущем скажу только одно, что после войны усыноввлю и удочерю детей которые потеряли своих родителей
Aの英訳
About my future, I'll say that after the war I'll adopt children who lost their parents in this bloodshed.
Bの露訳と②の回答
1. Что ты думаешь на счёт Зеленского?
Моё мнение, что Зеленский является лучшим президентом, который не бросил Украину и народ во время войны, как сделал это Янукович. Зеленский, его команда и наш народ делают всё возможное и невозможное для сохранения нашей страны.
2. Знаешь ли ты других политиков кроме Зеленского?
Знаю многих.
3. Какое будущее ты видишь для своей страны?
Хотелось бы чтобы территории Украины вернулись в полном составе, так как это было признано международным правом.
4. Что ты думаешь о законе про украинский язык?
Я поддерживаю этот закон, хотя в нашей стране люди общаются на разных языках, в том числе и на русском, но я ни разу не слышал информации о преследовании или конфликтах на этой почве.
5. Видишь ли ты как люди сменились после начала войны?
Наш народ очень сплотился, каждый старается помочь друг другу, война наложила отпечаток на всех, это бесконечные переживания и боль.
6. Что ты думаешь по поводу того, что российская армия похищает украинцев?
Это является ужасным преступлениям.
7. Что ты думаешь о том, что русские для любой страны говорят "в", но в случае с Украиной говорят "на"?
Я считаю что это очень не красиво по отношению к украинскому государству и людям которые там живут.
8. Что ты хочешь сказать японцам?
Хочу поблагодарить за поддержку нашей страны, пожелать мира, добра и процветания.
9. Что ты хочешь меня спросить?
Почему тебя так детально интересует ситуация в моей стране?
Надеюсь всё правильно понял
•what do you think about zelenskii?
I belive Zelensky is the best president who did not abandon Ukraine and the people during the war, as Yanukovych did. Zelensky, his team and our people are doing everything possible and impossible.
•do you know other politicians except him?
•how future is you predict, how future is you want (i mean politically and concretely)?
I would like the territories of Ukraine to return in full force, because this is what was recognized by international law.
•What do you think about ukranians language law?
I support this law. Despite the fact that in our country people communicate in different languages, including Russian, I have never heard information about persecution or conflicts on this basis.
•how DNR and LNR people life is?
skipped
•did you see people which changed after starting this war?
Our people are very united, everyone is trying to help each other, the war left its mark on everyone in the form of endless experiences and pain.
•what do you think that Russian army kidnap ukranians?
•what do you think about that Russian language uses "в" for any country but "на" for yours?
I think this is very discourteous in relation to the Ukrainian state and the people who live there.
•and anything you want to say to Japanese?
I want to thank you for the support of our country. I wish you peace, kindness and prosperity.
D*
増 "Ah, turkestan ban Russian language?"
D "Not really "ban" but "limitation". This sounds more suitable in this case. it is the natural phenomenon for the mononational states. And multinational, actually. Using the one language as official. To strengthen the statehood. Same thing with Ukraine. More separation from the "big brother". That is the point, I guess.
By the way, they strengthened much more after these 8 years. I think it is too late to start an invasion now than these 8 years ago back then in any case. That does not mean that I support it, of course. You knew my point. We talked about it earlier. 🙂 I think that it is just "balls to the wall" (like the title from the one of Accept's albums). Recklessly in a word. It is naive to believe that they have stagnated all this time and have not developed or strengthened.
A*
1) Another Ukranian president that just had "the luck" to get the war. Looks funny and trustworthy. Though he sometimes lacks the experience.
2) Yes I do.
3) I predict OK future for Ukraine, bad future for Russia. Russia lost any trust and contacts that it made for over 30 years. Dark decades ahead. I want good future, with no wars and with everyone helping each other.
4) Ukrainian language law? Well, it's their country. Let them speak what they want to speak. Besides, most Ukrainians speak Russian, and they even have mostly Russian cities, like Khar'kiv. I saw no oppression of Russian.
5) DNR and LNR are basically buffer states for Russia like North Korea with the same amount of freedom. It's hell on earth.
6) Had no information about that, but I had info about killing civilians and looting their homes. It's horrible. Those soldiers are monsters and they do not represent Russia. I don't count themselves as my fellow Russians. They're monsters. Barbarians. Putin's orcs. Not Russians.
7) I say let us use whatever we want. I use "на Украину" simply because I spoke it like that over 20 years and it's the correct one.
8) I love Japan and its people. I wish we could achieve peace and could work together. Please don't think bad of Russian people, we don't support this war. We're the same victims, like Ukrainians. Victims of Putin and his police state.
言いたいことは分かるが、少し比較が雑。今アメリカで起こっていることと同じ筋が通るためには少なくとも、
１福澤諭吉が中国人や韓国人を迫害、差別する一部の現代日本人の象徴になっている
２この像が創設者としての福澤諭吉を讃えるための文脈で建てられたのではなく、迫害や差別を目的とする日本人の後ろ盾をもとに近年になって建てられた
（BLM運動の中でなぎ倒されているアメリカ中に存在する銅像（Confederate Statuesといった、奴隷解放運動に反対し活躍した南部諸州の軍人や奴隷商人等）はJim Crow Laws（黒人の公共施設利用の禁止制限した南部諸州の法律）やキング牧師らが活躍した公民権運動の勃興と共に1900年代！に建てられている。銅像になった人物を単純に讃えようと言う文脈や歴史的重要性といったものを加味して建てられているとは決して言えない（そもそも奴隷制を維持すべく北部と戦争して負けた南部の権力者を讃えようと言うのもそもそもおかしな話だが）。ソース↓
"The most recent comprehensive study of Confederate statues and monuments across the country... shows huge spikes in construction twice during the 20th century: in the early 1900s, and then again in the 1950s and 60s. Both were times of extreme civil rights tension. In the early 1900s, states were enacting Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise black Americans. In the middle part of the century, the civil rights movement pushed back against that segregation."
一応もう少し説明すると、膝の裏に日光（というか強い光）を浴びせると体内時計がリセットされる、という論文が結構前に出たらしい。論文の主張はともかく、朝に膝の裏に30分ほど（時間としては十分すぎるほど長いと思われる）当てるようにしてみたその日から、僕は夜に眠れるようになった。冗談のような話だ。
その論文は Science の Extraocular circadian phototransduction in human (1998) でしょうか？
これに対して、同じ雑誌の Absence of circadian phase resetting in response to bright light behind the knees (2002) では、目隠しをすれば膝の裏に日光を当てても有意な違いはなかったとあります。
In contrast to ocular light exposure, which significantly delayed melatonin phase and acutely suppressed melatonin secretion compared with controls, there was no significant difference for melatonin phase changes between subjects exposed to light behind the knee compared with controls and no acute melatonin suppression during the intervention (Fig. 1).
膝の裏に日光を当てる有効性を示す論文はありますが、日光の当たる場所にいけば十分かもしれません。
だとすると膝の裏とか関係なく、目から光が入るかどうかな気がするけど
膝の裏に目隠しをするという検証もしたんだろうか
2002年の論文では、目を隠してひざの裏も隠す (dark DK)、目を隠してひざの裏に日光 (behind the knees BK)、目を隠さずひざの裏を隠す (bare eyes BE) の3条件で実験しています。
0 lux ocular and behind the knee (DK), 0 lux ocular and up to 13,000 lux behind the knee (BK), and 9,500 lux ocular and 0 lux behind the knee (BE).
そして DK と BK に有意な違いがなく、BE と DK は有意に違うと実験結果を説明しています。
Melatonin data for conditions DK and BK were superimposable during the intervention time (solid bar) for the intervention night and the previous night. BE significantly delayed melatonin phase and acutely suppressed melatonin secretion compared with DK controls (P = 0.003272) and (P = 0.000020), respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference for melatonin phase changes between BK and DK and no acute melatonin suppression during the intervention in either of these conditions (P = 0.943071) and (P = 1.000000), respectively. Significant differences for phase shifts and melatonin suppression were also observed between BE and BK (P = 0.011359) and (P = 0.000016), respectively.
unmin7 膝の裏に日を当てられる状態ってあまり身体を締め付けない服でなおかつ寝転がってないと無理だろ、当然ある程度リラックスするわな。そこにお天道様がポカポカしてきたら流石にちったあ眠くなるだろ。
sds-page 膝の上に猫がいればよく眠れる気がする！
引用した部分にあるように、朝に日光を当てると体内時計が調整される（睡眠に向かわせるメラトニンが急激に減少する）かが対象です。日光を当てれば目が覚めて体内時計が調整されるのが主旨なので、膝の裏を温めると眠くなるのとは逆です。
私はコミットログの書き方に悩む英語の苦手な人間である。実際、似たような人は世の中に結構いるようで、頻出単語を集計したりまとめたものは既にあって役に立つのだけれど、これらはあくまで単語の話であり、具体的な文を構成する過程でやっぱり困る部分がかなりあった。
要するに、どういう時にどういう文が使われているのか、ということを示した例文集が欲しいのである。ググると他にも「例文集があればいいのに」みたいな声はあるくせして、しかし誰も作ろうとしない。何なんだお前ら。それじゃ私が楽できないじゃないか。
ここで挙げているコミットログは全て実際のコミットログからの転載である。当然ながら各コミットログの著作権はそれぞれの書き手にある。いずれも各英文でググれば出てくるし、フェアユースの範囲なら許してくれるだろうと考え名前とプロジェクト名は割愛したが、ここにお詫びと感謝を述べておきたい。
抽出条件だが、参考にできそうなコミットログを多く含んでいそうなリポジトリをGitHubのSTARの多い方からざっと目で見て適当に選び、それぞれ最新コミットから5000件抽出した（あわせて前処理として、コミットログ冒頭のタグ情報は消去した）。
atomのみ5400件抽出していたため、計25400件のコミットログがベースである。このうち、以下の条件に合致するものは参考例にすべきでないとして一律排除した。
こうして残った8540件を眺めながら、適当に切り出したのがこの用例集である。個人的に「うーんこの」と思った表現も、散見される場合は載せた。
ということで、以下用例を羅列していく。
以上の用例をふまえ、今回の参考ログ8540件から先頭の単語を出現回数で並べると次のようになった。
| Add | 1149 |
| Fix | 1014 |
| Update | 584 |
| Remove | 566 |
| Use | 382 |
| Don't | 260 |
| Make | 228 |
| Move | 178 |
| Change | 103 |
| Rename | 85 |
| Improve | 76 |
| Avoid | 68 |
| Allow | 65 |
| Implement | 60 |
| Handle | 58 |
コミットログの基本形はもちろん動詞 + 名詞である。名詞は固有名詞、複数形、不可算名詞が多いが、単数形の場合の冠詞は a が使われるか、あるいは省略される。the はまず使われない。
何かを追加した、という表現では非常に広く Add が使われる。メソッドからテスト、ドキュメントに至るまで大概これでまかなえる。
一方、何かを修正した、という表現では広く Fix が使われる。「何か」は typo や crash といった単語からメソッド名まで幅広い名詞を取るが、動名詞はあまり取らないのと、that節は取らないのでその点は注意が必要である。
Fix は「何かが正しく動くようにした」ことを示し、正しい動作内容が何かを説明しない。そこで正しい動作内容に言及したい場合は Make sure が使われる（こちらはthat節が取れる）。ただし Fix よりもニュアンス的に重い表現と思われ、Fix を使わず Make sure ばかり使うのはちょっとキモいのではないかと思う（Ensure はさらに重い表現っぽい）。
また、Fix は typo 以外でのドキュメント修正に対して使われることは稀である。対して Update はドキュメント、コメント、テストに使われ、本体のコードの修正に対しては使われない。本体コードの修正にあわせてテストも更新したなら Update が使われる。ただ、テスト機構それ自体のバグを修正したなら Fix である。
無駄な何かを単純に除去したなら Remove を使う。これまでのもの(A)から別のもの(B)に切り替えたのであれば Use B instead of A か Change A to B が使われる。新たに何かを利用するようにしたのであれば Use を、利用を取りやめた場合は Don't use を使うことが多い。
何かをしないようにしたなら Don't を、内部実装の効率化なら Make A + 比較級/形容詞 か Improve が使われる。
中身の変更を伴わない単なる名前の変更なら Rename A to B、コードや機能の論理上の場所を移動させたなら Move A to B である。
この辺はリファクタリングと呼ばれる行為と思うが、Refactor というぼんやりした動詞はあまり使われず、このように変更内容の種類に応じて動詞が使い分けられている。
コミットログにはWhyを書くべきだ、というのを何かで見かけたので because とか since を使ったログがどの程度あるかを調べたが、8540件のうち22件だった。基本的に短く、シンプルに、一目で意味が取れるログが好まれる傾向がある。例えば get rid of とか2件しか使われておらず、圧倒的に remove である。
一方で、シンプルな単語だけど開始単語としては使われないものもある。例えば次のような単語である。Expand(9)、Extend(8)、Print(5)、Optimize(5)、Publish(4)、Append(4)、Modify(3)、Manage(2)、Revise(2)、Dump(2)、Insert(2)、Migrate(2)、Enhance(1)、Edit(1) 。いずれもカッコ内は8540件に対する冒頭での登場回数である。結局、より一般的で平易な単語で表せたり、Refactor同様に抽象度が高すぎると使われないのだろう。
8000件もログを見たおかげで、迷いなくコミットメッセージが思いつくようになったのが個人的には今回書いてて最大の収穫だった。たぶんカンニングペーパーを作る行為それ自体が効率のいい学習になるという話と同じだと思う。
このまとめも100以上用例を転載してあるので、それを読むだけでも多少は効果があるんじゃないかと思う。同じようにコミットログ書きたくねぇなぁ英語わっかんねぇなぁと思っている人にとって、何か役に立つところがあれば幸いである。
原文
Mexican drug cartel activity in U.S. said to be exaggerated in widely cited federal report
When Sen. John McCain spoke during an Armed Services Committee hearing last year on security issues in the Western Hemisphere, he relayed a stark warning about the spread of Mexican drug cartels in the United States.
“The cartels,” the Arizona Republican said, “now maintain a presence in over 1,000 cities.”
McCain based his remarks on a report by a now-defunct division of the Justice Department, the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), which had concluded in 2011 that Mexican criminal organizations, including seven major drug cartels, were operating in more than 1,000 U.S. cities.
米国でのメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用連邦レポートに誇張していると言わ
ときに上院議員 ジョン·マケインは、西半球のセキュリティ問題に昨年聴力軍事委員会の間に話し、彼は米国ではメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継。
"カルテルは、"アリゾナ州の共和党は "今1,000以上の都市でのプレゼンスを維持する"と述べた。
マケインは司法省の今はなき分割による報告書に彼の発言をもとに国立医薬品インテリジェンスセンター（NDIC）、七大麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織は、1,000以上の米国で動作したことを2011年に締結していた都市。
米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用される中央政府レポートは誇張と言われて
ジョンマケイン上院議員話したとき、軍事委員会セキュリティ上の問題、西半球で昨年のヒアリングの間に、彼はアメリカ合衆国でメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」アリゾナ州共和党は、今「維持する」1000 都市でのプレゼンス。
マケイン基づいて、司法省を含む 7 つの主要な麻薬カルテル、メキシコの犯罪組織以上 1,000 のアメリカの都市で運営していた 2011 年に締結した国立薬物インテリジェンス センター （NDIC）の今は亡き部門報告に関する発言。
広く引用された連邦報告書の中で誇張されると言われていた米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテル活動
ジョン・マケイン上院議員が昨年、西半球でセキュリティ問題について軍事委員会のヒアリング中に話した時、彼はアメリカでメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する硬直した警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」とアリゾナ共和党員は言いました。「今、1,000以上の都市で存在を維持してください」
マケインの彼の発言は7つの主な麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織が1,000を超える米国の都市で作動していると2011年に結論を下した司法省(全国ドラッグ知能センター(NDIC))の今消滅した部門による報告書に基づきました。
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If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
Fred Jones was worn out
from caring for his often
screaming and crying wife during the day but
he couldn't sleep at night for fear that she,
in a stupor from the drugs that didn't ease the pain, would set the house ablaze with a cigarette
フレッド・ジョーンズは疲れきっていた
泣き叫ぶ妻に日中ずっと付き合ってた
だけど夜になっても怖くてなかなか寝付けない
痛みを和らげてくれるわけでもないその化学物質で
http://jp.youtube.com/watch?v=-Lj_zP5ZT-s
↑かわゆすぎる
Un réseau de canaux galactophores est présent à l'état rudimentaire chez les individus des deux sexes, de l'âge embryonnaire à l'âge adulte, mais seules les femmes, sous l'influence hormonale à partir de la puberté, le long des cycles et pendant la grossesse et l'allaitement, développent la partie glandulaire.
Les seins sont atrophiés chez l'individu mâle, sauf modification hormonale.
Les seins contiennent les glandes lactogènes (ou glandes mammaires) qui deviennent actives en période d'allaitement et produisent le lait maternel dont se nourrit le bébé humain pendant les premiers mois de sa vie. Durant la période de lactation, le lait est secrété par ces glandes mammaires et est déversé par des canaux séparés au niveau du mamelon.
L'essentiel du corps du sein est constitué de tissu adipeux. Les seins voient leur volume varier en fonction de différents paramètres tels que le cycle d'ovulation, la température ou l'excitation ainsi que durant la grossesse. La limite de l'aréole, sa pigmentation et son réseau glandulaire varient avec la grossesse et l'allaitement. Le mamelon est érectile.
Outre sa fonction biologique initiale de lactation, le sein féminin joue un rôle important dans la séduction, l'érotisme et la sexualité. Il s'agit d'un caractère sexuel secondaire.
