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はてなキーワード: Wasとは
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110819001124
集まるっていいうから
わざわざ予定あけて行ってやったのに
研究発表のはなしおｗ
すると思ってたのに
周りの男子の品評と
恋愛話だった
なるべく発言しないようにしてたら
「彼氏いるの？」って聞かれて
あとからバレて気まずくなってもと思って
正直に答えたら
「やっぱり」って。だったら聞くな。
そのぐらいあるわ、バカ。
I managed my schedule and went to see my colleagues at the course of seminar, because they said all the girls were coming.
I thought we were going to talk about our presentation of studies after the summer vacation. However, all they did was to gossip about male colleagues and their love affairs.
I talked as little as possible, when someone asked me if I have a boyfriend. I thought I might be in an embarrassing situation if they knew that I lied, and said No, honestly.
She said, "I know." Don't ask me if you know that.
She even asked if I "have ever talked with boys".
Of course I have. Nuts to you!
- [ ] I don't feel angry and hate.
- [ ] I still cry, worry and sad. That is ok. Life is not that simple to anybody
- [ ] What I really want is for you to be happy.
- [ ] I still want to disappear sometimes because I can't imagine I can be happy without you. You changed my life definition of happiness.
- [ ] this line needs to be considered
- [ ] But I always could not do it. There are too many people around me to do that.
- [ ] this line is not good.
- [ ] So I'm very lucky that I got a lot of friends and words that I need at the moment I need. I was thinking in a different way sometimes. But now I can see I am very lucky.
- [ ] You changed me a lot. There's a lot of things i know in my mind. You gave me a chance to make that happen.
日付は 2008 年 4月になってる。
先日の（はてブも何もしなかったからタイトル忘れた）、女子サッカー優勝の件で、お前ら騒ぎすぎなんだよm9(^Д^)ﾌﾟｷﾞｬｰな人が居たような気がするから書いてみる。
といっても、私が書くわけじゃなくて某所で見た沢選手のインタビュー記事なんだけどな
澤選手のあるコメント
アメリカでは美談として流れているものの
何故か日本では報道や掲載されないのだ
日本語コメントの英訳を再び和訳する事に違和感ながら
日本のマスゴミが報道しない為にあえて和訳する
http://sports.yahoo.com/soccer/news;_ylt=AmArrRdFEVrJjWgo3hlE1WA5nYcB?slug=ro-rogers_japan_win_pay_tribute_tsunami_071711
澤選手のコメント：
“We knew that what we were doing here could be about a little more than just a football tournament. If winning this makes one person, someone who lost something or someone or was hurt or damaged by the events that touched our country, feel better for even one moment, then we have really achieved a most special thing. If it makes everyone happy and joyful and gives them a reason to cheer after such difficult times, then we have been successful. Japan has been hurt and so many lives have been affected. We can not change that but Japan is coming back and this was our chance to represent our nation and show that we never stop working. This is like a dream to us and we hope our country shares it with us.”
「我々のしていることは、ただサッカーをするだけではないことを、意識してきた。我々が勝つことにより、何かを失った人、誰かを失った人、怪我をした人、傷ついた人、彼らの気持ちが一瞬でも楽になってくれたら、私達は真に特別な事を成し遂げた事になる。こんな辛い時期だからこそ、みんなに少しでも元気や喜びを与える事が出来たら、それこそが我々の成功となる。日本は困難に立ち向かい、多くの人々の生活は困窮している。我々は、それ自体を変えることは出来ないものの、日本は今復興を頑張っているのだから、そんな日本の代表として、復興を決して諦めない気持ちをプレイで見せたかった。今日、我々にとってはまさに夢のようで有り、我々の国が我々と一緒に喜んでくれるとしたら幸いです」
http://yanashu.tumblr.com/post/7801129614
サッカーが好きな人が、サッカーで勝つこと以上の何かを望むことは傲慢なのかもしれない。
だけど、私も（日本代表のしたことに比べると些細なものだが）自分の仕事をするとき、この仕事がクライアント、そのお客さん、そのまたお客さん…といった大勢の人に「いいな！」と言ってもらえるものを…と、いつも考えてる。
スポーツで自国の選手が勝った・負けたで一喜一憂するのは、そりゃチームが国ごと編成で戦ってるからで、
ソレを「ナショナリズムどうのこうの！」と不快に感じてしまうなら、国別やめようぜ・とFIFA辺りに送ることができるような提案書・というかアイディアを本気だして考えたら、なかなか面白いかもしれない。
で、表題のとおり、スポーツで「日本代表」の人達が頑張る事を、日本の人が応援したり・喜んだりすることってのは、そんな変なことじゃないと思うんだ。
でも環境っていうのはすごく大事で、女の子がサッカーすること自体珍しい国では世界を目指す！とか、なかなか期待できないだろうし
もっとスポーツのエリート教育ガンガンやってる国だったら逆に、物心ついた頃には既に差はできてて、夢見るレンジも狭まってたかもしれない。
「もしかしたら同級生の●●ちゃん」が、そこで頑張ってるかもしれない事実、
自分と同じ条件下、そういう子達が夢を掴んだ事実、こういうのも「自国を応援する理由」の一つとしてあるんじゃないかなぁと思う。
スポーツで偉業を為した人に自己投影するなよ、って事なんだろうが。
尊敬したり・目標にしたり…彼らの歓びを我がごとのように喜んだり、ってそんなに悪いことなんかいな。
私も「好きなことしてるんだから！」ってバイト掛け持ちしてた下積み期間があった人間なんで、普通に我が事のように嬉しいよ。
つまり何が言いたいのかって言うと、
国産の情報は何でも隠蔽というが、海外報道なら信じる、しかし英語は読めない君らに捧げる。
英政府が福島第一原発の事故直後の３月上旬から下旬にかけ、放射線の放出が１９８６年のチェルノブイリ原発事故を上回ることを想定し、日本から到着した旅客への検査などを計画していたことが分かった。計画は結局、実施はされなかった。英紙ガーディアン電子版が２１日報じた。
元記事はこちらな。
あと同じ記事から面白そうな箇所を。ちなみに逐語訳ではなく語順（つまり論理の流れ）をできるだけ保つように訳した。受験英語みたいな杓子定規を適用して「誤訳」と言わないように。実際、受験英語流に訳しても意味は変わらないよ。
Even in this worst case scenario though, the accident was expected to cause less harm than Chernobyl, where the reactor's burning graphite core threw radioactive material high into the atmosphere, and local populations were not evacuated quickly or barred from consuming contaminated milk and other products.
訳：ただしこのような（訳注：チェルノブイリより大量の放射能放出がある）最悪の場合でも、被害はチェルノブイリより下になると予測された。チェルノブイリでは燃え上がる黒鉛が放射性物質を大気中に放出した上、付近住民の非難も牛乳その他の汚染物質の規制も行われなかったからである。
＞片方の理由（大量破壊兵器隠匿疑惑）だけでも空爆の根拠になるんじゃないの？
＞イラクとアルカイダが繋がってる、って事になってる公式ソースってどこよ。
米国側が、「イランとアルカイダが繋がっている」として戦争の正当性を主張する公式ソースってことだよなー。
公式といわれると困るんだが、これなんか その様子が伺えると思うが
http://www.afpbb.com/article/war-unrest/2378303/2833370
Iraq war was about oil, says Greenspan
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2815918/Iraq-war-was-about-oil-says-Greenspan.html
一箇所だけ違和感を覚えたところがある。
賞賛されるテロリズムも批判されるテロリズムもある、と認めながら、
原文：
Terrorism could be commendable or reprehensible, he smoothly agreed,
but this was “blessed terror”, in defence of Islam.
これは
ではないだろうか。
ウサマ・ビン・ラーディンの行動が「イスラムを擁護した」というのは事実ではないし（本人や支持者はそう思っていたかもしれないが）、エコノミストの記事の筆者もそうは考えていないのは明白なので、上記のように読解した。
もうひとつ、スルーしてもらっても構わない細かな点だが、"reciprocity" は「相互主義」（貿易などの用語）より、「相互関係」が適しているだろう。
誤字脱字は勘弁な。
I was at home the other night inth middle of my dinner when the phone rang.
ME:Hello.
ME:Thie is AT&T,
ME:Is this AT&T.?
AT&T:Yes! This is AT&T, may I speak to Mr.Byron, please?
ME:OK, hold on.
At this point I put the phone down for a solid 5 minutes thinking that, surely, this person would have hung up the phone. I ate my salad. Much to my surprise, when I picked up the receiver, they were still waiting,
ME:Hello?
ME:May I ask who is calling, please?
ME:This is AT&T?
ME:The phone company.
ME:I thought you said this was AT&T.
AT&T:Yes, sir, we are phone company.
ME:I already have a phone.
AT&T:We aren't selling phones today, Mr.Byron. We world like to offer you 10 cents a minute, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.
ME:Now, that's 10 cents a minute, 24 hours a day?
AT&T:(getting a little excited at this point by my interest) Yes, sir, that's right! 24 hours a day!
ME:7 days a week?
ME:I am definitely interested in that! Wow!! That's amazing!
AT&T:We think so!
ME:That's quite a sum of money!
AT&TYes, sir, it's amazing how it adds up.
ME:OK, so will you send me checks weekly, monthly or just one big one at the end of the year for the full $52,560; and if you send an annual check, can I get a cash advance?
AT&T:Excuse me?
ME:You know, the 10 cents a minute.
AT&T:What are you talking about?
ME:You said you'd give me 10 cents a minute, 24 horus a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Thats comes to $144 per day, $1008 per week and $52,560 per year, I'm just interested in knowing how you will be making payment.
AT&T:Oh, no sir. I didn't mean we'd be peying you, You pay us 10 cents a minute.
ME:Wait a minutes. how do you figure that by saying that you'll give me 10 cents a minute, that I'll give YOU 10 cents a minute? Is this some kind of subliminal telemarketing scheme? I've read about things like this in the Enquirer, you know.
AT&T:No, sur, we are offering 10 cents a minute for
ME:THERE YOU GO AGAIN! Can I speak to supervisor please?
AT&T:Sir, I don't think that necessary.
ME:I insist on speaking to supervisor!
AT&T:Yes, Mr.Byron. Pleas hold.
At this point, I begin trying to finish my dinner.
ME:Yeah.
SUPERVISOR:I understand you are not quite understanding our 10 cents a minute program.
ME:is This AT&T?
SUPERVISOR:Yes, sir, it sure is.
ME:(I had to swallow before I choked on my food, It was all I could do to suppress my laughter and I had to be Careful not to produce a snort.) No, actually, I was just waiting for someone to get back to me so that I could sign up fo the plan.
SUPERVISOR:Ok, no problem, I'll transfer you back to the person who was helping you.
ME:Thank you.
I was on hold once again and managed a few more monthfuls. I need to end this conversation. Suddenly, there was an aggravated but polite voice at the other end of the phone.
AT&T:Hello, Mr.Byron, I understand that you are interested in sighning up for our plan?
ME:No, but I was wondering - do you have that "Friend and Family" thing because I'm an only child and I'd really like to have a little brother...
People all over the world think that Japan is ruined by nuclear accident. But that’s not true. We know the seriousness of the nuclear accident, but don’t despair. Nuclear can’t kill us.
In 1945, A-bomb killed many people and reduced cities to ruins. But in the cities, trains restarted to run after only 3 days. People returned to and rebuilt the cities soon. 5 years after, additionally, a professional baseball team was established at the cities. Now Hiroshima and Nagasaki become leading cities in Japan. We declare again, nuclear can’t kill us.
But if people avoid made-in-Japan product by harmful rumor, Japan is ruined, really.
We understand your wish for saving your loved one from radioactivity. We promise to respond your wish in a sincere manner and concentrate on ensuring product safety. Instead, we want you to respond our wish.
In 2011, we are rebuilding cities, slowly but surely. We believe reconstruction of our homeland.
Earthquake can’t kill us. Nuclear can’t kill us. We are killed only by you.
世界中の人々が、原発事故によって日本が破滅したと考えている。しかしそれは誤りだ。私達は原発事故を深刻に受け止めているが、絶望していない。核は私達を殺せない。
1945年、原子爆弾によって多くの人々が死に、街は廃墟となった。しかしたった3日後、街に電車が走った。人々はすぐに街に戻り、街を再建した。数年後には街でプロ野球チームが結成された。今では、広島と長崎とはともに日本有数の大都市となった。繰り返す。核は私達を殺せない。
しかしもし風評被害によって日本製品が買われなくなれば、日本は破滅する。
世界中の人々が、自分が愛する人々を放射能から護りたいと考えていることを、私達は理解している。私達は、あなた達の願いを最大限尊重し、私達の製品の安全性を確保するために尽力せねばならない。そのかわりあなた方には、私達の願いに応えてほしい。
2011年、私達は少しずつ、しかし確実に、復興に向けて進んでいる。私達は祖国の復活を信じている。
地震は私達を殺せない。核は私達を殺せない。あなた方だけが私達を殺せるのだ。
適当翻訳。(http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=101894543228386)
I found this information online, and I felt that I must share this for everyone in United States so that we can avoid any further death or risks from Kohlenstoff 14.
私はこの情報をインターネット上で見つけ、コーレンストフ14による危険を避けるためにこの情報を共有したいと思います。
_____________________________________________________
Kohlenstoff 14 is radioactive material which is found by recent research that those who are exposed to Kohlenstoff 14 die extremely high mortality rate. This post is intended to warn U.S. citizens for the potential risk of receiving kohlenstoff 14 and to give brief radiological effects from Kohlenstoff 14.
コーレンストフ14は放射能物質であり、コーレンストフ14に被爆した人々は高い確率で死亡することが研究によって明らかにされています。この情報はアメリカ市民の皆様にコーレンストフ14による潜在的リスクの注意を喚起すること、およびコーレンストフによる放射線効果の簡易の説明を行うことを目的としています。
Kohlenstoff 14 is one of the most dangerous radioactive materials due its high death rate after inhalation of Kohlenstoff 14, but the dangers of Kohlenstoff 14 do not end there.
コーレンストフ14は吸引後高い確率で死亡することが確認されている、もっとも危険な放射能物質であることが知られています。しかしながらコーレンストフ14の危険性はそれだけではありません。
Kohlenstoff 14 is dangerous itself, but it can react with Hydrogen to compose high addictive materials. These chemical compounds cause liver disease death. Several peer reviewed journal articles reveal that 14,406 died in US due to liver disease caused by chemical compounds of Kohlenstoff and hydrogen. Its high addictiveness is found that after first intake of these compounds, nearly a half of adult starts to take these chemical compounds again and again (Those who want accurate number, it is 52%.) Even worse, these chemical compounds cause loss of consciousness and ability to think. This effect is accounted for death of 23,199 in 2007.
コーレンストフ14はそれ自体危険な物質ですが、水素と反応し肝臓に疾患を発症させる中毒性のある物質を形成します。いくつかの査読論文では14406人のアメリカ人がこれらの化合物によって起こされる肝臓の疾患によって無くなっています。また、強度な中毒性は初めてこれらの化合物を摂取したのち、半数の人々が定期的に化合物を摂取するようになります。また、これらの化合物は思考能力の低下を引き起こします。これによって23199人の死亡が確認されています。
The danger of its chemical compounds is explained. However, the danger of Kohlenstoff 14 never ends. It must be carefully stated that, Kohlenstoff 14 does not cause all people to commit crime. Research was conducted to determine how often prisoners take Kohlenstoff 14. It was found that 100% of subjects in this research take or took Kohlenstoff 14 in their live before imprisonment. This research did not take sufficient enough number of subjects, but it gives possibility that Kohlenstoff 14 may drive people to commit crime. Furthermore research is needed.
化合物による危険性の説明をおこないました。しかしながら、コーレンストフ14の危険性はそれだけではありません。注意深く説明しなければなりませんが、必ずしもコーレンストフ14を摂取した人々がすべて犯罪を引き起こすわけではありません。しかしながら研究によれば、刑務所の受刑者の被験者は100％の確率でコーレンストフ14を以前に摂取したことが明らかにされています。この研究は十分な被験者があつめられたわけではありません、しかしながらコーレンストフ14の摂取が犯罪を引き起こす可能性があることが示されています。これはさらなる研究が必要です。
Kohlenstoff 14 dies hard. It is found by research that Kohlenstoff 14 remains in body for the rest of life even after intake of one pill (Dose is not important. Regardless the amount of dose, it remains.) In addition to this, the Kohlenstoff 14 is characterized by its very long half-life. It is quite impossible for it to disappear naturally. Therefore, special medical treatment must be applied to those who previously receive Kohlenstoff 14 in their live.
コーレンストフ14はなかなか無くなりません。コーレンストフ14は量にかかわらず摂取後体内に残留することが研究によって発見されています。加えて、コーレンストフ14はとても長い半減期を持つことが知られています。よって自然にコーレンストフ14が消滅することはありません。よって特別な医療治療がコーレンストフ14を摂取した人に適応されなければなりません。
I just found out that it takes very long time to explain the danger of Kohlenstoff 14. Hence, the following list is the suggested danger of Kohlenstoff 14 so far.
コーレンストフ１４の危険性を説明することは長い時間を要します。よって、リストを作りマスタ。
• It is found in greenhouse gas.
コーレンストフ14は温室効果ガスの中に発見されることがあります。
• Some infants are found to have taken Kohlenstoff.
幼児がコーレンストフを摂取つすることがあることが知られています。
• High radiation dose is exposed to U.S. citizens so far without noticed.
多くのアメリカ市民は秘密裏にコーレンストフ14より放射線を被ばくしています。
• It reacts with Oxygen and causes fire.
• Many countries can access to it without any restriction in laws.
多くの国々がコーレンストフ14を規制することなしに入手することができます。
• Kohlenstoff is very useful material for engineering purpose.
• Pure solid of Kohlenstoff is more expensive than gold. Impure Kohlenstoff is typically less than 1 dollar.
純粋なコーレンストフは金より高価であり、不純物をふくむコーレンストフは大変安価である。
• During the industrialization of England and U.S., Kohlenstoff was found in air and caused death.
アメリカと英国の工業化の時代に、コーレンストフは空気中に存在し、死者を生みました。
• The number of its compounds is reported 10 million so far.
コーレンストフは1000万以上の化合物の形をとることが知られています。
I explained the danger of Kohlenstoff 14 and I suggest U.S. citizens to work on banning these radioactive materials and to make an environment free from Kohlenstoff 14. It is expected that Kohlenstoff 14 fee environment costs more than 100 billion dollars, however.
コーレンストフ14の危険性をわかっていただけかと思います。そして私はアメリカ市民の皆様にコーレンストフ14を規制し、コーレンストフ14の存在しない環境を作るべきだと考えます、しかしながらコーレンストフ14の除去は100ビリオンドル以上かかることが予想されています。
This warning was written by S.s.
どうでもいいけど、信じるなよ
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
へ続く
Well-informed people can be trusted with self-government
The ability of people to govern themselves was a major goal of education in Jefferson's mind. The new Federal Constitution of the United States "and a submission to it" proved to Jefferson that "whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government; that whenever things get so far wrong as to attract their notice, they may be relied on to set them to rights." (T.J)
Red China army killed great number of Chinese democratization's people in Tienanmen Square in 1989 Jun .
Their China military's tanks killed many democratic citizen .
Over 40 million Chinese were massacred by red China of Mao Zedong in Chinese culture revolution (1966-79) .
It's awesome cruel !! , communism that ... , just a mad dog !
Unbelievable ! But that's truth that all .
Cause , red China is the bloody red beast or Satan's country and area in Bible's John's holy prophecy .
人權 Human Rights 民運 Democratization 自由 Freedom 獨立 Independence 多黨制 Multi-party system
胡耀邦 趙紫陽 魏京生 反共 法輪功 北京之春 激流中國 大紀元時報 九評論共産黨
獨裁 專制 壓制 侵略 掠奪 破壞 屠殺 民族淨化 内臟器官 蛇頭 遊進 走私 六合彩 賭博 色情
中華民國 Republic of China 西藏 Tibet 達賴喇嘛 Dalai Lama 東突厥斯坦 East Turkistan
