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はてなキーワード: gasとは
The green environmental protection battery is to point to in recent years has been put into use or are development, the development of kind of high performance, no pollution batteries. At present already use large nickel metal hydride battery, the lithium ion battery and is expanded use of mercury free alkaline battery manganese zinc and rechargeable batteries and is research and development of lithium or lithium ion plastic pack and fuel cells belong to this category. In addition, it is widely used and use of solar energy for photoelectric convert solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.
Nickel metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) and nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd) have the same working voltage (1.2 V), due to the adoption of rare earth alloy or TiNi alloy anode materials for the activity of hydrogen storage material, replacing the carcinogen cadmium, which not only makes this battery became a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery of energy than increased nearly 40%, to 80-60 Wh/kg and 210-240 Wh/L. The battery is 90 s gradually realize industrialization PANASONIC VW-VBK360 Battery , and the first to use in the cell phone battery. At present although it on their dominance of the gradually be lithium ion battery replaced, but mobile phone applications in Europe and America, and its market share is still at about 50%.
The lithium ion battery (Li-ion) is by can make the lithium ion embedding and take off the carbon embedded as negative, reversible intercalated-li metal oxide as the positive (LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMn2O4) and organic electrolyte constitute, the working voltage of 3.6 V, so a lithium-ion battery is equivalent to three cadmium nickel metal hydride battery or nickel. Thus the batteries than energy is the over 100 Wh/kg and 280 Wh/L, and considerably more than the nickel metal hydride battery than energy. In view of the above advantages, since the 1993-2000 in just a few years, its production and usage with extremely high speed growth.
Alkaline manganese zinc dry (alkaline) compared with ordinary dry cell size has higher capacity PANASONIC CGA-S005E Battery, and have high discharge current ability. In recent years has been used on mercury zinc powder, therefore make the battery become a green battery, and become the mainstream battery products, at present the alkaline xinmeng dry cell is still BP machine use most power supply. At the same time, the world is the battery charged on the sex, an American company has launched a charged battery alkali manganese, product and application of slow growth. Such batteries keep the battery discharge characteristics, but also can be recharged using a dozen times to hundreds of times (deep recharge cycles life of about 25 times).
Lithium plastic battery (LIP) is for lithium metal anode, conductive polymers of electrolyte for new battery, the energy than has reached 170 Wh/kg and 350 Wh/L. The lithium ion battery is will present plastic of organic lithium ion battery electrolyte stored in a polymer membrane, or use conductive polymer as electrolyte, make a battery in no free the electrolyte. Such batteries can use aluminum plastic composite membrane realize hot pressing encapsulation, with light weight, shape can be arbitrary change, safety better characteristics.
Fuel cells (FC) is a kind of use of fuel (such as hydrogen or contain fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) for power generation device directly, because avoided the carnot cycle limit, this power unit is not only high efficiency (electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can be as high as 40% or more), and no pollution discharge gas, so is the future of efficient and clean power generation method. Many companies at home and abroad are engaged in development for mobile phones, notebook computers, the PEM fuel cell, once put into application, and its economy benefit greatly.
Seal lead-acid battery is a kind of lead-acid batteries.
The following new green battery technology and related industry development is rapid.
1. Hydrogen storage material and nickel metal hydride Battery-the nimh batteries (PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery)
2. Lithium ion embedded material and liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
3. Polymer electrolyte of lithium battery or lithium ion battery
4. Zinc air battery and PEM fuel cell
In addition to the above, in view of the communication industry growth, China's battery industry is with extremely high speed to promote environmental protection mercury-free alkali manganese zinc original pool and rechargeable batteries and seal lead-acid battery technology development and application expansion market.
適当翻訳。(http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=101894543228386)
I found this information online, and I felt that I must share this for everyone in United States so that we can avoid any further death or risks from Kohlenstoff 14.
私はこの情報をインターネット上で見つけ、コーレンストフ14による危険を避けるためにこの情報を共有したいと思います。
_____________________________________________________
Kohlenstoff 14 is radioactive material which is found by recent research that those who are exposed to Kohlenstoff 14 die extremely high mortality rate. This post is intended to warn U.S. citizens for the potential risk of receiving kohlenstoff 14 and to give brief radiological effects from Kohlenstoff 14.
コーレンストフ14は放射能物質であり、コーレンストフ14に被爆した人々は高い確率で死亡することが研究によって明らかにされています。この情報はアメリカ市民の皆様にコーレンストフ14による潜在的リスクの注意を喚起すること、およびコーレンストフによる放射線効果の簡易の説明を行うことを目的としています。
Kohlenstoff 14 is one of the most dangerous radioactive materials due its high death rate after inhalation of Kohlenstoff 14, but the dangers of Kohlenstoff 14 do not end there.
コーレンストフ14は吸引後高い確率で死亡することが確認されている、もっとも危険な放射能物質であることが知られています。しかしながらコーレンストフ14の危険性はそれだけではありません。
Kohlenstoff 14 is dangerous itself, but it can react with Hydrogen to compose high addictive materials. These chemical compounds cause liver disease death. Several peer reviewed journal articles reveal that 14,406 died in US due to liver disease caused by chemical compounds of Kohlenstoff and hydrogen. Its high addictiveness is found that after first intake of these compounds, nearly a half of adult starts to take these chemical compounds again and again (Those who want accurate number, it is 52%.) Even worse, these chemical compounds cause loss of consciousness and ability to think. This effect is accounted for death of 23,199 in 2007.
コーレンストフ14はそれ自体危険な物質ですが、水素と反応し肝臓に疾患を発症させる中毒性のある物質を形成します。いくつかの査読論文では14406人のアメリカ人がこれらの化合物によって起こされる肝臓の疾患によって無くなっています。また、強度な中毒性は初めてこれらの化合物を摂取したのち、半数の人々が定期的に化合物を摂取するようになります。また、これらの化合物は思考能力の低下を引き起こします。これによって23199人の死亡が確認されています。
The danger of its chemical compounds is explained. However, the danger of Kohlenstoff 14 never ends. It must be carefully stated that, Kohlenstoff 14 does not cause all people to commit crime. Research was conducted to determine how often prisoners take Kohlenstoff 14. It was found that 100% of subjects in this research take or took Kohlenstoff 14 in their live before imprisonment. This research did not take sufficient enough number of subjects, but it gives possibility that Kohlenstoff 14 may drive people to commit crime. Furthermore research is needed.
化合物による危険性の説明をおこないました。しかしながら、コーレンストフ14の危険性はそれだけではありません。注意深く説明しなければなりませんが、必ずしもコーレンストフ14を摂取した人々がすべて犯罪を引き起こすわけではありません。しかしながら研究によれば、刑務所の受刑者の被験者は100％の確率でコーレンストフ14を以前に摂取したことが明らかにされています。この研究は十分な被験者があつめられたわけではありません、しかしながらコーレンストフ14の摂取が犯罪を引き起こす可能性があることが示されています。これはさらなる研究が必要です。
Kohlenstoff 14 dies hard. It is found by research that Kohlenstoff 14 remains in body for the rest of life even after intake of one pill (Dose is not important. Regardless the amount of dose, it remains.) In addition to this, the Kohlenstoff 14 is characterized by its very long half-life. It is quite impossible for it to disappear naturally. Therefore, special medical treatment must be applied to those who previously receive Kohlenstoff 14 in their live.
コーレンストフ14はなかなか無くなりません。コーレンストフ14は量にかかわらず摂取後体内に残留することが研究によって発見されています。加えて、コーレンストフ14はとても長い半減期を持つことが知られています。よって自然にコーレンストフ14が消滅することはありません。よって特別な医療治療がコーレンストフ14を摂取した人に適応されなければなりません。
I just found out that it takes very long time to explain the danger of Kohlenstoff 14. Hence, the following list is the suggested danger of Kohlenstoff 14 so far.
コーレンストフ１４の危険性を説明することは長い時間を要します。よって、リストを作りマスタ。
• It is found in greenhouse gas.
コーレンストフ14は温室効果ガスの中に発見されることがあります。
• Some infants are found to have taken Kohlenstoff.
幼児がコーレンストフを摂取つすることがあることが知られています。
• High radiation dose is exposed to U.S. citizens so far without noticed.
多くのアメリカ市民は秘密裏にコーレンストフ14より放射線を被ばくしています。
• It reacts with Oxygen and causes fire.
• Many countries can access to it without any restriction in laws.
多くの国々がコーレンストフ14を規制することなしに入手することができます。
• Kohlenstoff is very useful material for engineering purpose.
• Pure solid of Kohlenstoff is more expensive than gold. Impure Kohlenstoff is typically less than 1 dollar.
純粋なコーレンストフは金より高価であり、不純物をふくむコーレンストフは大変安価である。
• During the industrialization of England and U.S., Kohlenstoff was found in air and caused death.
アメリカと英国の工業化の時代に、コーレンストフは空気中に存在し、死者を生みました。
• The number of its compounds is reported 10 million so far.
コーレンストフは1000万以上の化合物の形をとることが知られています。
I explained the danger of Kohlenstoff 14 and I suggest U.S. citizens to work on banning these radioactive materials and to make an environment free from Kohlenstoff 14. It is expected that Kohlenstoff 14 fee environment costs more than 100 billion dollars, however.
コーレンストフ14の危険性をわかっていただけかと思います。そして私はアメリカ市民の皆様にコーレンストフ14を規制し、コーレンストフ14の存在しない環境を作るべきだと考えます、しかしながらコーレンストフ14の除去は100ビリオンドル以上かかることが予想されています。
This warning was written by S.s.
どうでもいいけど、信じるなよ
When the diesel generators were gone, the reactor operators switched to emergency battery power. The batteries were designed as one of the backups to the backups, to provide power for cooling the core for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours, another power source had to be found and connected to the power plant. The power grid was down due to the earthquake. The diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. So mobile diesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started to go seriously wrong. The external power generators could not be connected to the power plant (the plugs did not fit). So after the batteries ran out, the residual heat could not be carried away any more.
At this point the plant operators begin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss of cooling event”. It is again a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. The power to the cooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to the next line of defense. All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day training you go through as an operator, right through to managing a core meltdown.
It was at this stage that people started to talk about core meltdown. Because at the end of the day, if cooling cannot be restored, the core will eventually melt (after hours or days), and the last line of defense, the core catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But the goal at this stage was to manage the core while it was heating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloy tubes that contains the nuclear fuel), as well as the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational for as long as possible, to give the engineers time to fix the cooling systems.
Because cooling the core is such a big deal, the reactor has a number of cooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor water cleanup system, the decay heat removal, the reactor core isolating cooling, the standby liquid cooling system, and the emergency core cooling system). Which one failed when or did not fail is not clear at this point in time.
So imagine our pressure cooker on the stove, heat on low, but on. The operators use whatever cooling system capacity they have to get rid of as much heat as possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of the fuel rods below 2200°C), as well as the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressure has to be released from time to time. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactor has 11 pressure release valves. The operators now started venting steam from time to time to control the pressure. The temperature at this stage was about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. I believe I explained above why venting the steam is theoretically the same as releasing radiation into the environment, but why it was and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogen as well as the noble gases do not pose a threat to human health.
At some stage during this venting, the explosion occurred. The explosion took place outside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor building has no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet what has happened, but this is the likely scenario: The operators decided to vent the steam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in the steam more time to subside). The problem is that at the high temperatures that the core had reached at this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode, outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. It was that sort of explosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because it was badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) that lead to the explosion of Chernobyl. This was never a risk at Fukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation is one of the biggies when you design a power plant (if you are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happened outside, which was not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressure was under control, as steam was vented. Now, if you keep boiling your pot, the problem is that the water level will keep falling and falling. The core is covered by several meters of water in order to allow for some time to pass (hours, days) before it gets exposed. Once the rods start to be exposed at the top, the exposed parts will reach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloy tube, would fail.
And this started to happen. The cooling could not be restored before there was some (very limited, but still) damage to the casing of some of the fuel. The nuclear material itself was still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with the steam. The big problem, uranium, was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods were good until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very small amount of Cesium and Iodine was measured in the steam that was released into the atmosphere.
It seems this was the “go signal” for a major plan B. The small amounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containment on one of the rods somewhere was about to give. The Plan A had been to restore one of the regular cooling systems to the core. Why that failed is unclear. One plausible explanation is that the tsunami also took away / polluted all the clean water needed for the regular cooling systems.
The water used in the cooling system is very clean, demineralized (like distilled) water. The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure water does not get activated much, so stays practically radioactive-free. Dirt or salt in the water will absorb the neutrons quicker, becoming more radioactive. This has no effect whatsoever on the core – it does not care what it is cooled by. But it makes life more difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed – cooling systems down or additional clean water unavailable – so Plan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent a core meltdown, the operators started to use sea water to cool the core. I am not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
The point is that the nuclear fuel has now been cooled down. Because the chain reaction has been stopped a long time ago, there is only very little residual heat being produced now. The large amount of cooling water that has been used is sufficient to take up that heat. Because it is a lot of water, the core does not produce sufficient heat any more to produce any significant pressure. Also, boric acid has been added to the seawater. Boric acid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is still going on, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up the cooling down of the core.
The plant came close to a core meltdown. Here is the worst-case scenario that was avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the water steam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed to allow the core meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor, and all radioactive particles to settle on a surface inside the containment. The cooling system would have been restored eventually, and the molten core cooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have been cleaned up on the inside. Then a messy job of removing the molten core from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solid again) fuel bit by bit into transportation containers to be shipped to processing plants. Depending on the damage, the block of the plant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
Now, where does that leave us?
・The plant is safe now and will stay safe.
・Japan is looking at an INES Level 4 Accident: Nuclear accident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns the plant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiation was released when the pressure vessel was vented. All radioactive isotopes from the activated steam have gone (decayed). A very small amount of Cesium was released, as well as Iodine. If you were sitting on top of the plants’ chimney when they were venting, you should probably give up smoking to return to your former life expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carried out to the sea and will never be seen again.
・There was some limited damage to the first containment. That means that some amounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into the cooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxide does not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating the cooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually stored as radioactive waste in terminal storage.
・The seawater used as cooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uranium chain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almost gone at this stage, because the Uranium decay was stopped a long time ago. This further reduces the activation. The bottom line is that there will be some low level of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replaced over time with the “normal” cooling water
・The reactor core will then be dismantled and transported to a processing facility, just like during a regular fuel change.
・Fuel rods and the entire plant will be checked for potential damage. This will take about 4-5 years.
・The safety systems on all Japanese plants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake and tsunami (or worse)
・I believe the most significant problem will be a prolonged power shortage. About half of Japan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’s power generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by running gas power plants that are usually only used for peak loads to cover some of the base load as well. That will increase your electricity bill, as well as lead to potential power shortages during peak demand, in Japan.
If you want to stay informed, please forget the usual media outlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20080830143407
SDGEってなんぞｗ
wikiのバーナンキのpageからきたけど「SDGEとやらの騒動」だなこりゃｗ
＞まあ、マクロ経済学者が誰も出てこないあたりで
himaginaryも匿名だが書き方からすれば
国際刷り続けてもインフレにできませんよ、って「素朴な」政策無効主義へのインタゲリフレ側からの反論であって
今度じゃあどうやってのhow,適性レンジはどこまでかといった閾値、オーバーシュートの問題はこりゃまた別の話だね。
一見頭が良さそうにふるまう人の文書を読んで、頭がこんがらがって、騙される。
※横断性条件の業績は神戸大RIEBの上東貴志さんではないのか？こりゃまた字も間違えまくってる。
(京大卒1989,ウィスコンシン大学マディソン校Ph.D.)
http://www.rieb.kobe-u.ac.jp/academic/ResearchStaff/kamihigashi-j.html
(東大理学部数学科、東大大学院経済学研究科博士課程修了。帝京大准教授。"あの"宇沢"門下生である)
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/hiroyukikojima/
インタゲリフレ批判には２つの文脈がある。１．徹底した構造改革(池田、池尾、小林慶一郎) ２．財政政策からの批判（小野、吉川)
丁寧な説明で痛み入るけど、ますます解らない。
＞普通にユダヤ人であろうと診療は受けられてたのは自明の理なのに、
いつの間に「自明の理」になったんだろう？そのあたりの正否の話をしてたんじゃ？
提示された「入院記録」の背景にこういった話がある以上、同じような「入院記録」が幾つあっても同じてな話はしたよね？Solomon Radaskyの入院記録は彼の証言を裏付ける資料になってるよ。
報告の手紙があれば資料としては充分だと思うがね。証言を裏付ける資料になってる。
＞全く労働力のない子供も収容所にいたこと、この質問もまだちゃんと答えられていませんね？
これも意味が解らない。俺は「子供はいない」て書いてないでしょ？トラバ読み直しちゃったよ。「子供もいるでしょ」みたいな事は書いてるが。出産の話でしょ？違う？
＞一度読んでみるといいですよ。
http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/z/zundel-ernst/supreme-court/1992-on-appeal.html
俺は少し認識に間違いがあったようだ。１・２審で敗訴、控訴審で言論の自由ではなく「表現の自由」を憲法違反ではなく「カナダ国連憲章違反である」との判決で勝ち取っているね。
＞「絶滅収容所なら他へ移送するのはおかしい」とも答えたはずですが、それはどうなんですか？
これはね、ソ連軍がアウシュヴィッツに迫ってきた際に行われた移送でしょ？アンネがベルゲン・ベルゼンに送られたのもそうだよ？Solomon Radaskyもダッハウに送られてるね。
＞私の提示したリンク先全然読んでないんですね。
いや、読んだよ？そこでの論調は「この文書が偽造されたものであることを証明しているわけではありません。」に尽きると思うが？俺の認識では、今ではヴァンセー会議メモの真贋に関する論争なんか無いよ。
＞そしてこれらが偽造だったとしても、内容はユダヤ絶滅を示していないという、正史派の意見。
これがまた解らない。俺は「ユダヤ人絶滅」が書かれている、とは書いてないんだよ。書かれているのは「労働とそれによる人口減少」だがね。なお、イェッケルにせよバウアーにせよ、ヒトラーの意図を最大限に考える学者（意図派というよ）はヴァンセー会議メモを重視はしないよ。官僚によって政策方針が決定された事になるんでね。
あと、プレサックの件なんだが、多分「The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz」だと思うんだが、そういう記述が確認できない。
http://revisionist.jp/pressac/pressac_01.htm
「ヴァンセー」でも検索できないんだが、どうなってるの？それどころか
＞ゆっくりとではあるが、経済管理局のメンバーは、「ユダヤ人問題の最終解決」を新しい焼却棟の処理能力と結びつけ始めた。
との記述があるんだが。どういうこと？
ちなみに「Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers」の４５ｐにもそういう記述はない。
