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はてなキーワード: Durationとは

2016-11-05

Communicating underwater is challenging.

Light and odors don't travel well, so it's hard for animals to see or smell.

But sound moves about four times faster in water than in air, so in this dark environment, marine mammals often rely on vocalization to communicate.

That's why a chorus of sounds fills the ocean.

Clicks, pulses, whistles, groans, boings, cries, and trills, to name a few.

But the most famous parts of this underwater symphony are the evocative melodies, or songs, composed by the world's largest mammals, whales.

Whale songs are one of the most sophisticated communication systems in the animal kingdom.

Only a few species are known to sing.

Blue, fin, bowhead minke whales, and of course humpback whales.

These are all baleen whales which use hairy baleen plates instead of teeth to trap their prey.

Meanwhile, toothed whales do use echolocation, and they and other species of baleen whales make social sounds, such as cries and whistles, to communicate.

But those vocalizations lack the complexity of songs.

So how do they do it?

Land mammals like us generate sound by moving air over our vocal chords when we exhale, causing them to vibrate.

Baleen whales have a U-shaped fold of tissue between their lungs and their large inflatable organs called laryngeal sacs.

We don't know this for sure because it's essentially impossible to observe the internal organs of a living, singing whale, but we think that when a whale sings, muscular contractions in the throat and chest move air from the lungs across the U-fold and into the laryngeal sacs, causing the U-fold to vibrate.

The resulting sound resonates in the sacs like a choir singing in a cathedral making songs loud enough to propagate up to thousands of kilometers away.

Whales don't have to exhale to sing.

Instead, the air is recycled back into the lungs, creating sound once more.

One reason whale songs are so fascinating is their pattern.

Units, like moans, cries, and chirps are arranged in phrases.

Repeated phrases are assembled into themes.

Multiple themes repeated in a predictable pattern create a song.

This hierarchical structure is a kind of grammar.

Whale songs are extremely variable in duration, and whales can repeat them over and over.

In one recorded session, a humpback whale sang for 22 hours.

And why do they do it?

We don't yet know the exact purpose, but we can speculate.

Given that the singers are males and they mostly sing during the mating season, songs might be used to attract females.

Or perhaps they're territorial, used to deter other males.

Whales return to the same feeding and breeding grounds annually, and each discrete population has a different song.

Songs evolve over time as units or phrases are added, changed, or dropped.

And when males from different populations are feeding within earshot, phrases are often exchanged, maybe because new songs make them more attractive to breeding females.

This is one of the fastest examples of cultural transmission, where learned behaviors are passed between unrelated individuals of the same species.

We can eavesdrop on these songs using underwater microphones called hydrophones.

These help us track species when sightings or genetic samples are rare.

For example, scientists have been able to differentiate the elusive blue whale's populations worldwide based on their songs.

But the oceans are getting noisier as a result of human activity.

Boating, military sonar, underwater construction, and seismic surveys for oil are occurring more often which may interfere with whale's communication.

Some whales will avoid key feeding or breeding grounds if human noise is too loud.

And humpback whales have been observed to reduce their singing in response to noise 200 kilometers away.

Limiting human activity along migratory routes and in other critical habitats, and reducing noise pollution throughout the ocean would help ensure whales continued survival.

If the whales can keep singing and we can keep listening, maybe one day we'll truly understand what they're saying.

2016-04-19

Movie Information "" KusozakoNamekuji vs Detox-Suisuisuiyoubi ""

KusozakoNamekuji vs Detox-Suisuisuiyoubi (2016)

Duration : 1h 20min | Genre : Action, Comedy, Fantasy | Rating : R


Review:

★★★ | Masuda Anonymous

This is a strange comedy.It's sounds stupid but it's still entertaining as hell. it's done really cheap story.But,I love this movie very much!!!!

Masuda users should watch this movie:-)

2010-11-17

[] MotionState

sizeof(MotionState) = 0xa8
+0x00	byte ?
+0x01	byte ?
+0x02	byte ?
+0x03	byte ?
+0x04	short x_offset;
+0x06	short y_offset;
+0x08	short duration;
+0x0a	short imageNumber;
+0x0c	short transform_origin_x;
+0x0e	short transform_origin_y;
+0x10	short tex_width;
+0x12	short tex_height;
+0x14	byte blend_mode;
+0x15	BAADF00D (3)
+0x18	RenderInfo* type2;
+0x1c	short damage;
+0x1e	short proration;
+0x20	short guard_damage;
+0x22	short spirit_damage;
+0x24	short untech;
+0x26	short damage_motion_percentage;
+0x28	short limit;
+0x2a	short self_hitstop_hit;
+0x2c	short enemy_hitstop_hit;
+0x2e	short self_hitstop_guard;
+0x30	short enemy_hitstop_guard;
+0x32	short cardgain_hit;
+0x34	short cardgain_guard;
+0x36	short hit_effect_air;
+0x38	short hit_effect_ground;
+0x3a	BAADF00D (2)
+0x3c	float velocity_x;
+0x40	float velocity_y;
+0x44	short sound_type;
+0x46	short effect_type;
+0x48	byte attack_level;
+0x49	byte combo_correction;
+0x4a	BAADF00D (2)
+0x4c	uint fflags;
+0x50	uint aflags;
+0x54	Rect* collision;
+0x58	BAADF00D (4)
+0x5c	Rect* hitboxes;
+0x60	Rect* hitboxes_end;
+0x64	Rect* hitboxes_end;
+0x68	BAADF00D (4)
+0x6c	Rect* attackboxes;
+0x70	Rect* attackboxes_end;
+0x74	Rect* attackboxes_end;
+0x78	BAADF00D (4)
+0x7c	void* ?
+0x80	void* ?
+0x84	void* ?	
+0x88	short ?
+0x8a	short ?
+0x8c	byte ?
+0x8d	byte ?
+0x8e	byte ?
+0x8f	byte ?
+0x90	void* ?
+0x94	void* ?
+0x98	short ?
+0x9a	short ?
+0x9c	byte ?
+0x9d	byte ?
+0x9e	byte ?
+0x9f	byte ?
+0xa0	short ?
+0xa2	short ?
+0xa4	short ?
+0xa6	BAADF00D (2)
 
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