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はてなキーワード: surfaceとは
Now, a digital camera is mainly rely on battery with power. Use the battery also has a lot of attention to the place, so that they can make a battery "prolong life".
In order to avoid the loss of the power problem, you want to keep the battery on both ends of the contact points and the battery cover internal clean. If the surface is very dirty words to use soft, clean dry cloth FuShi gently, can never use clean sex or the chemical has the solubility cleaner, such as diluent or contain alcohol solvent composition of the clean your digital camera, battery or charger.
For charging time, depends on the charger and battery, and whether the use of voltage stability, and other factors. Usually the first time to use the battery (or several months used battery) charging, li-ion batteries must more than six hours, the nimh batteries must be more than 14 hours, or future battery life will be short. And the battery and residual power, try not to repeat charging, to ensure the battery life.
Use process to avoid a discharge. A discharge is a power consumption over limit. Otherwise even recharge and its capacity cannot fully recover, for the battery is a kind of damage. Due to a discharge can lead to bad battery charging efficiency, reduce capacity, therefore camcorders are equipped with battery alarm function. So in similar circumstances should appear to replace the battery, try not to let the batteries run out and make the camcorders automatic shutdown.
The preservation of the battery
If you plan to use a long time without digital camera, must want the battery from a digital camera or remove the charger, and the discharge completely, and then stored in a dry, cool and environment, and try to avoid the battery and general metal items stored in together. In order to avoid short-circuited batteries, in batteries need not when, should cover to protect its preservation.
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
nature network のフォーラムをのぞいていたら、おもしろい問題が出されていた。
なんでもGCSE Scienceとかいうイギリスで16才くらいの学生がおこなう試験問題らしい。
問題) 月食がどのようにして起きるについて、以下のような考えを持っている人がいるとする。
月食は老婆が月にケープをかけることで起きる。月の表面にはピカピカ光るコインが置いてあって、泥棒がこのコインを盗まないように老婆はケープをかけるのだ。
この考えを証明する、または否定するために科学者が行うべきことを以下の4つから選びなさい。
A、老婆のことを信じている人から証拠を集める
B、老婆に向かって「泥棒が来た！」と叫ぶ
C、コインを探すために月に探査船を飛ばす
D、指紋を探す
残念ながら答えが書いてない。たぶんBかCなんだけど・・・。
ちなみに原文はこんなん
GCSE Science (Edexcel, 2006)
Our moon seems to disappear during an eclipse. Some people say this is because an old lady covers the moon with her cloak.
She does this so that thieves cannot steal the shiny coins on the surface. Which of these would help scientists to prove or disprove this idea?
A) Collect evidence from people who believe the lady sees the thieves
B) Shout to the lady that the thieves are coming
C) Send a probe to the moon to search for coins
D) Look for fingerprints
英文
（共同通信47News＝K）http://www.47news.jp/47topics/e/93880.php
（毎日新聞＝Mの後半） http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/national/news/20090303p2g00m0dm005000c.html
和訳
（K和訳）http://www.47news.jp/47topics/e/93925.php
（M後半和訳I）http://mainichi.jp/enta/art/news/20090303dde018040076000c.html
（M後半和訳II）http://mainichi.jp/enta/art/news/20090303dde018040076000c2.html
23
（K）a unique, irreplaceable soul enclosed in a fragile shell.
（M）a unique, irreplaceable soul that is enclosed in a fragile shell.
24
（K）and then it begins to kill us and cause us to kill others--coldly, efficiently, systematically.
（M）and it begins to kill us and cause us to kill others--coldly, efficiently, and systematically.
25
（K）to bring the dignity of the individual soul to the surface and shine a light upon it.
（M）to bring the dignity of the individual soul to the surface, and shine a light upon it.
26
（K）I truly believe it is the novelist’s job
（M）I truly believe that it is the novelist’s job
27
（K）stories that make people cry and quake with fear and shake with laughter.
（M）stories that make people cry , quake with fear and shake with laughter.
28
（K）I asked him why he did this, and he told me he was praying for the people who had died in the battlefield.
（M）I asked him why he did this. He told me he was praying for the people who had died on the battlefield.
29
（K）He was praying for all the people who died, he said,
（M）He was praying for all the people, he said, who died,
30
31
（K）transcending nationality and race and religion, and we are all fragile eggs faced with a solid wall called The System.
（M）transcending nationality, race and religion, and we are all eggs, we are all fragile eggs faced with a solid wall called ''The System''.
32
33
（K）The System did not make us: we made the System.
（M）The System didn’t make us: we made the System.
34
（K）in many parts of the world. And I would like to express my gratitude
（M）in many parts of the world, and I would like to express my gratitude
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20090218005155
お疲れ様です。個人的に気になったところ、瑣末なものばかりですみませんが、いくつか述べさせて下さい。
（元増田訳）どうしてこんな事がまかり通っているかって？答えを述べさせていただきます。
（私案）どうしてこんな事がまかり通っているかって？
答えを述べさせていただきます。
＜段落の追加＞
（元増田訳）おびき出して尻尾をとらえようとするのです。で、とりかかるためにまずは、
（私案）おびき出して尻尾をとらえようとするのです。ほんとうの事を創作の場所まで運び、創作のかたちへと置き換えるのです。で、とりかかるためにまずは、 try to grab its tail by luring the truth from its hiding place, transferring it to a fictional location, and replacing it with a fictional form. In order to accomplish this,
＜語句脱漏の補足＞
（私案）重要な条件 an important qualification
＜訳語の提案＞
（私案）ガザに怒りを撒き散らした that was raging in Gaza
＜訳語の提案＞
（元増田訳）私ですが、超現実的になりがちな形に移し替えるのを好みます。
（私案）私自身は、超現実的なものになりがちですが、物語の形に移し替えるのを好みます。 I myself prefer to transform them into stories - stories that tend toward the surreal.
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（元増田訳）メモ書きして壁に貼るほどのものではないです。どちらかというと、心のなかにくっきりと刻みこまれているたぐいのものです。
（私案）メモ書きして壁に貼るようなことはしたことがありません。それは私の心の壁にくっきりと刻み込まれているのです。 I have never gone so far as to write it on a piece of paper and paste it to the wall: Rather, it is carved into the wall of my mind
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（元増田訳）だれか他の人が何が正しく、何がまちがっているのか決める必要があるのなら、それはたぶん時と歴史が決めるのでしょう。
（私案）何が正しく、何がまちがっているのかを決める必要がある人もいるのでしょうが、決めるのは時間か歴史ではないでしょうか。 Someone else will have to decide what is right and what is wrong; perhaps time or history will decide.
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（元増田訳）たいていの場合、
（私案）ある場合には、 In some cases,
＜訳語の提案＞
（私案）「システム」 The System
＜訳語の提案＞
（元増田訳）ときどき勝手に私たちを殺したり殺し合うようしむけます。
（私案）ときにはそれ自身がいのちを帯びて、私たちを殺したり殺し合うようしむけます。 sometimes it takes on a life of its own, and then it begins to kill us and cause us to kill others
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（私案）個人の生の尊厳を一番上まで引き出し、 that is to bring the dignity of the individual soul to the surface （soulをどういうニュアンスで使っているのか、正直よくわからないです。尊いものとしているのは確かですが）
＜訳語の提案＞
（元増田訳）生と死の物語であったり愛の物語であったり悲しみや恐怖や大笑いをもたらす物語を書く事によってなされます。だから日々私たち小説家はまったくの深刻さを創作と混ぜ合わせてやりくりしているのです。
（私案）生と死の物語や愛の物語、人々が声を上げて泣き、恐怖に身震いし、体全体で笑うような物語を書く事によってなされます。だから日々私たち小説家は、徹頭徹尾真剣に、創作をでっちあげ続けるのです。 stories of life and death, stories of love, stories that make people cry and quake with fear and shake with laughter. This is why we go on, day after day, concocting fictions with utter seriousness.
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（私案）人種 race
＜訳語の提案＞
（元増田訳）唯一無二なるものを断固として信じ、自分自身と他者のかけがえのなさを信じ、
（私案）自分自身と他者の生が唯一無二であり、かけがえのないものであることを信じ、 from our believing in the utter uniqueness and irreplaceability of our own and others' souls
＜訳文の調整の提案＞
（元増田訳）暖かみによってもたらされなければなりません。ちょっと考えてみて下さい。
（私案）暖かみによってもたらされなければなりません。
ちょっと考えてみて下さい。
＜段落の追加＞
ご覧の通り、訳文の調整の提案は、元の訳をかなり利用させて頂きました。村上春樹作品を読んでいたのはかなり昔のことになりますし、翻訳の経験も多くはないので、提案の質の低さについてはご容赦下さい。