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はてなキーワード: Batteryとは
February With the world going mobile and billions of new devices requiring electrical storage, battery technology is almost certainly due for a renaissance in the near future and recent developments suggest MIT will play a role in the next significant battery technology. Less than a week ago, we reported on work being done by MIT's Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) that could become the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in 200 years. Now a second new and highly promising battery technology is emerging from MIT - a new type of lithium battery that could become a cheaper alternative to the batteries that now power hybrid electric cars.
Until now, lithium batteries have not had the rapid charging capability or safety level needed for use in cars. Hybrid cars now run on nickel metal hydride batteries, which power an electric motor and can rapidly recharge while the car is decelerating or standing still.
But lithium nickel manganese oxide, described in a paper to be published in Science on Feb. 17, could revolutionize the hybrid car industry -- a sector that has "enormous growth potential," says Gerbrand Ceder, MIT professor of materials science and engineering, who led the project.
"The writing is on the wall. It's clearly happening," said Ceder, who said that a couple of companies are already interested in licensing the new lithium battery technology.
The new material is more stable (and thus safer) than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, which are used to power small electronic devices like cell phones, laptop computers, rechargeable personal digital assistants (PDAs) and such medical devices as pacemakers.
The small safety risk posed by lithium cobalt oxide is manageable in small devices but makes the material not viable for the larger batteries needed to run hybrid cars, Ceder said. Cobalt is also fairly expensive, he said.
The MIT team's new lithium battery contains manganese and nickel, which are cheaper than cobalt.
Scientists already knew that lithium nickel manganese oxide could store a lot of energy, but the material took too long to charge to be commercially useful. The MIT researchers set out to modify the material's structure to make it capable of charging and discharging more quickly.
Lithium nickel manganese oxide consists of layers of metal (nickel and manganese) separated from lithium layers by oxygen. The major problem with the compound was that the crystalline structure was too "disordered," meaning that the nickel and lithium were drawn to each other, interfering with the flow of lithium ions and slowing down the charging rate.
Lithium ions carry the battery's charge, so to maximize the speed at which the battery can charge and discharge, the researchers designed and synthesized a material with a very ordered crystalline structure, allowing lithium ions to freely flow between the metal layers.
A battery made from the new material can charge or discharge in about 10 minutes -- about 10 times faster than the unmodified lithium nickel manganese oxide. That brings it much closer to the timeframe needed for hybrid car batteries, Ceder said.
Before the material can be used commercially, the manufacturing process needs to be made less expensive, and a few other modifications will likely be necessary, Ceder said.
Other potential applications for the new lithium battery include power tools, electric bikes, and power backup for renewable energy sources.
The lead author on the research paper is Kisuk Kang, a graduate student in Ceder's lab. Ying Shirley Meng, a postdoctoral associate in materials science and engineering at MIT, and Julien Breger and Clare P. Grey of the State University of New York at Stony Brook are also authors on the paper.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Due to the nature of a digital camera, they need a lot of voltage and also need to keep good battery long periods of inactivity digital camera rechargeable batteries to a big hit, many current digital camera has a flash, may also make a short film, the two characteristics is very good, but can drain battery two times normal speed, photo shooting.
Most people are familiar with basic rechargeable battery, but the key to finding a good a doctor to give your digital camera is to look at the battery material, how will charge, and how long will the cost in use and sitting on the shelf or in the digital camera.
A little I look in my purchase any digital camera I buy is to ensure that there is a common battery size. The reason is, no matter how you plan a photo shoot, things happen, you may have to resort to the old alkaline batteries solve your problems, then. Panasonic battery my first choice is a rechargeable battery, but you never know, this is a very good thing can find a new set of batteries.
There are several important factors to consider, rechargeable batteries is the best. The first is the amount of voltage, followed by long time, then the battery of the time; Four is charge (how long shelf life will be held responsible for the storage battery).
Here are a series of typical rechargeable batteries and their voltage output:
Ni-Cad rechargeable battery, 12 volts
Nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries-1.2 to 1.5
Ni-ZN rechargeable batteries-160 volts
Standard alkalines is 1.5 volts
Also have a level a reference number of energy storage, from the ability to represent called milli ampere hour. These level general fleeing to 2100 from 750 from is high, the more the number of the battery capacity (higher digital better).
The Ni-Cad and nimh most common, almost every major brand battery multiple versions. The latest technology is Ni-ZN are excellent storage capacity and long shelf life. Many types of rechargeable batteries can be charging many times, but they didn't mention that drop down power amount of recharges x.
And this is the real factors to consider. Let us say that if you find new battery you can use about 100 photos before they go to the south. Recharges Numbers increase, reduce many pictures. Some can only continue to before they start, recharges loose the ability to completely costs. Clever cost is still good savings from an ordinary AA alkaline battery cost $1.15 and the comparable charge is $2.50, according to the figures from $5.00.
Recent Ni-ZN cost about $5 each request and take over 500 recharges in any losses before the injury charge ability. But they also play more voltage so for example your flash recycling half the time to complete the normal alkaline batteries. If you have 100 threw a set of alkaline, you should get at least 175 vote of Ni-ZN are the same size. Plus storage life N-ZN than any other choice.
Rapid turnover a flash can be a big problem, because it is a very painful, but when photographs in the interior, need to wait for two minutes of the flash is full of power. Or, if you are shooting a series of short a minute video and ran out of the juice in the middle is not a good thing.
So, based on the pricing and ability, if you can recharge the battery is more than 500 times more the highest price, they use more cheap long-term development. If they hold up close to claim 500 cost, well, you can do the math. This is a no brainer, Ni-ZN provide more voltage, better life, and more fees each battery.
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1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
Apple on an application for a patent for the fuel cells on Thursday are exposed. In the patent application, apple describes a kind of electronic equipment, such as notebook computer use fuel cells, and without any increase in too much weight of fuel cell performance optimization method.
An application for a patent for the title as "for portable computing devices power supply of fuel cell system". Apple says, consumers are becoming more and more attention to use of renewable energy. Fuel cell in technology competitive, as the energy density high, compared with the traditional batteries can be in the same volume provide more energy.
Apple patent application show: "fuel cells and additional fuel can bring high energy density, in not adding fuel to support of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks." Apple also said, use a fuel cell is to face the challenge of portability and cost.
Usually, the fuel cells to electronic equipment support portable charging, and users need to carry a fuel rods. And this is different, have conceived a and apple electronic equipment tightly integrated fuel cell. And this one the bulk of the patent application in a description of a fuel cell stack is used to optimize the flow of energy control system.
Another apple patent application describes how the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries work together, and to make the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries charging each other. This patent application said: "it will be to make the fuel cell system not necessary to large and heavy integration of the battery, thus obviously reduce the fuel cell system size, weight and cost."
This is not the first application for apple about fuel cell patent. Patently Apple web site said, October the exposure to a patent application shows that Apple are designing a fuel panels, from portable equipment to produce more energy.
About fuel itself, apple a patent application shows that there are a variety of fuel for power electronic equipment, one of which is sodium borohydride and water mixture. But these are still at the experimental stage, has yet to commercial.
Portable fuel cell charger faces a major obstacle is that manufacturers need to establish sales channel sales and recycled fuel rods. Apple will likely use apple retail stores to have finished the work.
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http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-powershot-a3000-is-battery-charger-gose.html
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
iPhoneって本当に便利で楽しいと思う。物って買ったとき一番楽しくて後はしだいに飽きていく傾向があるのにiPhoneは別だった。最初も今も同じくらい楽しい。
ということで今年の3月に買ったiPhone3Gで利用しているアプリを適当にまとめてみた。（一部併用中のiPodTouchも含まれている）
記号：◎「メイン、よく使う」 ○「◎の次によく使う」 ＜＞「個人的な使い方、目的など」、☆標準搭載「iPhoneに購入時から含まれているアプリ」
◎iCabMobile ＜メイン利用＞
回転機能防止、全画面表示
○Safari ☆標準搭載
iCabMobileで利用できない場合に利用
◎Gazette ＜高速閲覧＞
RSSリーダーとしての要点だけをもつあきれるくらいシンプルな作り。故に動作が速い
◎メール ☆標準搭載 ＜iPhone：Softbank提供メールアドレスの管理、iPodTouch:Gmailアドレスの管理＞
PCメールの一元化。これでPCでメール確認することが9割以上減った。
◎SMS ☆標準搭載 ＜softbank同士の友人とのメール＞
チャット（メッセンジャー）の表示形式がユニークで親しみが持てる
Web同期、タグの付加・検索、メモの全文検索、条件検索 条件検索リスト保存、カメラ撮影機能・画像添付（最大iPhone画面サイズまで） タグでのメモ管理でこれを超えるアプリは存在しないと思う。Evernoteより好き。
◎TweetMemo ＜サブ利用 戯言、つぶやき程度の短文メモ＞
Twitter連携機能 お気に入りメモ登録。どうでもいいが文字に頭のもやもやをはき出したいときにはこのアプリがいい。「とにかく書き出したい」という目的を素直に叶えてくれる。
・Fast Memo ＜迅速さを求められる際のメモ書き＞
起動後即入力可能、日付自動挿入機能。「1秒でも速くメモさせてくれ」というただそれだけのためにあるアプリ。「あ」をメモするならアイコン起動含めて2タップで出来る。
○iNote <情報メモ（主に外部情報）とメールテンプレート置き場＞
ディレクトリ管理、全文検索、メモ単位での文字サイズ変更、GoogleDocs同期機能。メモからまとめメモへと昇華した情報を置いておくアプリ。しっかり編集したいときはGoogleDocsにアップロードしPCでの編集。Wordはもう使なくてもいいかな。
簡易アウトラインプロセッサ、TODO機能。物事を階層構造で把握したいときに使う。マインドマップよりもいいのは階層表示時でも本文を全文表示出来ること。
・ChecklistWrangler ＜チェックリスト作成＞
リストのテンプレート登録。旅行の荷物確認、特定の料理レシピなど何度も繰り返すチェックリストをテンプレート化して自動作成してくれる。これがあれば他のチェックリストアプリは不要
簡易マインドマップ。「Outliner」の方が利用頻度は多いがまれに「何が何でもマインドマップで考えたい」というときがある。その時用。
文字ではメモできない時がまれにある。その時用。
「おまけのおもちゃだろ！」と馬鹿に出来なかった。おかげで専用ボイスレコーダー機はお蔵入りした。
写っていればいいやという手軽な画像置き場。快適な動作を維持するためか画像は全部圧縮（劣化）させられる。よってそれを避けたい画像は「Files」
・Read it Later ＜WEBサイト保存＞
Webスクラップは「iCabMobile」でもできるがこちらはWeb管理。PCでもiPodTouchでもハードに依存せずに管理できる。
・itemShelf ＜本の管理、購入予定の本をリスト登録＞
ISBNを入力するだけでほぼすべての書籍を登録可能。データベースは全部Amazon頼り。
◎Files ＜メイン利用＞
MicrosoftWord,Excel,PowerPoint,txt,音楽ファイル、動画、画像ファイル（サムネイル表示される）
○GoodReader ＜PDF閲覧＞
大容量PDFの閲覧対応。これで見れないPDFは諦めるのが賢い（おそらく）。
PCで作成した文書データ、画像などを見る際に利用。「Files」「GoodReader」が手作業による管理に対してこちらは自動管理（自動同期）。とはいえ実際は機能が今のところ未熟なためあまり使ってはいない。
国語辞典。フォントもきれいで文句なし。傾きセンサーによる自動横表示機能がないので寝ながら使えるのもずぼら人間には重宝
○大辞泉 ＜サブ利用＞
国語辞典。写真、図表もそこそこある。大辞林だけでは理解できなかったとき用
○Wikiamo ＜Web百科事典Wikipediaの閲覧＞
PCで確認するのが面倒な時用。とはいえ、PCの目の前でこのアプリを使う時もあり。それくらい便利。
英和辞典。紙の簡易辞書を捨てさせたアプリ。お気に入りもあるので単語帳も捨てた
英英辞典。ノリで買った。後悔はしていない。
・Cambridge TalkingDict ＜英語学習時に随時利用＞
英英辞典。「英英辞典は二冊はほしいだろ」、とノリで買った。後悔はしていない。
予定管理
◎カレンダー ☆標準搭載 ＜週間定期予定表＞
学生でいう時間割のような使い方。「月曜は可燃ゴミ収集で 火曜はサスペンスドラマで、など」
◎PocketInformant ＜予定管理（一日単位でない中長期予定）＞
カレンダーとTODOの一元管理。Googleカレンダー、Toodledoとの同期ができる。手帳をあっさり捨てさせたアプリ
当日緑マーカー表示 祝祭日赤色表示 祝日名表示。デフォルトカレンダーをただ見るだけのアプリ。「次の連休がいつあるか」とか「今月の25日は何曜日か」とかを調べるためだけにあるアプリ。
猫の上に猫をいかに積めるかを競うだけのゲーム。積んだ分だけ得点になる。
◎StoneLoops! ＜娯楽＞
動的パズルゲーム。ゲームを普段やらない自分が馬鹿みたいに遊んだゲーム。今でも暇に耐えられないときは無意識に起動するゲーム。
・Labyrinth ＜暇つぶし＞
落とし穴に気をつけて球をゴールまで運ぶゲーム。傾きセンサーでの操作前提、iPhoneらしいゲーム。
ひとりで遊ぶマージャン
・Lock'n'Roll ＜暇つぶし＞
○PaperToss ＜暇つぶし＞
風の向きや力の考慮しつつ紙くずを遠く離れたゴミ箱に捨てるゲーム。くだらないが面白い
テトリスに似たブロック崩しゲーム。３D表示でブロックが回転する。ゲームBGMも良い
・TapDefense ＜娯楽＞
戦略タワーディフェンスゲーム。当初は相当はまった。しかも無料だから驚く。
◎iXpenseit ＜メイン利用＞
家計簿を馬鹿馬鹿しいと思っていた自分に喧嘩を売ったアプリ。結果、自分は負けた。購入履歴データ分析がおもしろくて家計簿つけることをやめられない。
その他
◎Appstore ☆標準搭載 ＜iPHoneアプリの買い物、アプリのアップデート＞
PCでiTunesから見るよりも見やすい。アプリのアップデート情報も自動で教えてくれる。
・iPod ☆標準搭載 ＜iTunesから同期した音楽、音声の再生＞
そのまんま。iPhone内iPod機能。もちろんこれに頼ってポータブルオーディオプレーヤ捨てても良い。自分は実際はバッテリ対策でiPodNano常用してたりする。
徒歩ルート案内も使える。
◎時計 ☆標準搭載 ＜ストップウォッチ、タイマー、アラーム＞
・weathernews ＜天気予報の確認＞
標準搭載の「天気」より細かい情報が得られる
○WifiTrak ＜無線LANアクセスポイント検索、接続＞
・i文庫 <青空文庫の読書、Zip書庫画像閲覧（マンガ閲覧）＞
・iComic ＜マンガ閲覧＞
複数のサイトの動画コンテンツを一括検索。動画の質もいい。おかげで標準搭載の「Youtube」はほとんど使わなくなった。
◎MemoryStatus ＜iPhoneの空きメモリを増やして動作を正常化する＞
今では動作が遅いとレッテル付きのiPhone 3Gを意地でも速くするアプリ。性能コンプレックスをそれなりに癒してくれる常用アプリ
正直見にくいが大文字の見出しニュースの確認としてたまに使う。
・About Battery ＜詳細バッテリ残量と用途別の残り駆動時間の確認＞
正直なくても何の問題もない。だがあると意味もなく安心する。存在自体に価値がある電池ステータスアプリ。でもたまに見る
全国の鉄道の時刻表、ルート検索。紙の時刻表を捨てさせたアプリ。
メッセンジャー機能、電話の呼出・待受。知人に利用者がいないため使っていない。でもいつかは使いたい。その時を待つために存在するアプリ
目的の本を買う前に一応レビューを参考にする習慣があるのでそのためのアプリ。PCで見るよりも見やすい。
・PhotoCooker ＜メイン利用 写真のリサイズ、書込み、その他編集＞
画像を縮小するときに使う
・Photolab ＜利用度低 コントラスト、フリーハンドスポットエフェクト、色彩編集＞
削除しても良い。でも一応残してある。いつかのジョーク写真の作成のために。
傾きセンサーを使ったユニークなアプリ。正直使えないが、発想がおもしろいので作者に敬意を表して残してある。
GoogleEarthのiPhone版。PC版に引けを取らないクオリティ。おまけにiPhoneの性能、操作性の高さががよくわかる。
便利だがほとんど使っていないアプリ
動画検索、お気に入り、動画ランキング。ニコニコ動画が嫌いになるジョークアプリ。
・ZoomeAppTown ＜iPhoneアプリ紹介動画サイトの閲覧＞
アプリを買う楽しみを与えてくれたアプリ。今は購入欲が落ち着いたので放置。
タイピングソフト。このアプリがなかったらフリック入力なんて一生利用しなかったかもしれない。購入当初、一番お世話になったアプリ
・GuitarToolkit ＜ギターのお供＞
スケール・コード表示、メトロノーム、チューナー。ギタリストは全員持ってて良いと思う。でも自分はギター弾いてないので放置
おわりに
ソフトバンクの社長がそんなことを言ってたみたいだがこれは確かに嘘じゃない。
確かに今でも相変わらずWEB閲覧はPCの方が見やすいのは間違いないが、iPhoneにはPCとは別の「iPhone独自の見やすさ」というのがあるのだ。
その魅力と相まって、平均してPCでのWEBに使っていた時間の半分ちかくをiPhoneに移行することが出来た。
そしてその移行した時間は、電車や仕事の休憩時間やありとあらゆる本来ならとるにたりない時間にすっぽり埋まった。
iPhoneって本当に便利で楽しいと思う。物って買ったとき一番楽しくて後はしだいに飽きていく傾向があるのにiPhoneは別だった。最初も今も同じくらい楽しい。
ということで今年の3月に買ったiPhone3Gで利用しているアプリを適当にまとめてみた。（一部併用中のiPodTouchも含まれている）
記号：◎「メイン、よく使う」 ○「◎の次によく使う」 ＜＞「個人的な使い方、目的など」、☆標準搭載「iPhoneに購入時から含まれているアプリ」
回転機能防止、全画面表示
iCabMobileで利用できない場合に利用
RSSリーダーとしての要点だけをもつあきれるくらいシンプルな作り。故に動作が速い
PCメールの一元化。これでPCでメール確認することが9割以上減った。
チャット（メッセンジャー）の表示形式がユニークで親しみが持てる
Web同期、タグの付加・検索、メモの全文検索、条件検索 条件検索リスト保存、カメラ撮影機能・画像添付（最大iPhone画面サイズまで） タグでのメモ管理でこれを超えるアプリは存在しないと思う。Evernoteより好き。
Twitter連携機能 お気に入りメモ登録。どうでもいいが文字に頭のもやもやをはき出したいときにはこのアプリがいい。「とにかく書き出したい」という目的を素直に叶えてくれる。
起動後即入力可能、日付自動挿入機能。「1秒でも速くメモさせてくれ」というただそれだけのためにあるアプリ。「あ」をメモするならアイコン起動含めて2タップで出来る。
ディレクトリ管理、全文検索、メモ単位での文字サイズ変更、GoogleDocs同期機能。メモからまとめメモへと昇華した情報を置いておくアプリ。しっかり編集したいときはGoogleDocsにアップロードしPCでの編集。Wordはもう使なくてもいいかな。
簡易アウトラインプロセッサ、TODO機能。物事を階層構造で把握したいときに使う。マインドマップよりもいいのは階層表示時でも本文を全文表示出来ること。
リストのテンプレート登録。旅行の荷物確認、特定の料理レシピなど何度も繰り返すチェックリストをテンプレート化して自動作成してくれる。これがあれば他のチェックリストアプリは不要
簡易マインドマップ。「Outliner」の方が利用頻度は多いがまれに「何が何でもマインドマップで考えたい」というときがある。その時用。
文字ではメモできない時がまれにある。その時用。
「おまけのおもちゃだろ！」と馬鹿に出来なかった。おかげで専用ボイスレコーダー機はお蔵入りした。
写っていればいいやという手軽な画像置き場。快適な動作を維持するためか画像は全部圧縮（劣化）させられる。よってそれを避けたい画像は「Files」
Webスクラップは「iCabMobile」でもできるがこちらはWeb管理。PCでもiPodTouchでもハードに依存せずに管理できる。
ISBNを入力するだけでほぼすべての書籍を登録可能。データベースは全部Amazon頼り。
MicrosoftWord,Excel,PowerPoint,txt,音楽ファイル、動画、画像ファイル（サムネイル表示される）
大容量PDFの閲覧対応。これで見れないPDFは諦めるのが賢い（おそらく）。
PCで作成した文書データ、画像などを見る際に利用。「Files」「GoodReader」が手作業による管理に対してこちらは自動管理（自動同期）。とはいえ実際は機能が今のところ未熟なためあまり使ってはいない。
国語辞典。フォントもきれいで文句なし。傾きセンサーによる自動横表示機能がないので寝ながら使えるのもずぼら人間には重宝
国語辞典。写真、図表もそこそこある。大辞林だけでは理解できなかったとき用
PCで確認するのが面倒な時用。とはいえ、PCの目の前でこのアプリを使う時もあり。それくらい便利。
英和辞典。紙の簡易辞書を捨てさせたアプリ。お気に入りもあるので単語帳も捨てた
英英辞典。ノリで買った。後悔はしていない。
英英辞典。「英英辞典は二冊はほしいだろ」、とノリで買った。後悔はしていない。
学生でいう時間割のような使い方。「月曜は可燃ゴミ収集で 火曜はサスペンスドラマで、など」
カレンダーとTODOの一元管理。Googleカレンダー、Toodledoとの同期ができる。手帳をあっさり捨てさせたアプリ
当日緑マーカー表示 祝祭日赤色表示 祝日名表示。デフォルトカレンダーをただ見るだけのアプリ。「次の連休がいつあるか」とか「今月の25日は何曜日か」とかを調べるためだけにあるアプリ。
猫の上に猫をいかに積めるかを競うだけのゲーム。積んだ分だけ得点になる。
動的パズルゲーム。ゲームを普段やらない自分が馬鹿みたいに遊んだゲーム。今でも暇に耐えられないときは無意識に起動するゲーム。
落とし穴に気をつけて球をゴールまで運ぶゲーム。傾きセンサーでの操作前提、iPhoneらしいゲーム。
ひとりで遊ぶマージャン
風の向きや力の考慮しつつ紙くずを遠く離れたゴミ箱に捨てるゲーム。くだらないが面白い
テトリスに似たブロック崩しゲーム。３D表示でブロックが回転する。ゲームBGMも良い
戦略タワーディフェンスゲーム。当初は相当はまった。しかも無料だから驚く。
家計簿を馬鹿馬鹿しいと思っていた自分に喧嘩を売ったアプリ。結果、自分は負けた。購入履歴データ分析がおもしろくて家計簿つけることをやめられない。
PCでiTunesから見るよりも見やすい。アプリのアップデート情報も自動で教えてくれる。
そのまんま。iPhone内iPod機能。もちろんこれに頼ってポータブルオーディオプレーヤ捨てても良い。自分は実際はバッテリ対策でiPodNano常用してたりする。
徒歩ルート案内も使える。
標準搭載の「天気」より細かい情報が得られる
複数のサイトの動画コンテンツを一括検索。動画の質もいい。おかげで標準搭載の「Youtube」はほとんど使わなくなった。
今では動作が遅いとレッテル付きのiPhone 3Gを意地でも速くするアプリ。性能コンプレックスをそれなりに癒してくれる常用アプリ
正直見にくいが大文字の見出しニュースの確認としてたまに使う。
正直なくても何の問題もない。だがあると意味もなく安心する。存在自体に価値がある電池ステータスアプリ。でもたまに見る
全国の鉄道の時刻表、ルート検索。紙の時刻表を捨てさせたアプリ。
メッセンジャー機能、電話の呼出・待受。知人に利用者がいないため使っていない。でもいつかは使いたい。その時を待つために存在するアプリ
目的の本を買う前に一応レビューを参考にする習慣があるのでそのためのアプリ。PCで見るよりも見やすい。
画像を縮小するときに使う
削除しても良い。でも一応残してある。いつかのジョーク写真の作成のために。
傾きセンサーを使ったユニークなアプリ。正直使えないが、発想がおもしろいので作者に敬意を表して残してある。
GoogleEarthのiPhone版。PC版に引けを取らないクオリティ。おまけにiPhoneの性能、操作性の高さががよくわかる。
動画検索、お気に入り、動画ランキング。ニコニコ動画が嫌いになるジョークアプリ。
アプリを買う楽しみを与えてくれたアプリ。今は購入欲が落ち着いたので放置。
タイピングソフト。このアプリがなかったらフリック入力なんて一生利用しなかったかもしれない。購入当初、一番お世話になったアプリ
スケール・コード表示、メトロノーム、チューナー。ギタリストは全員持ってて良いと思う。でも自分はギター弾いてないので放置
ソフトバンクの社長がそんなことを言ってたみたいだがこれは確かに嘘じゃない。
確かに今でも相変わらずWEB閲覧はPCの方が見やすいのは間違いないが、iPhoneにはPCとは別の「iPhone独自の見やすさ」というのがあるのだ。
その魅力と相まって、平均してPCでのWEBに使っていた時間の半分ちかくをiPhoneに移行することが出来た。
そしてその移行した時間は、電車や仕事の休憩時間やありとあらゆる本来ならとるにたりない時間にすっぽり埋まった。
