  |
はてなキーワード: Hardwareとは
store-jp.nintendo.com/software/
www.nintendo.co.jp/hardware/switch/index.html
store-jp.nintendo.com/hardware-accessory/
store.playstation.com/ja-jp/pages/latest
pur.store.sony.jp/ps4/lineup/ps4_controller/
www.sony.jp/playstation/ps5/
見つからず。
www.xbox.com/ja-JP/microsoft-store
www.microsoft.com/ja-jp/store/collections/xboxconsoles/pc
www.microsoft.com/ja-jp/store/collections/xboxaccessories/pc
I. INTRODUCTION
These Terms of Use and End User License Agreement (collectively, the “Agreement”) together with all the documents referred to in it constitute a legally binding agreement made between you as a natural person (“you”, “your” or “user”) and We (“we,” “us” or “our”), concerning your access to and use of the software application for mobile devices (the “App”).
All the documents that relate to the App are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Please read this Agreement carefully before you download, install or use the App.
It is important that you read and understand this Agreement as by downloading, installing or using the App you indicate that you have read, understood, agreed and accepted the Agreement which takes effect on the date on which you download, install or use the App. By using the App you agree to abide by this Agreement.
If you do not agree with (do not accept) this Agreement, or if you do not agree at least with one of the provisions of this Agreement, you are not authorized to, and you may not access, download, install or use the App and you must ly discontinue downloading, installing the App and remove (delete) the App from any mobile device in your possession or under your control.
We reserve the right, at our sole discretion, to make changes or modifications to this Agreement at any time and for any reason. We will keep you informed about any changes by updating this Agreement and you waive any right to receive specific notice of each such change. It is your responsibility to periodically review this Agreement to stay informed of updates. You will be subject to, and will be deemed to be aware of and to have accepted, the changes in any revised Agreement by your continued use of the App after the date such revised Agreement is posted.
III. RESTRICTIONS ON WHO CAN USE THE APP
In order to download, install, access or use the App, you must (a) be eighteen (18) years of age or older.
All users who are minors in the jurisdiction in which they reside (generally under the age of 18) must have the permission of, and be directly supervised by, their parent or guardian to use the App, so if you are between the ages of thirteen (13) and seventeen (17) years and you wish to use download, install, access or use the App, before doing so you must: (a) assure and confirm (if needed) that your parent or guardian have read and agree (get your parent or guardian’s consent) to this Agreement prior to you using the App; (b) have the power to enter a binding contract with us and not be barred from doing so under any applicable laws.
Parents and guardians must directly supervise any use of the App by minors.
Any person under the age of thirteen (13) years is not permitted to download, install, access or use the App.
You affirm that you are either more than eighteen 18 years of age, or an emancipated minor, or possess legal parental or guardian consent, and are fully able and competent to enter into the terms, conditions, obligations, affirmations, representations, and warranties set forth in this Agreement, and to abide by and comply with this Agreement.
IV. GENERAL TERMS
The App is a utility program designed to enhance your device experience. The App allows to scan any types of document to high quality PDF or JPEG; to save and store any scan copies of documents on your mobile devices; to share your scans via email; upload scanned documents to cloud services like box, Evernote or Google Drive (see the full performance list on the App’s page on itunes.apple.com). All documents shall be stored locally on your device and shall never be sent to any third-party unless you export them to other apps or devices by means of the App.
The App is intended only for your personal non-commercial use. You shall use the App only for the purposes, mentioned above.
V. PRIVACY POLICY
Your privacy is very important to us. Accordingly, we have developed the Privacy Policy in order for you to understand how we process, use and store information including personal data. Access to the App and use of the Services is subject to the Privacy Policy. By accessing the App and by continuing to use the Services, you are deemed to have accepted the Privacy Policy, and in particular, you are deemed to have acknowledged the ways we process your information as well as appropriate legal grounds for processing described in the Privacy Policy. We reserve the right to amend the Privacy Policy from time to time. If you disagree with any part of the Privacy Policy, you must immediately stop using the App and Services. Please read our Privacy Policy carefully.
VI. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
By using the App, you undertake to respect our intellectual rights (intellectual rights related to the App’s source code, UI/UX design, content material, copyright and trademarks, hereinafter referred to as the “Intellectual Property Rights”) as well as those owned by third parties.
As long as you keep using the App, we you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable non-sublicensable, non-assignable and revocable license to access and use the App pursuant to this Agreement on any Apple-branded products that you own or control except that the App may be accessed and used by other accounts associated with you via Family Sharing or volume purchasing (the “License”).
The source code, design and content, including information, photographs, illustrations, artwork and other graphic materials, sounds, music or video (hereinafter – the “works”) as well as names, logos and trademarks (hereinafter – “means of individualization”) within the App are protected by copyright laws and other relevant laws and/or international treaties, and belong to us and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, as the case may be.
In the event of any third party claim that your possession and use of the App infringes that third party’s intellectual property rights, Apple will not be responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claim.
These works and means of individualization may not be copied, reproduced, retransmitted, distributed, disseminated, sold, published, broadcasted or circulated whether in whole or in part, unless expressly permitted by us and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, as the case may be.
All rights, title and interest in and to the App and its content, works and means of individualization as well as its functionalities (1) are the exclusive property of We and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, (2) are protected by the applicable international and national legal provisions, and (3) are under no circumstances transferred (assigned) to you in full or in part within the context of the license herewithin.
We will not hesitate to take legal action against any unauthorized use of our trademarks, names or symbols to protect and restore our rights. All rights not expressly ed herein are reserved. Other product and company names mentioned herein may also be the trademarks of their respective owners.
You agree not to use the App in any way that:
is unlawful, illegal or unauthorized;
is defamatory of any other person;
infringes any copyright, right or trademark of any other person;
advocates, promotes or assists any unlawful act such as (by way of example only) copyright infringement or computer misuse.
You shall not make the App available to any third parties. In addition, you shall not modify, translate into other languages, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or otherwise derivative works from the App or any documentation concerning the App.
You shall not transfer, lend, rent, lease, distribute the App, or use it for providing services to a third party, or any rights to the App or any documentation concerning the App to a third party.
Misuse of any trademarks or any other content displayed on the App is prohibited.
You shall not copy and/or duplicate and/or distribute and/or publish and/or use any content in the App, directly or indirectly, by way of a violation of our Intellectual Property Rights.
Moreover, you shall not make any attempts to use the App or part thereof for malicious intentions.
Also we are not responsible for the way you use the App.
It is clarified that we may adopt, against a user who violated the present Agreement, any legal measures at our disposal pursuant to the applicable laws.
All disputes arising from the usage of the App, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United States of America, and shall be submitted to the sole jurisdiction of the competent courts of New York, New York, the United States of America.
VIII. AVAILABILITY OF THE APP, SECURITY AND ACCURACY
In order to use the App, you are required to have a compatible mobile phone or tablet, and internet access. However, please note that we offer you widgets that save translations and allow you to access them later in offline mode.
The App is available for downloading and installing on handheld compatible mobile devices running Apple iOS Operating System 11.0 with minimum system requirements.
We do not warrant that the App will be compatible with all hardware and software which you may use.
We make no warranty that your access to the App will be uninterrupted, timely or error-free. Neither does Apple have an obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support services with respect to the App.
You acknowledge the App is provided via the internet and mobile networks and so the quality and availability of the App may be affected by factors outside our reasonable control.
The version of the App may be upgraded from time to time to add support for new functions and services.
We may change or update the App and anything described in it without noticing you. If the need arises, we may suspend access to the App, or close it indefinitely.
You also warrant that any information that you submit to us is true, accurate and complete, and you agree to keep it actual at all times.
You can discontinue using our Services at any time by choosing the relevant option in your iTunes Account Settings. If you decide not to use the App for any reason you should uninstall the App.
The App is provided on a paid basis. You will need to pay a one-time fee of $14.99 in order to download the App. Once you download the App, you will get access to all its features.
Prices are in U.S. dollars, may vary in countries other than the U.S. and are subject to change without notice.
You may be charged by your communications service provider for downloading and/or accessing the App on your mobile phone or tablet device, so you should check the terms of agreement with your operator. This may include data roaming charges if you do this outside your home territory. All these charges are solely your responsibility. If you do not pay the bills related to your mobile phone or tablet device, then we assume that you have the permission from the person that does it before incurring any of these charges.
X. THIRD PARTY WEBSITES AND RESOURCES
The App may link you to other sites on the Internet and contracted third parties to provide you certain services. We have no control over and accept no responsibility for the content of any website or mobile application to which a link from the App exists (unless we are the provider of those linked websites or mobile applications). Such linked websites and mobile applications are provided “as is” for your convenience only with no warranty, express or implied, for the information provided within them.
You acknowledge that you must comply with applicable third party terms of agreement when using the App. You are solely responsible for and bear all risks arising from your use of any third-party websites or resources.
If you have any queries, concerns or complaints about such third party websites or mobile applications (including, but not limited to, queries, concerns or complaints relating to products, orders for products, faulty products and refunds) you must direct them to the operator of that third party website or mobile application.
YOU AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE APP AND ITS SERVICES SHALL BE AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE SERVICES AND ALL THE MATERIALS, INFORMATION, SOFTWARE, CONTENT INTEGRATED IN THE APP ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”. WE DO NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THE MERCHANTABILITY, TECHNICAL COMPATIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF ANY SERVICE, PRODUCTS OR MATERIAL PROVIDED PURSUANT TO THIS AGREEMENT. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED ON OR THROUGH THE SERVICES WILL BE AVAILABLE, UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SER
Aug 23, 4:18 AM PDT Beginning at 8:36 PM PDT a small percentage of EC2 servers in a single Availability Zone in the AP-NORTHEAST-1 Region shutdown due to overheating.
This resulted in impaired EC2 instances and degraded EBS volume performance for resources in the affected area of the Availability Zone.
The overheating was caused by a control system failure that caused multiple, redundant cooling systems to fail in parts of the affected Availability Zone.
The chillers were restored at 11:21 PM PDT and temperatures in the affected areas began to return to normal.
As temperatures returned to normal, power was restored to the affected instances.
By 2:30 AM PDT, the vast majority of instances and volumes had recovered.
We have been working to recover the remaining instances and volumes.
A small number of remaining instances and volumes are hosted on hardware which was adversely affected by the loss of power.
We continue to work to recover all affected instances and volumes.
For immediate recovery, we recommend replacing any remaining affected instances or volumes if possible.
Some of the affected instances may require action from customers and we will be reaching out to those customers with next steps.
I. INTRODUCTION
These Terms of Use and End User License Agreement (collectively, the “Agreement”) together with all the documents referred to in it constitute a legally binding agreement made between you as a natural person (“you”, “your” or “user”) and We (“we,” “us” or “our”), concerning your access to and use of the software application for mobile devices (the “App”).
All the documents that relate to the App are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Please read this Agreement carefully before you download, install or use the App.
It is important that you read and understand this Agreement as by downloading, installing or using the App you indicate that you have read, understood, agreed and accepted the Agreement which takes effect on the date on which you download, install or use the App. By using the App you agree to abide by this Agreement.
If you do not agree with (do not accept) this Agreement, or if you do not agree at least with one of the provisions of this Agreement, you are not authorized to, and you may not access, download, install or use the App and you must ly discontinue downloading, installing the App and remove (delete) the App from any mobile device in your possession or under your control.
We reserve the right, at our sole discretion, to make changes or modifications to this Agreement at any time and for any reason. We will keep you informed about any changes by updating this Agreement and you waive any right to receive specific notice of each such change. It is your responsibility to periodically review this Agreement to stay informed of updates. You will be subject to, and will be deemed to be aware of and to have accepted, the changes in any revised Agreement by your continued use of the App after the date such revised Agreement is posted.
III. RESTRICTIONS ON WHO CAN USE THE APP
In order to download, install, access or use the App, you must (a) be eighteen (18) years of age or older.
All users who are minors in the jurisdiction in which they reside (generally under the age of 18) must have the permission of, and be directly supervised by, their parent or guardian to use the App, so if you are between the ages of thirteen (13) and seventeen (17) years and you wish to use download, install, access or use the App, before doing so you must: (a) assure and confirm (if needed) that your parent or guardian have read and agree (get your parent or guardian’s consent) to this Agreement prior to you using the App; (b) have the power to enter a binding contract with us and not be barred from doing so under any applicable laws.
Parents and guardians must directly supervise any use of the App by minors.
Any person under the age of thirteen (13) years is not permitted to download, install, access or use the App.
You affirm that you are either more than eighteen 18 years of age, or an emancipated minor, or possess legal parental or guardian consent, and are fully able and competent to enter into the terms, conditions, obligations, affirmations, representations, and warranties set forth in this Agreement, and to abide by and comply with this Agreement.
IV. GENERAL TERMS
The App is a utility program designed to enhance your device experience. The App allows to scan any types of document to high quality PDF or JPEG; to save and store any scan copies of documents on your mobile devices; to share your scans via email; upload scanned documents to cloud services like box, Evernote or Google Drive (see the full performance list on the App’s page on itunes.apple.com). All documents shall be stored locally on your device and shall never be sent to any third-party unless you export them to other apps or devices by means of the App.
The App is intended only for your personal non-commercial use. You shall use the App only for the purposes, mentioned above.
V. PRIVACY POLICY
Your privacy is very important to us. Accordingly, we have developed the Privacy Policy in order for you to understand how we process, use and store information including personal data. Access to the App and use of the Services is subject to the Privacy Policy. By accessing the App and by continuing to use the Services, you are deemed to have accepted the Privacy Policy, and in particular, you are deemed to have acknowledged the ways we process your information as well as appropriate legal grounds for processing described in the Privacy Policy. We reserve the right to amend the Privacy Policy from time to time. If you disagree with any part of the Privacy Policy, you must immediately stop using the App and Services. Please read our Privacy Policy carefully.
VI. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
By using the App, you undertake to respect our intellectual rights (intellectual rights related to the App’s source code, UI/UX design, content material, copyright and trademarks, hereinafter referred to as the “Intellectual Property Rights”) as well as those owned by third parties.
As long as you keep using the App, we you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable non-sublicensable, non-assignable and revocable license to access and use the App pursuant to this Agreement on any Apple-branded products that you own or control except that the App may be accessed and used by other accounts associated with you via Family Sharing or volume purchasing (the “License”).
The source code, design and content, including information, photographs, illustrations, artwork and other graphic materials, sounds, music or video (hereinafter – the “works”) as well as names, logos and trademarks (hereinafter – “means of individualization”) within the App are protected by copyright laws and other relevant laws and/or international treaties, and belong to us and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, as the case may be.
In the event of any third party claim that your possession and use of the App infringes that third party’s intellectual property rights, Apple will not be responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claim.
These works and means of individualization may not be copied, reproduced, retransmitted, distributed, disseminated, sold, published, broadcasted or circulated whether in whole or in part, unless expressly permitted by us and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, as the case may be.
All rights, title and interest in and to the App and its content, works and means of individualization as well as its functionalities (1) are the exclusive property of We and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties, (2) are protected by the applicable international and national legal provisions, and (3) are under no circumstances transferred (assigned) to you in full or in part within the context of the license herewithin.
We will not hesitate to take legal action against any unauthorized use of our trademarks, names or symbols to protect and restore our rights. All rights not expressly ed herein are reserved. Other product and company names mentioned herein may also be the trademarks of their respective owners.
You agree not to use the App in any way that:
is unlawful, illegal or unauthorized;
is defamatory of any other person;
infringes any copyright, right or trademark of any other person;
advocates, promotes or assists any unlawful act such as (by way of example only) copyright infringement or computer misuse.
You shall not make the App available to any third parties. In addition, you shall not modify, translate into other languages, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or otherwise derivative works from the App or any documentation concerning the App.
You shall not transfer, lend, rent, lease, distribute the App, or use it for providing services to a third party, or any rights to the App or any documentation concerning the App to a third party.
Misuse of any trademarks or any other content displayed on the App is prohibited.
You shall not copy and/or duplicate and/or distribute and/or publish and/or use any content in the App, directly or indirectly, by way of a violation of our Intellectual Property Rights.
Moreover, you shall not make any attempts to use the App or part thereof for malicious intentions.
Also we are not responsible for the way you use the App.
It is clarified that we may adopt, against a user who violated the present Agreement, any legal measures at our disposal pursuant to the applicable laws.
All disputes arising from the usage of the App, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United States of America, and shall be submitted to the sole jurisdiction of the competent courts of New York, New York, the United States of America.
VIII. AVAILABILITY OF THE APP, SECURITY AND ACCURACY
In order to use the App, you are required to have a compatible mobile phone or tablet, and internet access. However, please note that we offer you widgets that save translations and allow you to access them later in offline mode.
The App is available for downloading and installing on handheld compatible mobile devices running Apple iOS Operating System 11.0 with minimum system requirements.
We do not warrant that the App will be compatible with all hardware and software which you may use.
We make no warranty that your access to the App will be uninterrupted, timely or error-free. Neither does Apple have an obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support services with respect to the App.
You acknowledge the App is provided via the internet and mobile networks and so the quality and availability of the App may be affected by factors outside our reasonable control.
The version of the App may be upgraded from time to time to add support for new functions and services.
We may change or update the App and anything described in it without noticing you. If the need arises, we may suspend access to the App, or close it indefinitely.
You also warrant that any information that you submit to us is true, accurate and complete, and you agree to keep it actual at all times.
You can discontinue using our Services at any time by choosing the relevant option in your iTunes Account Settings. If you decide not to use the App for any reason you should uninstall the App.
The App is provided on a paid basis. You will need to pay a one-time fee of $14.99 in order to download the App. Once you download the App, you will get access to all its features.
Prices are in U.S. dollars, may vary in countries other than the U.S. and are subject to change without notice.
You may be charged by your communications service provider for downloading and/or accessing the App on your mobile phone or tablet device, so you should check the terms of agreement with your operator. This may include data roaming charges if you do this outside your home territory. All these charges are solely your responsibility. If you do not pay the bills related to your mobile phone or tablet device, then we assume that you have the permission from the person that does it before incurring any of these charges.
X. THIRD PARTY WEBSITES AND RESOURCES
The App may link you to other sites on the Internet and contracted third parties to provide you certain services. We have no control over and accept no responsibility for the content of any website or mobile application to which a link from the App exists (unless we are the provider of those linked websites or mobile applications). Such linked websites and mobile applications are provided “as is” for your convenience only with no warranty, express or implied, for the information provided within them.
You acknowledge that you must comply with applicable third party terms of agreement when using the App. You are solely responsible for and bear all risks arising from your use of any third-party websites or resources.
If you have any queries, concerns or complaints about such third party websites or mobile applications (including, but not limited to, queries, concerns or complaints relating to products, orders for products, faulty products and refunds) you must direct them to the operator of that third party website or mobile application.
YOU AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE APP AND ITS SERVICES SHALL BE AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE SERVICES AND ALL THE MATERIALS, INFORMATION, SOFTWARE, CONTENT INTEGRATED IN THE APP ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”. WE DO NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THE MERCHANTABILITY, TECHNICAL COMPATIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF ANY SERVICE, PRODUCTS OR MATERIAL PROVIDED PURSUANT TO THIS AGREEMENT. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED ON OR THROUGH THE SERVICES WILL BE AVAILABLE, UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SER Permalink | 記事への反応(0) | 23:18
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170509185424
https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1019201115
Dell Chromebook 11 SPARKING and SMOKING when opened!! - General ...
en.community.dell.com › ... › Laptop › General Hardware
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2014/11/09 - 投稿 11 件 - 6 人の編集者
I took the latest one apart to see what is burning and it is the display cable that goes through the hinge. Dell support doesn't seem to be too concerned about this being a fire hazard. My personal view would be to open the unit
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結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a full blog post of a research scientist at MIT here, who explains the situation at Fukushima much better than anyone else has, his message: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientist at MIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist, whose father has extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. I asked him to write this information to my family in Australia, who were being made sick with worry by the media reports coming from Japan. I am republishing it with his permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information is out of date, blame me for the delay in getting it published.
This is his text in full and unedited. It is very long, so get comfy.
I am writing this text (Mar 12) to give you some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles in Japan, that is the safety of Japan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! But you will know more about nuclear power plants after reading it than all journalists on this planet put together.
There was and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean a level of radiation of more than what you would receive on – say – a long distance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with high levels of natural background radiation.
I have been reading every news release on the incident since the earthquake. There has not been one single (!) report that was accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in the Japanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal these days. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics and natural law, as well as gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental and basic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page report on CNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before we get into what is going on.
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear power plants
The plants at Fukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, or BWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The pressure cooker operates at about 250 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 3000 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (think little cylinders the size of Lego bricks). Those pieces are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy with a melting point of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. The assembly is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form larger packages, and a number of these packages are then put into the reactor. All these packages together are referred to as “the core”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the world.
The core is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This is one sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain the core for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios where cooling can be restored at some point.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel and all pipes, pumps, coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongest steel. The third containment is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite, all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “core catcher”. If the core melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it will catch the molten fuel and everything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclear fuel will be spread out, so it can cool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosion, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by nuclear fission. Big uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms. That generates heat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When the neutron hits another uranium atom, that splits, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot of fuel rods next to each other would quickly lead to overheating and after about 45 minutes to a melting of the fuel rods. It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclear explosion the type of a nuclear bomb. Building a nuclear bomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all containments, propelling molten core material into the environment (a “dirty bomb”). Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rods absorb the neutrons and kill the chain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally, you take out all the moderator rods. The coolant water then takes away the heat (and converts it into steam and electricity) at the same rate as the core produces it. And you have a lot of leeway around the standard operating point of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping the chain reaction, the core still keeps producing heat. The uranium “stopped” the chain reaction. But a number of intermediate radioactive elements are created by the uranium during its fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes, i.e. radioactive versions of these elements that will eventually split up into smaller atoms and not be radioactive anymore. Those elements keep decaying and producing heat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), they get less and less, and so the core cools down over a matter of days, until those intermediate radioactive elements are used up.
This residual heat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in the fuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactive elements that the uranium splits into, also inside the fuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created, outside the fuel rods. The big main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very short half-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment, yes, radioactivity was released, but no, it is not dangerous, at all. Why? By the time you spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactive elements. Those radioactive elements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases such as Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uranium atoms and keep the nuclear chain reaction going. But some will leave the fuel rod and hit the water molecules, or the air that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive. As described above, it will quickly (seconds) get rid again of the neutron to return to its former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivity being released into the environment later on.
I will try to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hit Japan was 7 times more powerful than the worst earthquake the nuclear power plant was built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that the plants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray for Japanese engineering, everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactors all went into automatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into the core and nuclear chain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, the cooling system has to carry away the residual heat. The residual heat load is about 3% of the heat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyed the external power supply of the nuclear reactor. That is one of the most serious accidents for a nuclear power plant, and accordingly, a “plant black out” receives a lot of attention when designing backup systems. The power is needed to keep the coolant pumps working. Since the power plant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity by itself any more.
Things were going well for an hour. One set of multiple sets of emergency Diesel power generators kicked in and provided the electricity that was needed. Then the Tsunami came, much bigger than people had expected when building the power plant (see above, factor 7). The tsunami took out all multiple sets of backup Diesel generators.
When designing a nuclear power plant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means that you first build everything to withstand the worst catastrophe you can imagine, and then design the plant in such a way that it can still handle one system failure (that you thought could never happen) after the other. A tsunami taking out all backup power in one swift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is putting everything into the third containment (see above), that will keep everything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in our out, core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
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SKNETのMonster TV HDP2 Goldでコピーフリー環境を作ったのでそのまとめ。
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