  |
はてなキーワード: officeとは
最近出た中公新書について、細かい誤りを見つけたんだけどどうすれば著者に届くかよくわかんなかったのでとりあえず増田に放流してみる。
https://www.chuko.co.jp/shinsho/2020/04/102589.html
「ラテン語は、現代では使われていない古典死語であり、ギリシャ語、ゲルマン語などをはじめとした多くの語派を含有した西洋の古典語である」（24頁）というのは、ちょっと世界史や地理に詳しい人なら容易にツッコめると思う。これを校正さんが見逃したのは本当に謎。
ラテン語はギリシャ語やゲルマン語を含有してない。それらを含有してるのはインド・ヨーロッパ語族だ。つまり、こういうこと。
語族・語派・語ってのは目・科・属みたいなもんだと思ってもらえれば（めちゃくちゃ雑な説明。実際には他の言語との系統関係が証明されていないグループを「語族」というので、目というよりは門とか界とかの上位分類に近い）。こう整理すれば上の文のおかしさもわかってもらえると思う。動物の分類に関する本で言語の分類に関する大ポカをやらかすというのはなかなか批評性が高いけど、生物学が専門の人が言語の分類に明るくないのは仕方ないので、校正さんがきちんと拾ってあげるべきだったと思う。日本語でいくらでも情報が手に入る話なんだし。
「japonicusも「日本産の」の意味であるが、これはJapon（Japanのラテン語綴り）に“-icus”の接尾辞を加えたものである」（186頁）とあるけど、ラテン語で「日本」はIaponiaである。これはラテン語版Wikipediaを引いてみれば一発でわかる。IとJはもともと同じ文字なので、Japoniaということ。どうもこの著者さんは、形容詞形から語尾を引けばもとの名詞になる、あるいは、名詞の後ろに決まった語尾をつければ形容詞形ができると勘違いしているのではなかろうか（「中国」に関する説明からも、そう勘違いしていそうなことがうかがえる）。しかし、英語のFranceとFrenchの関係を見ればわかるように、印欧語では名詞のうしろに決まった語をつければ形容詞になるとは限らないのだ。
少なくとも、この本、ラテン語の部分はラテン語がわかるひとにチェックしてもらって大幅に書き直した方がいいと思う。著者さんが、「学名をつけるときの語尾のいじり方」については知っていても、「ラテン語文法」をわかっているようには見えないので（「こういう名前のときはこういう語尾をつける」というのは、経験知であって「文法パターン」［185頁］ではない）。学名をつける側のひとも、-iや-aeといった格変化のうしろにどんな文法規則が隠れているか知ることができたら面白いんじゃないかな。
https://www.chuko.co.jp/shinsho/2020/06/102595.html
「フォカスという名の下士官将校」（35頁）ってあるけど少なくとも近代以降では下士官と将校（士官）ははっきり区別される別の身分である。日本語版Wikipediaでは「下士官」と書かれていて、英語版Wikipediaでは「下級士官（low-ranking officer）」と書かれているんだけど、要するにビザンツ帝国軍は近代的な軍組織ではないので、ある階級が士官か下士官か厳密には決められないってことだと思う（フォカスは百人隊長だったらしい。うーん……）。でも「下士官将校」はおかしい。「下士官」と書くか、「下級将校」と書くかのどちらかにすべき（個人的には、前近代でそのへんの厳密な区分はできないんだから、素直に「百人隊長」と書けばいいと思う。こう書けばどんな地位なのか一発でわかるし）。
「セルビア人の有力な領主コンスタンティン・ドラガシュ・デジャノヴィッチ」（275頁）って書いてあるけど、英語版Wikipediaを確認するとKonstantin Dejanovićなのでどう見ても「デヤノヴィッチ」です本当にありがとうございました。ロシア語の綴りはКонстантин Деяновичだけど、これを見れば「デジャノヴィッチ」ではありえないのが一発でわかる（セルビア語のja＝ロシア語のя）。ひょっとしてギリシャ語だとデジャノヴィッチが正しいのかな？ って思って現代ギリシャ語版Wikipedia見てみたけどΝτεγιάνοβιτςなので普通に「デヤノヴィッチ」ですね。著者さん、さては西欧語の文献だけチェックしてギリシャ語の綴りチェックしてないな？
最後になるけどどっちの本も面白かったです。すごい勉強になりました。上で挙げた点は非常に些細な間違いなので、本全体の価値を貶めはしないことを付け加えておきます。
早く眠れたはずなのに、どういうわけか夜中の三時に目が覚めることもある。ときには、全然眠れなくて薄く延ばされたバターみたいな意識が朝まで続くこともある。そういう朝はしっかりとシャワーを浴びたりコーヒーを飲んだりしても、集中している自分の片隅に寝不足な自分がいる。眠気の塊がころころと頭の中に積み重なっている。
眠れなかったときは体の芯がポカポカするのだけれども、体温計で測ってみても別に体温はいつもと変わらない。でも、そのほてりを脳が性欲だと勘違いするのか、仕事中にすごくえっちな気持ちになってしまう。私がしているのはほとんどが事務作業だから、よほどのことがない限りカメラを使うことがなくて、だから時折上半身裸になって風を感じてみる。ときどき、会社でもこんな格好で仕事ができたら気持ちがいいのに、と思う。お腹がぷよぷよなのを見られるのは嫌だけれど。そんなことをしていたら突然上司から電話がかかってきた。テレワークだから心細いだろうということで週に一度くらい電話をくれて、それに今後の出勤予定についてもそうん段してくれるのだけれども、なんというか、こんな格好ですみません、みたいな気持ちになった。
ときには上半身裸の代わりに、はいているゆるゆるのパンツを太ももまでたくし上げてブルマーみたいにしてみるのだけれど、これは逆に蒸れて大変だった。実際のところブルマーなんてはいたことがなくて、というか実物なんて触ったこともなくて漫画でしか見たことがなく、どんな記事でできているのかも知らないのだけれども、あれが蒸れるものなのかはよくわからない。
我慢できないので、ついつい指が下半身に伸びかける。でも、仕事中だから我慢我慢と自分に言い聞かせて、英文で「feel horny at office（職場でムラムラする）」と検索して、すぐに消す。勤務中なのだ。リンク先になんて飛べやしない。
そういえば受験生だったころ、下半身いじりながらセンターの過去問を解いたら、何もしないときよりも成績が良かったことがあったのだけれども、あれはやっぱり受験のストレスで頭がちょっと変だったのかもしれない。
おかしいのは、仕事が終わると少しムラムラが収まることだ。これって性欲じゃないのかもしれない。というか、えっちなことをしてサボりたい、というだけなのかも。
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A cookie is a small data file that we transfer to your computer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify a user's computer and to "remember" things about the user's visit, such as your preferences or a user name and password. The Service sends cookies to your computer when you access or view the content of us. The information contained in a cookie may be linked to your personal information for purposes such as improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations to your interests, and making the Service easier to use. You can disable cookies at any time, although you may not be able to access or use features of the Service.
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In no event will We, its directors, officers, agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable to you or any third person for any special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequential damages whatsoever including any lost profits or lost data arising from your use of the Service or other materials on, accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory, and whether or not We have been advised of the possibility of these damages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permitted by law in the applicable jurisdiction. You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable for user submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct of any third party and that the risk of harm or damage from the foregoing rests entirely with you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each of its directors, officers, agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless from and against any loss, liability, claim, demand, damages, costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, arising out of or in connection with (i) your use of and access to the Service; (ii) your violation of any term of these Terms of Service; (iii) your violation of any third party right, including without limitation any copyright, property, or privacy right; (iv) any claim that one of your User Submissions caused damage to a third party; or (v) any Content you post or share on or through the Service.
General
By visiting or using the Service, you agree that the laws of UK, without regard to principles of conflict of laws and regardless of your location, will govern these Terms of Service and any dispute of any sort that might arise between you and us.
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There will be no 'back to normal'
New modes of collaboration between the public and private sectors will emerge for future surge capacity - e.g. hotels designed, and part-funded, to act as hospital overspill.
病室に収容されることが上級国民の証になるかも 一般国民？ アパホテルが収容してくれるってよ
The crisis may exacerbate income inequality, since higher-income workers are, on average, more able to work remotely.
Possibly millions of people may suffer permanent health issues (e.g. lung scarring), causing further economic impact.
コロナに感染して今回死ななくても、一生デバフ効果に苛まれることになる＝コロナに感染して肺炎になった時点でポンコツB品扱いに
This also means that many jobs that disappear during the pandemic will not return.
We anticipate lasting interest in remote working models (which may lead to a further fall in commercial rent).
There may be possible acceleration of labour-replacing automation by firms, especially if the cost of borrowing decreases and the minimum wage increases
低賃金では働きたくないでござるなんて甘えている労働者は排除されかねないね
The crisis is accelerating major changes in how we live online, many of which will be permanent - e.g. some firms which can function effectively with a remote workforce will close offices to save costs, whilst many commuters will be reluctant to resume that lifestyle.
Civil rights and property rights are being suspended as governments declare states of emergency; some fear that these rights may never be restored, leading to a permanent erosion of civil liberties.
Uneven enforcement, heavy-handed legal sanctions or officiousness by police and authorities may lead to decreased trust and confidence of the public, and diminished notion of ‘policing by consent’.
上級国民ｗｗ
The crisis has created a dramatic short-term reduction in air pollution and greenhouse gases, as travel and industry have dropped precipitously.
やべぇ コロナのおかげで空気がキレイになり温室効果ガス(?も減りまくり これにはグレタちゃんも大喜び
Although investment in electric vehicles has fallen, if air pollution is shown to be a contributory factor in coronavirus deaths (currently unclear but postulated), this may lead to renewed efforts to remove polluting vehicles and other sources of air pollution.
Restrictions on the trade of exotic animals will increase, possibly also with greater protections for wildlife. (Epidemiologists were warning for decades that "the presence of a large reservoir of SARS-CoV-like viruses in horseshoe bats, together with the culture of eating exotic mammals in southern China, is a time bomb".)
## Accepting the Terms and Privacy Policy
These Terms of Service ("Terms") are a legal agreement between we and you ("you"). By installing or using any application ("Service") you agree to be bound by these Terms. By accessing or using the Service, you agree that you have read, understood, and accept to be bound by the Terms. We reserve the right, in its sole discretion, to modify or revise these Terms at any time, and you agree to be bound by such modifications or revisions. If you do not agree to the Terms, do not use the Service.
Users are responsible for periodically viewing the Terms. Your continued use of the Service after a change or update has been made will constitute your acceptance to the revised Terms. If you do not agree to the Terms your only remedy is to discontinue your use of the Service and cancel any accounts you have made using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuse any user access to the Services without notice for any reason, including, but not limited to, a violation of the Terms.
You represent that you are 13 years old or older. If you are between the ages of 13 and 18, you represent that your legal guardian has reviewed and agrees to the Terms.
## Intellectual Property/Ownership
All materials that are part of the Service (including, but not limited to, designs, text, graphics, pictures, video, information, applications, software, music, sound and other files, and their selection and arrangement) are protected by law from unauthorized use.
We grant you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable, limited scope license to use the Service solely for the purpose of viewing and using the applicable Services and for no other purpose whatsoever. Your license to use the Services is limited by these Terms.
You agree that you are willingly publishing the content on the Service using technology and tools provided by us. You understand and agree that you may not distribute, sell, transfer or license this content and/or application in any manner, in any country, or on any social network or another medium without the explicit written permission of us. We reserve the right to remove and permanently delete any User Content from the Service with or without notice.
You agree that all your communications with the Communication Channels are public, and thus you have no expectation of privacy regarding your use of the Communication Channels. We is not responsible for information that you choose to share on the Communication Channels, or for the actions of other users.
Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
By using the Service, you agree to the collection and use of your personal information as outlined in this Privacy Policy. We may amend the Privacy Policy from time to time, and we encourage you to consult the Privacy Policy regularly for changes.
A cookie is a small data file that we transfer to your computer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify a user's computer and to "remember" things about the user's visit, such as your preferences or a user name and password. The Service sends cookies to your computer when you access or view the content of us. The information contained in a cookie may be linked to your personal information for purposes such as improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations to your interests, and making the Service easier to use. You can disable cookies at any time, although you may not be able to access or use features of the Service.
Third-Party Advertising Companies
We may use third-party advertising companies to serve ads on the Service. We do not provide any personal information to third-party advertising companies on a non-aggregate basis. Our system and the third-party advertising technology may use aggregate information, non-personal information, Our cookies on your hard drive and your use of the Service to target advertisements. In addition, advertisers may use other third-party advertising technology to target advertising on other sites. If advertisements are served to you, a unique third-party cookie or cookies may be placed on your computer. Similarly, third-party advertising companies may provide us with pixel tags (also called “clear gifs” or “beacons”) to help manage and optimize online advertising. Beacons enable us to recognize a browser’s cookie when a browser visits the site on which is a beacon is located, and to learn which banner ads bring users to a given site.
Changing or Deleting Your Information
You may review, update, correct or delete any personal information by changing the applicable information in your profile page on Facebook and/or another social network (s). If you completely delete all this information, your account may become deactivated. If you would like us to delete your record in our system, please contact us and we will attempt to accommodate your request if we are not legally obligated to retain the record.
Security
We have put in place reasonable technical and organizational measures designed to secure your personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorized access, use, alteration or disclosure. However, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized third parties will never be able to overcome those measures or use your personal information for improper purposes. Also please note that email and messaging systems are not considered secure, so we discourage you from sending us personal information through these mediums.
Policy Regarding Children
The Service is not geared toward children under the age of 13 and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under the age of 13. If we learn that a child under 13 has provided us with personal information we will delete such information from our files as quickly as possible.
Disclaimer of Warranty; Limitation of Liability
You agree that your use of the Service shall be at your sole risk. To the fullest extent permitted by law, We, its officers, directors, employees, and agents disclaim all warranties, express or implies, in connection with the website and your use thereof including implied warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement, accuracy, authority, completeness, usefulness, and timeliness. We make no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content of the Service and of the content of any sites linked to the Service; We assume no liability or responsibility for any (i) errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies of content, (ii) personal injury or property damage, of any nature whatsoever, resulting from your access to and use of the Service, (iii) any unauthorized access to or use of our secure servers and/or any and all personal information and/or financial information stored therein, (iv) any interruption or cessation of transmission to or from the Service, (v) any bugs, viruses, trojan horses, or the like which may be transmitted to or through the Service by any third party, and/or (vi) any errors or omissions in any content or for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of any content posted, emailed, transmitted, or otherwise made available via the Service.
In no event will We, its directors, officers, agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable to you or any third person for any special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequential damages whatsoever including any lost profits or lost data arising from your use of the Service or other materials on, accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory, and whether or not We have been advised of the possibility of these damages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permitted by law in the applicable jurisdiction. You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable for user submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct of any third party and that the risk of harm or damage from the foregoing rests entirely with you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each of its directors, officers, agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless from and against any loss, liability, claim, demand, damages, costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, arising out of or in connection with (i) your use of and access to the Service; (ii) your violation of any term of these Terms of Service; (iii) your violation of any third party right, including without limitation any copyright, property, or privacy right; (iv) any claim that one of your User Submissions caused damage to a third party; or (v) any Content you post or share on or through the Service.
General
By visiting or using the Service, you agree that the laws of UK, without regard to principles of conflict of laws and regardless of your location, will govern these Terms of Service and any dispute of any sort that might arise between you and us.
Contacting Us
If you have any questions about these Terms of Service, please contact us at reposting23334.contact@gmail.com
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tut/community/posts/360041971114--Проспект-обороны-11-серия-НТВ-26-03-2020-в-хорошем-качестве-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tut/community/posts/360041948834-26-03-2020-Доктор-Вера-13-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tut/community/posts/360042134313-26-03-2020-Место-под-солнцем-27-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tut/community/posts/360041971194-26-03-2020-Отражение-радуги-11-серия-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tam/community/posts/360042154433-26-03-2020-Жизнь-после-жизни-11-серия-все-серии-сезона-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tam/community/posts/360042127393-26-03-2020-В-шаге-от-рая-17-серия-Россия-1-смотреть-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360042145533--Ничто-не-случается-дважды-2-сезон-13-серия-26-03-2020-в-хорошем-качестве-от-26-марта-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tam/community/posts/360041964814-26-03-2020-Ничто-не-случается-дважды-2-сезон-13-серия-последние-серии-смотреть-от-26-марта-
https://oomnitza.zendesk.com/hc/tut/community/posts/360041963814-26-03-2020-Корни-14-серия-на-канале-СТС-последние-серии-смотреть-
## Accepting the Terms and Privacy Policy
These Terms of Service ("Terms") are a legal agreement between we and you ("you"). By installing or using any application ("Service") you agree to be bound by these Terms. By accessing or using the Service, you agree that you have read, understood, and accept to be bound by the Terms. We reserve the right, in its sole discretion, to modify or revise these Terms at any time, and you agree to be bound by such modifications or revisions. If you do not agree to the Terms, do not use the Service.
Users are responsible for periodically viewing the Terms. Your continued use of the Service after a change or update has been made will constitute your acceptance to the revised Terms. If you do not agree to the Terms your only remedy is to discontinue your use of the Service and cancel any accounts you have made using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuse any user access to the Services without notice for any reason, including, but not limited to, a violation of the Terms.
You represent that you are 13 years old or older. If you are between the ages of 13 and 18, you represent that your legal guardian has reviewed and agrees to the Terms.
## Intellectual Property/Ownership
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General
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## Intellectual Property/Ownership
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General
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https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20200219071929
コピペありがとう。英文として読めるように、文字起こし完成の作業をしている。終わったらここに貼りつけるね。→作業完了したから、この下に貼りつける。
英語版 文字起こし (自動生成）のコピペを、英語として読める文章にした。いくつか聞き取れていないところがあるので、わかる人がいたらトラバで教えてほしい。聞き取れていないところは「(inaudible01)」みたいに番号をふって記載してあるので、その番号を書いてトラバしてもらえると嬉しい。→20日朝、元動画がユーザーにより削除されていることを確認。よって、聞き取れなかった数か所はそのまま放置となります。あいすみません。
あと、増田って脚注使えないんだっけ((脚注のテスト))? いくつか注入れたいところがあるのだが、無理っぽいのでアナログな手法を取ることにした。若干読みづらいかもしれないが堪忍してほしい。
追記: Twitterで書いたんだけど、わざわざ時間を割いて（2時間くらいかかった）この作業をしたのは、YouTubeの自動生成字幕の、8割くらいは合ってるんだけどあとはめちゃくちゃという文面が善意で拡散されることを防ぎたかったため。元の主張を拡散したかったのではなく、誤った情報（変な英語）が拡散されるのを防ぎたかったのです。その点、ご理解をよろしくお願いします。
ソース動画: ※ユーザーにより削除済み（2020年2月20日朝確認）
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtHYZkLuKcI
Diamond Princess is COVID-19 mill. How I got in the ship and was removed from it within one day. - 2020/02/18, kentaro iwata
Hello. My name is Professor Kentaro Iwata. I am a specialist of infectious diseases at Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
Today I entered into[sic]*1 the cruise ship the Diamond Princess, which is, erm, bombarded by a lot of COVID-19 infeciton right now.
And I was removed from the ship on the same day and I'm gonna talk to you why this happened.
I was very concerned of the number of the people who got infected with the COVID-19 disease infections. Then I was wondering why this is[sic](was)*2 happening. I wanted to enter into the cruise ship and wanted to be useful in helping to containing infection there.
I spoke with several people and finally one officer at working for Ministry of Health and Labor called me yesterday, saying that well you can come and enter into a cruise ship and do the infection control works.
And I said fine then I prepared my stuff and I did all the paperworks and arrangement and got onto the Shinkansen from Kobe to Yokohama.
On the way to go to Yokohama I got another call from the same officer, saying, "Somebody didn't like me. So you can't get into the cruise ship." He was not able to say who, and he was not able to say why, but certainly some power over him affected his decision and I was blocked from entering into the ship.
Then after several discussions he found another way that if you could come as a DMAT member, you can come into the the cruise ship. DMAT is the disaster management medical team in Japan and usually deals with a disaster not infectious diseases, but because of the lack of the people who could help people inside a cruise ship to get out of the ship, or the managing of people, and so on, DMAT was requested to enter into the cruise ship.
Because my specialty is not disaster management, so I was not very happy about that, but because we had no other way I said, "Fine, I'll do that."
Additionally, I got another call that some people didn't like me getting into the cruise ship present even as a DMAT member. So another discussion happened then the I waited about one hour in Shin Yokohama Station, and finally the officer find a way. [He said] that "If you work for DMAT not as an infection prevention specialist but as an ordinary routine DMAT officer working under (inaudible01) DMAT doctor doing a routine job, then you could come into the cruise ship."
I was not very happy with that decision, but because there's no other way, so I said, "Fine, I'll get into the ship."
I entered the ship. Then I found the chief officer of the DMAT and spoke with him. I said, "Well I was assigned to the DMAT members (inaudible02) out whatever you want to say." Then he said, "Well, you don't have to work DMAT work because that's not your specialty. You are an infection prevention specialist, so why don't you do the infection control." Then I said, "Fine, I spoke with the superior of him who is[sic](was) in charge of the all the DMAT operations, and he also said, "You are an infection control person, so you should do infection control." I said, "Fine." But he said, "Well, you shouldn't be here as a DMAT member. You should come as (inaudible03) infection control specialist." He was not very happy about that while I was inside the DMAT. But because that was not my decision, there was no other way. So I said, "Well I have to do it."
I looked into the several places inside the ship and it turned out that the cruise ship was completely inadequate in terms of infection control.
There was no distinction between the Green Zone, which is free of infection, and the Red Zone, which is potentially contaminated by the virus.
So the people could come and go, (inaudible04) a PPE, off PPE. Crews were just walking around, the officers of the Ministry Health and Labor were walking around, DMAT people were walking around, psychiatrists were walking around.
And people were eating on the one plate. People were wearing PPE and off PPE, and eating lunch with their gloves on, and just dealing with the smartphone with full PPE, so it was completely chaotic.
And some crews had a fever. They went to the medical center while wearing N95 masks. But he didn't have any protection between his room and a medical room.
And the medical officer was not protecting herself. And she was very unhappy, saying that well she was already infected. I'm sure about that. She was completely giving up protecting herself.
Anyways I (have) dealt with a lots of infections (for) more than twenty years. I was in Africa dealing with the Ebola outbreak. I was in another country dealing with the cholera outbreak. I was in China in 2003 to deal with the SARS, and I saw many febrile patients there. I never had fear of getting infection myself for Ebola, SARS, (and) cholera, because I know[sic](knew) how to protect myself and how to protect others, and how the infection control should be. So I could do the adequate infection control; protect myself, and protect others.
But inside (the) Princess Diamond, I was so scared. I was so scared of getting COVID-19 because there was no way to tell where the virus is. No Green Zone, no Red Zone. Everywhere could have the virus and everybody was not careful about it.
There was no single professional infection control person inside the ship. And there was nobody in charge of infection prevention as a professional. The bureaucrats were in charge of everything.
I spoke with the head officer of the Ministry of Health and Labor and he was very unhappy with my suggestion of protecting DMAT people and other staffs so that no other secondary transmission would occur.
Then after several hours of talking to people and finding problems, I found a lot of issues there. For example, informed consent of getting a PCR from the people in the ship whereas(? inaudible05) on a paper, and that paper was going back and forth, back and forth with the room of the infection from the paper, by touching there[sic](it). So I suggested that maybe it's better to abandon the paper-type informed consent but rather getting the informed consent verbally would be more protective, and so on and so on.
I think I was reasonable. I never yell at anybody, I never criticize anybody personally, but I was trying to be constructive that we try to seek the constructive but immediate improvement to protect everybody inside the ship.
※このあたりから、独自に聞き取っておいてから字幕と照らし合わせるという方法に切り替えたので、ことばとことばの間のandなどを書かない頻度が増えます。
Then about five o'clock, the person from the quarantine office came in and approaced. (He) said, "Well you have to be out because you'll not be allowed inside the ship." Because I was inside the ship as a temporary officer of the quarantine. Apparently my bank(? inaudible06) was removed by somebody, and nobody said who, and then I was out.
The officer who offered me the job of infection control said he was sorry. Then I asked him, "So what do you wanna do? Do you want to infect everybody in the ship? It will be thousands of people who could potentially get COVID-19.
I don't criticize DMAT people. They were infection control specialists. Society of Infection Prevention entered, a lot of specialists came in, but they spent only a few days and they left. And they said they were fearful of getting infections themwelves.
I share the same fear. Because I'm in the same room now, and I separated from my family, I'm very scared of getting infection myself and I'm very scared of infecting my family too.
I'll be out of my medical services at Kobe University Hospital for maybe next two weeks to avoid further infections to occur. That is very likely to occur if you keep zero infection control inside the ship, the Diamond Princess, like this.
You might know that there is no CDC*3 in Japan, but I thought there must be some specialists called on and was[sic](were) in charge of infection control in ship. It's not expecting[sic](expected) (that) nobody was a professional infection control specialist, and (that) only the bureaucrats were doing the jobs, completely layman's work, violatiing all the infection control principles and risking people inside (of*4) further infections, so I'm not very surprised to see many new positive PCR to be broadcasted every day.
Hundreds of people got infected and a lot of people from outside Japan decided to take the people away from the ship and bring them to their home countries by airplane and offered them another 14 days of quarantine. I hope this will be an opportunity to raise a question (about) what is happening inside the ship.
I wish all the international bodies to request Japan to change. I wish everybody to call for the protection of people inside the Diamond Princess. Otherwise there'll be far more infections for passengers, for crews, for DMAT members, for psychiatrists, for officer(s) of the Ministry of Health and Labor. DMAT members consist of nurses and doctors and that they will go back to the hospital they work routinely and they might infect their patients further to spread the disease. I can't bear with it. I can't bear with it.
I think we have to change. We have to do something about these crews and we have to help people inside the ship, their safety and their life.
Again, I am Professor Kentaro Iwata, infectious disease specialist. Thank you for listening.
【注】
＊1: enterは他動詞なので本来はintoは不要。クソリプのような語注だが、英語教材屋なのでそこはすまん。今回は、原文尊重（編集を加えないこと）の観点からそのままintoをつけておくことにした。
＊2: 時制の一致でwasにしたほうがよいところ。これ系の文法ミスはほかにもごく少数含まれているが、原文尊重（編集を加えないこと）の観点から、そのまま文字起こしして、より望ましいと思われる語形をカッコで書き添えるようにした。本来、何も書かずにサクッと直すようなところだが、今回は編集者の処理が見えるようにすることが重要と考えた。
＊3: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 米国の政府機関。
＊4: risk ～ of ... という構文はたぶんないと思うが、書かれた言葉としてはここに何かないと文意が成立しないと思うので、便宜上ofを補っておく。
BBCが岩田教授にインタビューして、日本語記事を英語に先行して出しているので見るとよいと思う。このYouTube動画で説明されていなかった具体的なことも記者との質疑応答で説明されている。映像3分17秒。
感染症の専門家、客船内の感染対策を批判 BBCが取材: https://www.bbc.com/japanese/video-51556982
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtHYZkLuKcI
Diamond Princess is COVID-19 mill. How I got in the ship and was removed from it within one day.
kentaro iwata
00:00
hello my name is professor control yatta
00:04
I am a specialist of infectious diseases
00:07
at Kobe University Hospital kobe japan
00:11
today i entered into the guruship
00:16
diamond princess which is bombarded by a
00:21
lot of copied 19 infection right now and
00:24
I was removed from the ship on the same
00:27
day and I'm gonna talk to you why this
00:31
happened I was very concerned of the
00:34
number of the people who got infected
00:36
with copy 19 disease infections then the
00:40
I was wondering why this is happening I
00:43
wanted to enter into the cruise ship and
00:46
wanted to be useful in helping to
00:49
containing infection there I spoke with
00:53
several people and finally the one
00:55
officer at working for Ministry of
00:59
Health and Labor called me yesterday
01:02
saying that well you can come and enter
01:04
into a cruise ship and do the infection
01:06
control works and I said fine then I
01:08
prepared my stuff and II did all the
01:12
paperwork's and arrangement and they got
01:16
in onto the Shinkansen from Kobe to
01:18
Yokohama all the way to go to Yokohama I
01:20
got another call from the same officer
01:21
say that somebody didn't like me
01:25
so do you can't get into the cruise ship
01:28
the he was not able to say who and he
01:32
was not able to say why but certainly
01:35
01:37
affected his decision and I was blocked
01:41
from entering into the shape then after
01:44
several discussions he found another way
01:46
that if you could come as a woman
01:48
team-up member you can come in at into
01:51
the cruise ship Jima is the disaster
01:53
management medical team in Japan and
01:55
usually deals with disaster not
01:58
infectious diseases but because of the
02:00
lack of the people who could help people
02:02
inside a cruise ship to get out of the
02:05
ship or the managing of people and the
02:08
swansong limit was requested to enter in
02:12
the cruise ship because my specialty is
02:16
not a disaster management so I was not
02:18
very happy about that but because we
02:20
have no other way I said fine I'll do
02:22
that
02:23
additionally I got another call that
02:26
some people didn't like me getting into
02:28
the cruise ship present even as a team
02:30
at members ODI another discussion
02:33
happened then the I rated about our one
02:38
hour in shin-yokohama sessions and
02:40
finally the officer find a way that if
02:42
you work for Team act not as an
02:45
infection prevention specialist but as
02:47
the ordinary routine diamond officer
02:51
working under wounded team at doctor
02:53
doing a routine job then you could come
02:56
into the cruise ship I was not very
02:59
happy with that decision but because
03:02
there's no other way so I said finding
03:04
out get into the ship I entered the ship
03:07
then I found the chief officer of the
03:11
d-mat and spoke with him I said well I
03:15
was assigned to the d-mat members or the
03:17
out whatever you want to say they he
03:19
said well you don't have to work team at
03:22
work because that's not your specialty
03:23
and you are an infection prevention
03:26
specialist so why don't you do the
03:27
infection control then I said fine I
03:29
spoke with the superior of him who is in
03:33
charge of the ultimate operations and he
03:36
also said that you are infection control
03:38
person so you should do infection
03:39
control I said fine but he said well you
03:42
shouldn't be here as a d'emic member you
03:46
should come as the along to infection
03:47
control specialist he was not very happy
03:49
about while I was inside a demon but
03:54
because that was not my decision there
03:56
was no other way Sophie I said well I
03:58
have to do it
03:59
I looked into the several places inside
04:03
the ship and the turned out that the
04:07
cruise ship was completely inadequate in
04:10
terms of the infection control there was
04:15
no distinction between the Green Zone
04:18
which is the free of infection and the
04:20
04:22
contaminated by Paris so the people
04:25
could come
04:26
and go welding a PPE of PPE crews were
04:32
just walking around and the officers of
04:36
ministry the house and the labor was
04:38
walking around d-mat people are walking
04:40
around psychiatrists are walking around
04:42
and people were eating on the one
04:45
players people were wearing PPE and off
04:49
PPE and eating lunch with a club song
04:52
and just dealing with the smartphone
04:56
with full PPE so it was completely
04:59
chaotic and some crews had a fever they
05:06
went to the medical center while wearing
05:08
and nike5 masks but he didn't have any
05:11
protection between his room and a
05:14
medical room and the medical officer was
05:17
not protecting herself and that she was
05:20
very happy saying that well she was
05:24
already infected I'm sure about that
05:26
so the she was completely giving up
05:30
protecting herself
05:32
anyways I dealt with a lots of
05:36
infections more than twenty years and I
05:39
was in Africa dealing with the Ebola
05:41
outbreak I was in another country is
05:44
dealing with the kalila outbreak I was
05:48
in China in 2003 to deal with the sauce
05:52
and I saw many febrile patient there I
05:55
never had fear of getting infection
06:00
myself for Ebola SARS cholera because I
06:07
know how to protect myself and how to
06:12
protect others and how the infection
06:15
control should be SOT I could do the
06:18
adequate infection control protect
06:21
myself and protect others but inside
06:24
princess diamond I was so scared I was
06:29
so scared of getting copied 19 because
06:33
there was no way to tell where the virus
06:36
06:39
everywhere could have Barris and
06:41
everybody was not careful about it there
06:45
was no single professional infection
06:47
control person inside the ship and that
06:49
there was nobody in charge of infection
06:52
prevention as a professional the
06:53
bureaucrats were in charge of everything
06:55
and I spoke with the head officer of the
06:59
Ministry of Health on labor and he was
07:01
very happy with my suggestion of
07:04
protecting Deemer people and other
07:06
staffs so that no other secondary
07:09
transmission to occur then after several
07:13
hours of talking to people and finding
07:16
problems I found a lot of issues there
07:19
for example informed consent of getting
07:23
a pcr from the people in the ship
07:26
whereas on a paper and that paper was
07:30
going back and forth back and forth with
07:34
the room of the infection from the paper
07:36
by touching there so I suggested that
07:38
maybe it's better to abandon the paper
07:42
type informed consent but resolutely
07:44
07:46
probably would be more protective so on
07:49
so on so yeah I I think I was reasonable
07:53
and I never yell at anybody and I never
07:56
criticize anybody personally but I was
07:59
trying to be constructive but we try to
08:01
seek the constructive but immediate
08:05
improvement to protect everybody inside
08:09
the ship then about five o'clock the
08:13
person from the quarantine of his came
08:15
in and approached said well you have to
08:17
be out because you will not be allowed
08:20
to insert a shape because I was inside
08:23
ship as the temporary officer of the
08:26
crown quarantine that he apparently my
08:31
my bank was removed by somebody and then
08:35
nobody said who that the I was out and
08:39
the officer who offered me the job of
08:43
infection control said he was sorry then
08:45
I asked him so what do you want to do
08:48
then do you want to infect everybody in
08:49
the ship it will be your thousands of
08:52
people who could
08:53
potentially get Kovac 19 i don't
08:58
criticize diamond people they were not
09:00
infection control specialists Society of
09:04
infection prevention entered the a lot
09:12
of specialists came in but they spend
09:16
only a few days and to left and they
09:19
said they were fearful of getting
09:20
infections and cells I share the same
09:23
fear because I'm in the same room now
09:26
and I separated from my family I'm very
09:31
scared of getting infection myself and
09:34
I'm very scared of infecting my family
09:37
too I'll be out of my medical services
09:41
at Culver University Hospital for maybe
09:44
next two weeks to avoid further
09:47
infections to occur that is very likely
09:51
09:55
infection control inside the ship that
09:58
brings us like this you might know that
10:02
there is no CDC in Japan but I thought
10:05
there must be some specialists called
10:08
on and was in charge of infection
control in ship it's not expecting
10:14
nobody was professional infection
control specialist and the only the
10:21
bureaucrats were doing the jobs
completely layman's work in the bio
10:27
letting all the infection control
10:29
principles and the risking people inside
further infections so I'm not very
10:36
surprised to see many new positive PCR
10:41
to be broadcasted every day hundreds of
10:44
people got infected and the lot of
10:47
people from outside Japan decided to
10:49
take the people away from the ship and
10:53
bring them to their home countries by
10:56
airplane and offered them another 14
10:59
days of current I I hope this will be
11:04
the opportunity to
11:07
raise a question what is happening
11:08
inside ship I wish all the international
bodies to request Japan to change I wish
11:16
everybody to call for protection of
people inside the diamond princess
11:26
otherwise though we far more infections
for passengers for clues for demon
11:34
members for psychiatrist for officer of
11:37
the Ministry of Health and labor d-mat
11:40
member consists of nurses and doctors
11:43
and that they will go back to the
11:44
hospital they work routinely and it's a
11:47
much infected their patients further to
11:50
11:53
I can't bear with it I can't bear with
11:56
it I think we have to change we have to
12:00
do something about these crews and we
12:05
have to help people inside the ship
12:08
their safety and the life again I am
12:15
professor can't order an infection this
12:18
infectious disease specialist thank you
12:21
for listening
https://gigazine.net/news/20191114-ibm-mac-productivity/
が出てたけど、自分は末端端末の人です。
「Macに切り替えたことにより1台当たり273ドル(約3万円)～543ドル(約6万円)も削減できた」 これはわかんね。調達コストは末端社員しらねーし。Macは提携したし、多分だいぶ安く調達できてるんだとは思う。一般社員はMBAだけど、ラボ系はProが供給されてる。希望者はWindowsも使えるけど、基本「ついてけねー人がWindowsにこだわってる」と若手には思われてる。若い子は基本Mac希望。
それまではThinkpadとかが提供されてたX何とかってやつ。もとからくそ重いThinkpadで飼いならされてるから、Macbookの重さについては誰も何も言わない。
変わったこと
その昔はThinkpadで全員統一されてたから会議室やフリーアドレスの席は全部Thinkpadの電源アダプターの口が出てたけど出なくなった。会議室のプロジェクターはHDMI miniにも互換できるよう、結紮バンドで無理矢理何個かのケーブル人セットにすることで頑張ってた。総務がんばった。客先はHDMIしかないことあるので、営業系は大概変換アダプター持ってる。俺も持ってる。
Thinkpadの赤ポチ信者山ほどいたけど、マウスかMacのトラックパッドに移行できた。トラックパッドは個人的には最高。Windows機はしばらくはLenovo、東芝が選べた気がするけど今はどうだろ。
サポートが減った
これはガチであると思う。なんかうまくいかないってことが激減したし、すべてのものがリモートで解決できる。チャットで相談すると、リモートでポーランドとかどこかの外国から操作して直してくれる。Windowsのときにもあったけど、そもそもの頻度が激減したこと、Windowsの時よりもやりとりがスムーズになってる気がする(ここはサポートチームが使える機能の向上もあるかもしれないのでWindowsでも変わらないのかもしれない) 。
やっぱり気持ち上がる
スタバで使うのは恥ずかしいが、やっぱり見た目の美しさとかはMacに優位性がある気がする。多分ここバカにされそうだけど。
Macのよくないところ
基本Office使ってるけど（エクセルしか使わねーえせえんじにあっす）、Office for MacはWindows Officeでできることができなかったりする。Macで自分が何ができて何ができないのかわからないので、お客様に言われて気づく。
それ以外はほとんど困らない。ほとんど困らないことに、PC黎明期からWindows機を使ってきた人々こそびびったんだとは思う。あ、OS/2とかもあったな。入社した時は車内ソフトfor OS/2がfor Windowsと並んであったことに衝撃を受けた、くらいのおっさんです。
書きたかったのは、Windows派だったのが無理やりMac派にされたけど、「そんな、無理に決まってるじゃん。あ、でも、、、。あ、あれ、、、、もしかして、、、意外と、、いいかも、、、、」となってMac派にNTRたってことっす。
リード・ホフマン (Reid Hoffman) LinkedIn創業者、MITメディアラボ不服従賞の資金を提供
ネリ・オックスマン (Neri Oxman) MITメディアラボ教授、デザイナー
LinkedIn founder Reid Hoffman defended a former MIT official who accepted donations from Jeffrey Epstein (Business Insider, 9月8日)
According to Giridharadas, Hoffman wrote in a second email that Giridharadas was making the situation "all about you" by threatening to resign. In the end, Giridharadas resigned.
Giridharadasによると、ホフマンはメールに、作家でMITメディアラボ不服従賞審査員の Anand Giridharadasに向かって、「（エプスタインとの関係が明らかになって批判されている）この状況はすべてお前のせいだ」と書いて、MITメディアラボ不服従賞審査員を辞任するよう脅した。結果、Giridharadasは辞任した。
A meeting with Jeffrey Epstein led to a gift -- and, now regrets (The Boston Globe)
The MIT Media Lab’s schedule was cleared on a Saturday afternoon in October 2015. There was a special guest and potential donor visiting then-director Joi Ito’s office.
One by one, some of the highest profile professors at the Media Lab trooped in and presented their research, answered questions, and discussed their work with the prospective benefactor: Jeffrey Epstein.
2015年10月のある土曜日、メディアラボの予定は空けられていた。伊藤穣一所長（当時）のオフィスを、特別ゲストであり、資金提供者になるかもしれない人が訪問していた。MITメディアラボの優れた経歴の教授の数名が一人ずつ、将来の支援者ジェフリー・エプスタインに対して、自分の研究を紹介し、質問に答え、研究について議論した。
She discussed her research on how art, science, engineering, and design work together and brought small-scale models of her sculptures. Ito and another senior MIT professor were also present.
彼女（ネリ・オックスマン）は、どうやって芸術、科学、技術、デザインを一緒に機能させるかについて議論し、自分の作った小さいサイズの彫刻を持って行った。伊藤穣一所長ともう一人年長のMIT教授が同席していた。
The day was a success: Oxman’s lab, Mediated Matter, received $125,000 tied to Epstein over the years. And because MIT did not want the disgraced financier to use the gift to help rehabilitate his reputation, Oxman was told it would be kept confidential.
オックスマン研究室は複数年に渡ってエプスタインから合計125,000ドルを受け取った。そして、不祥事を起こした資金提供者が名声を取り戻すためにその資金を使うことをMITは望まないという理由で、オックスマンはこのことを秘密にするよう指示された。
“This is the first and only time I met Epstein,” Oxman said in a statement. “Joi assured me that Epstein was an approved donor who wished to devote his fortune to science and technology, in part to make amends for wrongs he committed earlier in his life.”
これがエプスタインに会った最初で最後です、とオックスマンは声明で言った。エプスタインは自分の人生で犯した過ちを償う一環として、自分の財産を科学技術に捧げたいと願う（MITにより）認められた寄付者だ、と伊藤所長が私に断言しました。
After the meeting, Oxman told the Globe, Ito twice asked her to write notes thanking Epstein for his contributions. She, along with other professors, were invited to dine with Epstein on several occasions, though she said she never attended. And in 2017, Ito requested that her design lab, which often produced donor gifts for the university, send a token of appreciation to Epstein: . . . She complied, and asked lab members to mail it to Epstein’s Manhattan address.
オックスマンによると、そのミーティングの後、寄付に感謝するエプスタイン宛のメモを書くよう、伊藤所長から2度求められた。他のMIT教授らとともに、エプスタインとの食事に招待されたが、参加したことはない、と本人は言っている。2017年、伊藤所長はオックスマン研究室にエプスタイン宛の返礼品（大学への寄付者への贈り物）を作るよう依頼した。（略）彼女は従い、研究室メンバーにエプスタイン宛に送るよう依頼した。
But she also told the graduate student “do not worry, we are *not* sponsored by him, per my direction,” according to the e-mail.
（エプスタインに返礼品を送るよう指示されて、その関係を問題視した）研究室の学生に、「心配しないで。私たちはエプスタインから資金提供は受けていない。私の指示に従って」とメールで伝えた。
結論から言うと、かなりの確率で、収入の大小にかかわらず広告やアフィリエイトやっていると商用利用と見做される。だから、広告貼ってアフィリエイトブログやっている人は、自分のやっている事が商用利用、営利行為だという前提で色々と動くべきだと思う。知ってさえいれば対処はいくらでもできるし。
たとえば、ソフトウエアライセンスなどには商用利用を禁止した上で安価に販売しているものがあるけど（アカデミック版とか）、そう言うのを使って広告やアフィリエイトを貼ったブログやそのネタを作るとライセンス違反になっちゃったりする。
ちょっと前に、画像引用/転載/流用の件について色々と言われている件あったよね。ちょっと気になって調べてみた。
と言う見解が多く見られる。けど、これは結論から言うと間違いだと思う。一般には通用しない。ネット民、それも、サイト経営などをやっている人が多いとされるはてな周辺における感覚のズレだと思う。
いろいろな所の規約を調べたけど、収入を得る契約の広告（アフィリエイトを含む）があれば商用利用、営利で、少量で個人なら営利目的で無い、とする一般的な根拠は出てこなかった。ふわっとしたイメージによる解釈だと危険。
一応ネットで創作活動をしている1人として、自衛のためにどうするべきかを考えたって話です。
どちらの主張を支持するとかではありません。それから、どこまでが引用か、と言う話についても別ね。
まず「商用利用」の辞書的な、そして一般的な法律用語的な意味を調べると
「営利を追求して同種の行為を反復継続する活動」（大辞林より）のための利用、と言うことでよさそう。そして事業規模の大小が問題になるケースはある様だけど、基本的には旅館業法など、特定の法律を解釈するときに使われる例外っぽい。
辞書で調べると
とある。このまた「商用」とは
② 商業上用いること。
ここで気付くのは
というところ。
で、法律で言うところの営業とは？と調べると、こんなページが出てきた。
【業法の『業・事業・営業』の基本的な解釈（反復継続意思・事業規模・不特定多数）】
ざっとまとめると
営利とは「金銭的な利益を得ようとすること」で「反復継続性がある」と言うのは、例えば知り合いに頼まれたから100円で買った物を1000円で売った、みたいなのは「業」にならない、と言うことのよう。
で、広告収入やアフィリエイトは「金銭的な収益をえる」ための契約そのものだし、違う目的のために広告が必須と言うケースは少ないと思うので営利目的そのものだ。設置したらそのまま継続的に行うものなので、素直に判断すると商用ってことで解釈は固いと思う。
ただ、ここで「事業規模で判断する」と言う場合もあるらしい。これは民泊の解釈で出てくるものらしいのだけど、地方で大きなイベントをやるときに、年に数回、地元農家がお金をいただいて旅行客を泊める、と言う場合も旅行業法や民泊関連の許可が必要なのか？ と言う場合には「社会通念的に考えて」営業では無い、と判断するらしい。ただ、古物営業法みたいに一回でもやったら営利だという厳しい解釈もあってよくわからない。
著作権法で、そのままずばりの商用の定義はない。ただ、営利という概念は出て来る。そして、やっぱり事業の大小は出てこないので、広告やアフィリエイトを貼ったら駄目そう。
公表された著作物は、営利を目的とせず、かつ、聴衆又は観衆から料金（いずれの名義をもつてするかを問わず、著作物の提供又は提示につき受ける対価をいう。以下この条において同じ。）を受けない場合には、公に上演し、演奏し、上映し、又は口述することができる。ただし、当該上演、演奏、上映又は口述について実演家又は口述を行う者に対し報酬が支払われる場合は、この限りでない。
まずは前項で説明した「営利」の考え方をそのまま流用できそうなのと、さらに「営利を目的としない上映等」として「営利」とそれ以降を分離せず条件として扱っているケースが多いっぽい。
ということで、この解釈でも金額の大小とか、実施している人が個人である場合は可、といった解釈はでてこず、営利、あるいは金銭の授受の有無のみになっているので、広告を貼っている、アフィリエイトをやっている、と言う事は商用とみて良いと思われる。
ちなみにこれ、結構問題になるやつ。これ山ほど判例があって、かなり厳格に解釈されていてめんどくさい奴です。
https://business.bengo4.com/practices/517
イベントなんかする人は気をつけてくれ。ほぼ身内だけだけど会場費にするからと実費で入場料とったりするとひっかかる
「運営費にするので、目標お一人300円募金ご協力お願いします」と紙を貼って箱置いておくのは問題無いらしい。
これも、上記法律の解釈論と同じ。広告やアフィリエイトは営業。広告やアフィリエイトを貼ったら駄目そう。
国税局はそれが商用なのかそうじゃないのかとかはあんまり関係なく、金が入ったらちゃんと申告して払え、と言うスタンスっぽい。
利益を得る目的で、同種の行為を継続的、反復的に行うことをいいます。営利目的がある限り、現実に利益を得ることができなかったとしても、また、当初、継続、反復の意思がある限り、1回でやめたとしても営業に該当します。
と言うわけで、上記法律の解釈論と同じ。広告やアフィリエイトは営業であり、ただこちらでは「事業規模」という概念が全く出てこない所がポイントっぽい。
ちなみに、このページは印紙税法に関連する文脈からの質問なので、そのあと商法上の解釈について踏み込んでいくけどそこはちょっと話が違うようだ。
この他に、NPO法人や一般社団法人の「収益事業」ってやつの解釈を見たんだけど、こっちはあんまり参考になりそうに無かった。定型的に上げられた業務に入っていれば収益事業で納税対象、そうじゃなけりゃいらん、みたいな感じでNPO法人以外には適応できそうにない。
ただ、ここでNPO法人の場合いくらアフィリエイトをやっても納税対象にはならないっぽい解釈をみつけて、そういえば最近やたらとNPO法人がやっているアフィリエイトブログみるのはこのせいなのかなとか、これはこれで調べるとおもしろそう。
みんな大好きWeb上のパブリックエネミーでお馴染みJASRACはこう定義していて、何らかの収入があれば営利目的と明確に書いている。
情報料または広告料等収入を得て行う配信、および収入の有無にかかわらず営利を目的とする者が行う配信をいいます。
※非営利団体または個人の方が、広告収入のみを得てダウンロード配信を行う場合は、例外的に非商用配信の取扱いとなります（商用配信の特例）。
ポイントは「何らかの収入があるWebサイトでの音楽利用」は商用配信だが「個人の人が広告のみなら特例で非商用扱いにする」と言うこと。だからどちらにしても、広告あり、アフィリエイトありは商用利用になるみたいだ。
JASRACの規約は文化庁に届け出て認可を得るものなので、法解釈よりも営利目的の範囲が広いということはあまり考えられないのもちょっと頭においておくといい。
新聞や一部の雑誌などをコピーする時にまとめて窓口になってくれる団体。
いろいろと調べたのだが、ここはそもそも「私的利用の範囲に含まれないのならば、金を払え」というスタンスのようで、非営利だろうと営利だろうと個人だろうと、料金の別の区分がないようだった。ボリューム割引はあるようだけど。
著作権の目的となつている著作物（以下この款において単に「著作物」という。）は、個人的に又は家庭内その他これに準ずる限られた範囲内において使用すること（以下「私的使用」という。）を目的とするときは、次に掲げる場合を除き、その使用する者が複製することができる。
と言うことになるんだけど、この解釈では「利益を得ようとして複製したら個人的利用では無い」という解釈が普通。たとえば「限られた範囲」というのは、数人のグループのよく知った仲間うち、みたいなのも含まれるらしいのだが、そこで無料で配るならともかく、その中であっても金をとったら私的複製の範囲から超えるようだ。ここでも金額の大小は出てこない。
実際にはWebに不特定多数で上げた時点で私的利用じゃないんで、こんなシーンが実在するかわからんけども、商用利用とはどう解釈されるか？と言うがかりとして。
MicrosoftのLicenseの中には「商用利用権」という概念があって述べている。ここも「営利を得る事を目的」としていて、個人などに対して特例を儲けてない。
例えばOfficeなどは、Academic版などを買うと商用利用権がついてこない。これに関連して定義を確認すると
商用利用とは
と定義している。ここで、素直に読むと「収益を得る事を目的」たとえば「少額なら」とか「個人利用ならよい」という様な概念はない。
アフィリエイト契約は明らかに収益を得る目的になるので、営利目的とされるっぽい。
そのほかいろいろな所を確認してみたけども、少額、あるいは広告収入のみの場合は商用利用とみなさないと言う規約がある所は見当たらなかった。いや、昔はそう言う規約があった記憶があるのだけれど、見当たらない。だれか見かけたら教えて欲しい。
Webが広告収入を中心に莫大な利益を上げる時代になった今、そのような例外事項は時代遅れと見做されているみたいだった。
クリエイティブコモンズライセンスにはND,非営利のみ許可というライセンスが存在する。で、これは非営利の定義が出てきて営利を「主たる目的としない」場合には非営利とみなすことができそうだけどわざわざ特別にそうしているみたい。
「非営利」とは、商業的な利得や金銭的報酬を、主たる目的とせず、それらに主に向けられてもいないことを意味します。本パブリック・ライセンスにおいては、デジタル・ファイル共有または類似した手段による、ライセンス対象物と、著作権およびそれに類する権利の対象となるその他のマテリアルとの交換は、その交換に関連して金銭的報酬の支払いがない場合は、非営利に該当します。
ここでようやく「商業的な利得や金銭的報酬を、主たる目的とせず、それらに主に向けられてもいないこと」と言う解釈が出てきている。おお、ついに、と思ったのだが、これについてこういう解説記事がある。
https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/NonCommercial_interpretation
ざっくり言うと、意図的に柔軟に緩く解釈ができるようにしてある、グレーの領域が多くて解釈には議論がある、と言う事が書いてある。
つまり一般的な解釈だと厳格になるから、CCではわざと緩くした、と言う事のようだ。だからこの解釈は一般的な非商用の考え方として適用は出来ないと思われる。
この他に、他の解釈では、一般的に営利団体にいる上で使用すると営利だと言う所は揺るがないのだが、ここでは営利団体にいても使用する行為が営利で無ければ使える、と書かれていたりするので、ちょっと特殊っぽい。
ただ、最終的に迷ったらNCが付いてない奴にしといた方がいいよ、とも言われている。
広告収入がごく僅かしか無い私のようなブロガーは、広告剥を剥がした方が色々と面倒が無くてよさそう。
ハードルや敷居が低いことと、それをまたいだ後に発生する責任や義務は等価じゃ無いみたい。
