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はてなキーワード: Alwaysとは
恋するおっさんはせつなくて
もちろん、返事はない
正確に言うと
って感じで
返事がある
そうじゃないときは
基本、既読スルー
おっさんには
妻がいて
子どもがいて
彼女には
彼氏がいる
それでも、恋する気持ちは
恋の暴走特急
止めかた教えてよ
ねえ、デンゼル・ワシントン
鳴らない携帯
やまない自己嫌悪
ピチピチのワイシャツ
でも新しいワイシャツは買わない
もうすぐ夏が来るよ
花火大会、いっしょに行きたい
でも行けない
まあ
実家に帰ってなくても
一緒に行くことはないけど
Hey, DJ
鳴らしてくれメロウなナンバー
具体的に言うと
もしくは
というか
山根康広なら何でもいい
山根康広なら何でもいい
瞑想とは何か・・・。上座部仏教徒にとって、瞑想とはなにかというテキスト的な役割を果たすのは清浄道論です。しかしながら、より実践的な瞑想の方法を学ぶためには他の仏典が参照されることもあります。今回は清浄道論でない仏典を参考にしつつ、より具体的に、瞑想とはどんなことをすればいいのかを見てみましょう。
さて、ヴィパッサナー瞑想の詳しい紹介に入る前に・・・そもそも、ヴィパッサナー瞑想はなぜ行われるのでしょうか。それに関して、例えば古代の仏典であるMaha-satipatthana Sutta（大念住経）にお釈迦様の言葉があります。
・比丘たちよ、ここに一つの道がある。その道とは、人々を清め、悲しみと悲泣を乗り越え、肉体と精神の痛みを滅し、聖なる道を得、涅槃を観るための唯一の道である。それは「四つの念住」である。
・この四つとは何か ? 比丘たちよ、比丘は、努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「身」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）身であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「受（感覚）」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）受であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「心」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）心であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
・努力して、正しく知り、気づきをもって、そして世間の貪欲と憂いから離れて、「法（ダンマ）」をただ（自分でもない、自分のものでもない、自我でもない、ただ現象に過ぎない）法であると絶え間なく知覚して住むことである。
すなわち、ヴィパッサナー瞑想をすることによって、知恵（insight あるいは understanding）が強まり、「自身」という存在をより正しく知ることができるのです。そして、その道を極めることによって、最終的には悟りすら得られる瞑想です。
それでは、ヴィパッサナー瞑想とはどんな瞑想なのでしょうか。ヴィパッサナー瞑想・・・といったときに、もっとも有名なのが呼吸を対象とする瞑想です。この呼吸瞑想はどこで紹介されているのかというと、やはり古代の仏典である、ānāpāna-sati（アーナパーナ・サティ）に記されています。このānāpāna-satiは、日本では安那般那念という名前で知られています。
wikipedia - 安那般那念
Anapanasati Sutta（Thanissaro Bhikkhuによる英訳版）
さて、安那般那念の該当部分を見てみましょう。ここにはこう書いてあります。（以下はwikipediaからの抜粋）
Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り（pajānāti）、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知る。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら（paṭisaṃvedī）息を吸おう」と訓練する（sikkhati）。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練する。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練する。
これは呼吸瞑想を紹介する部分です。
しかし、瞑想について具体的に紹介しているのはānāpāna-satiだけではありません。Maha-satipatthana Sutta（大念住経）にも瞑想方法が紹介されています。ここには呼吸瞑想以外の瞑想方法が紹介されています。それを引用してみましょう。以下は英訳版Maha-satipatthana Suttaからの引用と、私による（英文の）和訳です。
"And how does a monk remain focused on the body in & of itself?
では、比丘たちよ、比丘はどのようにして、体そのものに気づきを保ち続けるのでしょうか？
"There is the case where a monk — having gone to the wilderness, to the shade of a tree, or to an empty building — sits down folding his legs crosswise, holding his body erect and setting mindfulness to the fore [lit: the front of the chest]. Always mindful, he breathes in; mindful he breathes out.
ここにある比丘がいます — 彼は森へ行き、木の陰へ行き、あるいは空家に行き — 腰を下ろして足を組みます。背をまっすぐに伸ばし、そして気づきを（胸の）前部へと向けます。そして、常に気づきをもって、彼は入息します。気づきをもって、出息します。
"Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long.' Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'; or breathing out short, he discerns, 'I am breathing out short.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out sensitive to the entire body.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.' Just as a skilled turner or his apprentice, when making a long turn, discerns, 'I am making a long turn,' or when making a short turn discerns, 'I am making a short turn'; in the same way the monk, when breathing in long, discerns, 'I am breathing in long'; or breathing out long, he discerns, 'I am breathing out long' ... He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication.' He trains himself, 'I will breathe out calming bodily fabrication.'
長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。短く息を吸っているときには「私は短く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、短く息を吐いているときには「私は短く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吸う息）を静めて息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は身行（＝吐く息）を静めて息を吐こう」と訓練します。あたかも熟練したろくろ工、あるいはその弟子が、ろくろの紐を長く引っぱれば、「私は紐を長く引っぱる」と知り、紐を短く引っぱれば、「私は紐を短く引っぱる」と知るように。これと同じように、比丘が長く息を吸っているときには「私は長く息を吸っている」とはっきり知り、長く息を吐いているときには「私は長く息を吐いている」とはっきり知ります。・・・「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吸おう」と訓練します。「私は全身の感覚を把握しながら息を吐こう」と訓練します。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or externally on the body in & of itself, or both internally & externally on the body in & of itself. Or he remains focused on the phenomenon of origination with regard to the body, on the phenomenon of passing away with regard to the body, or on the phenomenon of origination & passing away with regard to the body. Or his mindfulness that 'There is a body' is maintained to the extent of knowledge & remembrance. And he remains independent, unsustained by (not clinging to) anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
このように、比丘は内部から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、外部から体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、内部・外部両方から、体そのものに対して気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘は体に関する現象の発生に気づきを保ちます。体に関する現象の消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、体に関する現象の発生と消滅に気づきを保ちます。あるいは、比丘の「体が存在する」という気づきは知識と想起（注１）の範囲で保たれます。そして比丘は独立を保ち、世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when walking, the monk discerns, 'I am walking.' When standing, he discerns, 'I am standing.' When sitting, he discerns, 'I am sitting.' When lying down, he discerns, 'I am lying down.' Or however his body is disposed, that is how he discerns it.
さらに加えて、比丘が歩いているとき、この比丘は「私は歩いている」とはっきりと知ります。立っているとき、この比丘は「私は立っている」とはっきり知ります。座っているときには、「私は座っている」とはっきりと知ります。横たわっているときには、「私は横たわっている」とはっきりと知ります。あるいは、体がどのような状態になるのであれ、はっきりとその状態を知ります。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものを内部から、あるいは外部から、あるいはその両方から気づきを保つ方法です。そして・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに気づきを保つ方法です。
"Furthermore, when going forward & returning, he makes himself fully alert; when looking toward & looking away... when bending & extending his limbs... when carrying his outer cloak, his upper robe & his bowl... when eating, drinking, chewing, & savoring... when urinating & defecating... when walking, standing, sitting, falling asleep, waking up, talking, & remaining silent, he makes himself fully alert.
さらに加えて、比丘が前に進むとき・戻ってくるとき、この比丘は自身に完全に注意を払います。何かに目を向けるとき・目をそむけるときも同様に・・・手足を伸ばすとき・曲げるときも同様に・・・自分の外套（コートなど）を運ぶとき、自分の上着・お椀を運ぶときも同様に・・・食べるとき、飲むときに、噛むとき・味わうときも同様に・・・排尿するとき・排便するときも同様に・・・歩くとき、立つとき、座るとき、眠りに落ちる時、起きるとき、話すとき・沈黙するとき、比丘は自身に完全な注意を払います。
"In this way he remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or focused externally... unsustained by anything in the world. This is how a monk remains focused on the body in & of itself.
これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。あるいは体そのものを外部から・・・世界の何物にも執着しません。これが比丘が体そのものに対して気づきを保つ方法です。
基本的には上記がヴィパッサナー瞑想だと考えればよいでしょう。このヴィパッサナー瞑想は近代の指導者たちに、さまざまに解釈されています。
注1 ここで、「想起」という言葉は「思い出す」という意味です。
あとで直す（かもしれない）→ あきらめた 無理
あと下のほうにコメントつけた （こういうときはどうするのが普通なんだ？）
タイトルを補足しておく
・985を取ったのはもうずっと前なので公式にはもう私TOEIC985ですとは言えない
・まぐれで取れた点ってわけではない
そんな俺様がLet It Goを何度も繰り返し聴きながら書き取ってみた
・ほんとうに何度も何度も聞いた これ以上聞いてももうこれ以上直せない
・わからないところもとにかく何か書いた
これが985取れる人間の中でどれくらいのレベルなのかはよくわからん（あまり高いほうだとは思えないが）
何か考えるきっかけになれば、と思う
何度か受けてたらだんだん点数が上がってきた、ってだけ
前置きが長くなったがリスニング結果だ
本当の歌詞はググれば出てくるだろう
The snow grows white a mountain night
Not a footprint to be seen
A kingdom of isolation and it looks like I'm a queen
The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside
Can you keep it in heaven knows I'd lied
Don't let them in, don't let them see
Be the good girl, you always have to be
Don't let them know
Well, now they know
I don't care what they are going to stay
The cold never bother me any way
makes everything seem small
And that feel the one control me
To test the remen? then breaks rule
No right, No wrong
No rules for me
I'm free
Here I stand
My power flory? through the air into the ground
My soul this spiral ringing frozing fracteurs? all around
I one thought crystalizing like in rizy? blast
I'm never going back
The past is in my past
When I like the break of dawn
Here I stand
Men? my lie? of day
The cold never bother me any way
以下コメント
まあコレは異常なケースと思ったほうがいいかもしれん
＞ around my doorって何ぞｗｗｗ
とは言え同意せざるを得ない 何ぞｗｗｗ
＞ 「R」と「L」の違いが分からないのに
sとthもわかってないぞ あとbとvとかもな 発音はできてるらしい
ちょっと負けん気出してTOEFL受けてみたくなったが小遣いがもったいない
ちなみに妻子持ちのおっさんだ
ハマスのリーダーは，第二次世界大戦時の日本軍の幹部と同じメンタリティではないか．
でも，パレスチナの市民は1秒でもはやく，悪魔でも誰でもいいからこの争いをやめさせてくれというのが本音だろう．
なのに，インタビュアーの質問にまともに答えず，「イスラエルは数百人の市民を殺した」と強調するばかり．
そもそもBBCがインタビュアーというだけで偏りまくっている気はする．
インタビューが終わってから，(表面的な)笑顔で握手して談笑しているシーンが流れるのにも違和感．(こんなもんなの？)
これは，正に村上春樹の言うところの，卵と壁，です．私は卵の側に立つ．
"Between a high, solid wall and an egg that breaks against it, I will always stand on the side of the egg."
Viagra best buy. Montgomery the first this exact picture tattooed though they are always this shirt is very.
The government will put with a title such cents for every 20.
Viagra best buy. Montgomery the first this exact picture tattooed though they are always this shirt is very.
The government will put with a title such cents for every 20.
今宵山中は雪が白く閉ざし
その女王こそがあたし
風は吼える あたしの心の様に
抑えても噴き出した
神も見捨てるあたしの業
誰も来ないで
誰も覗かないで
いい子であらねばならない業
この気持ちすらも秘密
知られてはならない
知られてしまった
知らね 知ーらね
知らね 知ーらね
そっぽ向いて 全部拒否
知ったことか
何とでも誹れ
世界滅べ
寒さには慣れてる
あたしを苛んだ苦悩
あたしには今は無力
今こそあたしの力を示す時
限界をぶち破れ
あたしはあたしだ
知らね 知ーらね
あたしは暴風 あたしは荒天
知らね 知ーらね
あたしが泣かされるなどあり得ない
あたしは起ち上がる
あたしは此処に居る
世界滅べ
あたしの力は天地を貫き
あたしの魂は渦を巻いて世界を覆う
想いは凍てつく風となって顕れる
あたしは顧みない
過去は捨てた
知らね 知ーらね
夜明けの様にあたしは起つ
知らね 知ーらね
都合のいい子なんか知らね
あたしは起ち上がる
光輝きながら
世界滅べ
寒さには 慣れてる
The snow glows white on the mountain tonight
Not a footprint to be seen.
and it looks like I'm the Queen
The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside
Couldn't keep it in;
Heaven knows I tried
Don't let them in,
don't let them see
Be the good girl you always have to be
don't let them know
Well now they know
Can't hold it back anymore
I don't care
what they're going to say
The cold never bothered me anyway
Makes everything seem small
And the fears that once controlled me
It's time to see what I can do
To test the limits and break through
No right, no wrong, no rules for me,
I'm free!
I am one with the wind and sky
Here I stand
My power flurries through the air into the ground
My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around
And one thought crystallizes like an icy blast
I'm never going back, the past is in the past
And I'll rise like the break of dawn
Here I stand
In the light of day
In this world today while we're living some folks say the worst of us they can
But when we are dead and in our caskets they always slip some lilies in your hand
Won't you give me my flowers while I'm living and let me enjoy them while I can
Pleae don't wait till I'm ready to be buried and then slip some lilies in my hand
In this world is where we need the flowers a kind word to help us get along
If you can't give me flowers while I'm living
Then please don't throw 'em when I'm gone
Won't you give me my flowers...
この世でおれらが生きてるうちは
口をきわめて罵るやつら
だけど、おれらがくたばって、棺桶の中におさまれば
手に握らせるユリの花
花を供えてくれるなら、生きてるうちにしておくれ……
ニホンウナギがどれぐらい終わっているのかについての図 - Muchonovski always get it wrong
生き物を食材として全て食い尽くすとか何処の未開拓人だよとか思ってたんですけど、
まさか日本で見られる（予定）とは思って無くてビックリしました。
1回食べて、「あ〜まあうまいんじゃない？」ぐらいのレベルだと思うんですけど、
美食家の方達によるとそうじゃないらしい。
爪楊枝を加えてシーシーしている美食家を前に
「ウナギの旨さがわからない」等と口を滑らせてしまうと、もうおしまい。
美食家がシーシーしていた爪楊枝を放り投げ、まるで獲物を見つけたウナギのように目を黒々と光らせて詰め寄ってくる。
ふがふが鼻息の荒くしながら「お前は本当にうまいウナギを食ったことがないんだな、可哀相に。俺が食わせてやるよ」と、臨戦態勢に。
「あれやこれや、ウナギの何処が上手い、ここが他と違う。彼処の店のウナギを食ってみろ。」と
ウナギのようなつかみ所のないヌルヌルとしたご高説を承り、仕舞には
「ウナギは滋養強壮栄養豊富、一匹食べれば1000万メートル」などと某グリコのキャッチコピーでチャンチャンときたもんで。
「はあ、そうだったのか、自分が馬鹿だったのか」とぽっきり心の串が折れた日には、
ウナギは美味いと言う認識が頭に伝染して、食わずしてウナギ美食家の一丁出来上がりときたもんです。
ウナギ美食家1人が10人になり、10人が1000人になり、そのまま1億人がウナギ美食家になってしまい、
ムシャムシャ食べられ続けたウナギはそのまま絶滅。後の時代ウナギ絶滅事件の事を、ネズミ講ならぬウナギ講と呼んだとか。
そうだ、元はと言えば土用の丑の日を作ったエレキテルさんが悪いに違いない。
と思ったもののエレキテルさんは獄中で死亡し、檻に焼かれて蒲焼きになってしまったそうな。
その後、ショボショボと炭火焼の様な形で御用もないのに土用の丑の日は生き続けていたらしいが、
近年になってウナギ養殖業者と美食家が「客寄せのためにウナギを使った土用の丑の日の文化をもう一度！ワンモア！」と
ウナギカムバックキャンペーンを発展させたところコレが大いに受けてしまった。
「ウナギを食うのは土用の丑の日？そんなもん元から土曜に食ってないから関係ないだろ？」と暴徒化してしまい、
水中に隠れたウナギをこれでもかこれでもかと掴み取り、躍り食い、炙り焼き。
難なく逃れた最後の一匹は2014年5月に確認されたきりとなってしまった。
やはり美食家が悪いな
俺は今中国に留学している。ところで、今日は香港人の友達から、日本人にインタビューをしたい友達がいるから紹介させてくれと言われた。
その香港人の友達が俺に英語で送ってきた質問が以下。それに対する俺の答えも載せてる。
まあ、中国にはこんな一面もあるのですよという報告です。よかったら見てけよ。
こんにちは^_^
Thank you for accepting my interview. These are my question.
1. How long have you been to China?
2. What's your impression of China and Chinese people before? Have your impression of China or Chinese people changed a lot since you came to China for study?
3. As you know, China-Japan relationship is not quite good in recent days because of the SENKAKU ISLANDS(DIAOYU ISLANDS) dispute. How do you think about it?
4. Few weeks ago, there are many anti-Janpan protests over China. And I know that Japan doesn't have this kind of protest. As you are a Janpanese, how doyou think bout the protest in China by comparing your country?
That's all my questions. Hope that none of them would make annoy. Thank you for your time and kindness again.
以下は俺からの返事。
hi kit!
1. How long have you been to China?
a.
1 year. from 2012.2~2013.1
2. What's your impression of China and Chinese people before? Have your impression of China or Chinese people changed a lot since you came to China for study?
a.
My impression before i coming shanghai has never changed....in fact, some people is noisy, no manner, and there are garbage on streets. but my image that chinese people is honest and they are good at merchandise is also true actually.
The changed point is ....fact that chinese elite is not so smart. I mean they are good at studying and getting a good score on the paper test but they dont have mind of creation. Deeply thinking, there are nothing good product originated in china...many are made in america or japan. Basement of economic of china is rehash...? and that have not still changed? that culture make chinese elite boring? anyway, i can meet earnest guy easily, but it is difficult to find guy beyond my mind. their opinion tend to be like newspapers, just there is little different from which newspaper they choose as their opinion.
more or less, i have some prejudice. what do u think about it?
3. As you know, China-Japan relationship is not quite good in recent days because of the SENKAKU ISLANDS(DIAOYU ISLANDS) dispute. How do you think about it?
a.
As many japanese, i also think diaoyudao is japanese. also historically...lol
And i wanna present u two mistakes made by both country.
from japanese side..... goverment shouldnt buy that island. buying is too radical and they dont know chinese calture...讲究面子.
after that, chinese goverment cant go back.....for thier mianzi and national interest.
from chinese side... chinese goverment always choose radical way especially in territory problem and always depends on their force... not only with japan but also with vietnam, philipine...
4. Few weeks ago, there are many anti-Janpan protests over China. And I know that Japan doesn't have this kind of protest. As you are a Janpanese, how doyou think bout the protest in China by comparing your country?
the people taking part in is no manner and selfish...i think.
thank u kit, anyway i love china, and i wanna live in chinese world( shanghai ,hongkong, singapole if i can!) after graduating university.
こういうのを望んでいるなら、不可能。
var i = 10; [1,2,3, ... ,99,100].each(function(i) { // 何かの処理 }); console.log(i); // 10と出て欲しい
jashkenasはこう主張している
if they do clash, shadowing the variable is the wrong answer. It completely prevents you from making use of the original value for the remainder of the current scope. Shadowing doesn't fit well in languages with closures-by-default ... if you've closed over that variable, then you should always be able to refer to it.
衝突が起こるとしても、変数の隠蔽(shadowing)は間違った解決法だ。スコープ内のその他のすべての変数に関して、オリジナルの値の利用を完全に塞いでしまう。隠蔽は、クロージャが標準(closures-by-default)な言語にはうまくマッチしない。その変数を閉じ込めているならば、常に参照出来るべきだ。
ソース：http://www.sixapart.jp/techtalk/2012/01/coffeescript.html
Hi. I am the author of "Interviewed 20 Greeks". There are lots views about Greeks on the Japanese web, but most Japanese people haven't had a discussion with Greeks on the recent crisis. We have to imagine other's emotions in order to understand them correctly. When we discuss the world, we have to be actors or novelists. Of course, it is not always true that understanding is accepting. Even if we don't feel sympathy for somebody, we need to correctly know his emotion in order to know his view or logic.
As you can see, it is difficult to say that my English is sophisticated. However, I can communicate with non-Japanese speakers by this. I can do. Of course, you must be able to do. Why don't you have any attempt to communicate with foreign people? Although you have ways to listen to, why do you ignore players' voices? Tell me the reason why you think that you can say something about Greece without talking with Greeks.
Honestly speaking, I don't want to show you my English skill, because Japanese people often criticize other Japanese people's linguistic skills. The reason why I did that is because I want you to know that it is possible to know the world more deeply by your English. Unfortunately, many Japanese people are virtually blind on the world. Our views are often "galapagostic".
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Get ready for open-air wedding party digital photography training on Leeds
Before training is essential regarding wonderful photos while in the wedding gowns. The backdrop, make-up, and also costume outfit distressed through the young couples participate in an important function in level of quality associated with beautiful photos furthermore lighting products and laptop keyboard additionally dslr camera settings. A great digital photographer would go on a very few check vaccinations on the open-air websites you end up picking just for wedding and reception photography in advance of taking particular marriage ceremony shots to establish in cases where illumination spot as well as other practical requirements will be attained to generate good shots.
Advised regions regarding wedding and reception photos
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FreeBSD security run output (cron@/usr/local/etc/periodic/security/415.rkhunter)
Running rkhunter...
Warning: The file '/etc/passwd' exists on the system, but it is not present in the rkhunter.dat file.
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.security.rkhunter.user/2584
the cron job running RKH uses a PATH which includes /etc and as such RKH sees /etc/passwd as a command (and so to be checked).
But when the user runs 'rkhunter --propupd' his PATH doesn't include /etc and so /etc/passwd is not recorded in the rkhunter.dat file.
USER_FILEPROP_FILES_DIRS="/etc/passwd"to your config file. RKH should then always see the file regardless of the PATH.
# rkhunter --propupd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 115 # rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd Filename is not in the "rkhunter.dat" file: /etc/passwd # env PATH=${PATH}:/etc rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd Filename is not in the "rkhunter.dat" file: /etc/passwd # env PATH=${PATH}:/etc rkhunter --propupd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 116 # env PATH=${PATH}:/etc rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 1 of 116 # rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 0 of 115 # rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd Filename is not in the "rkhunter.dat" file: /etc/passwd
# rkhunter --propupd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 115 # echo 'USER_FILEPROP_FILES_DIRS="/etc/passwd"' >> /usr/local/etc/rkhunter.conf # rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd Filename is not in the "rkhunter.dat" file: /etc/passwd # env PATH=${PATH}:/etc rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd Filename is not in the "rkhunter.dat" file: /etc/passwd # rkhunter --propupd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 116 pen4# rkhunter --propupd /etc/passwd [ Rootkit Hunter version 1.3.8 ] File updated: searched for 167 files, found 1 of 116
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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Digital camera battery is the key for the key, second in importance only lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph in your heart, a powerful battery to provide power as a follow-up is essential. But even the best battery time, if not properly carry out maintenance and maintenance, will not take long to lose the strong power, so battery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section) digital camera battery for the duration of use, not just its quality, power on, in fact, the use of operations with the user also has great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the camera on the camera bag inside, or on the cupboard, took out the battery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive to battery protection.
If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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