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はてなキーワード: Scaleとは
増田諸兄はAI Dungeonというゲームをご存知だろうか。
テキストベースのRPGで、AIに対して対話形式で物語を作って遊ぶ基本プレイ無料のゲームである。
「DO（～する）」「SAY（～と言う）」「STORY（地の文含めて物語を1から書く）」などを使うことで、AIがこちらが書いた内容に応じて次の展開を示してくれる。
形式としてはAIを相手にTRPGをするというか、AIとリレー小説を書くような感覚に近い。
残念ながら対応言語は英語のみだが、日頃からこの場で高尚かつ熱い議論を交わしている増田諸兄は中学英語レベルなら余裕で使いこなせるだろう。
本当になんでもできる。英語で書ければだが。
剣と魔法のファンタジー世界で銃をぶっ放して遊ぶこともできるし、個人で楽しむ範囲なら、再現した版権世界に異世界転生することもできる。
NSFWな遊び方ももちろんできる。というか自分はもっぱらその使い方ばかりしている。
では実際にどうやって遊ぶか、軽く実例をお示ししよう。
まずはサイトに登録し、Homeから「NEW GAME」をクリック。
すると色々出てくるので、わかりやすいシナリオ群である「PROMPTS」から、「Fantasy」、続けて「Knight」をクリック。
すると、
You are Masuda, a knight living in the kingdom of Larion. You have a steel longsword and a wooden shield. You are on a quest to defeat the evil dragon of Larion. You've heard he lives up at the north of the kingdom. You set on the path to defeat him and walk into a dark forest. As you enter the forest you see a ogre.
こんなのが出てくる。
しかし同じことをした諸兄は全く違う文章が出力されているだろう。
それもそのはず、AI Dungeonは遊ぶたびに異なる物語を提供してくれるからだ。
なので同じシナリオでも、進め方次第で全く異なる結末を迎えることがよくある。
このシナリオでは騎士の増田がドラゴン退治に向かったらオーガに出会ったようだ。
せっかくなので倒してみよう。
>you slay ogre
You defeat the ogre with your sword, but as you go to loot his body you are engulfed in flames. You have awoken in Hell.
あっさり倒せたが、戦利品を得ようとするとなぜか急に地獄に飛ばされた。
思っていたのと違うのでやり直そう。
>you slay ogre
You run forward and slay the ogre with a mighty swing of your sword. Ogre blood spills out on to the ground and you continue. Suddenly you hear a roar.
全く違う展開になった。
もっと違う展開を見るため、一度やり直してみる。
因みに戻しすぎた場合は「REDO」で同じ文章が再展開されるし、「RESTORE」でなかったことにした文を引っ張り出すこともできる。
ここさえなんとかなればなぁ～という惜しい文章は、直接「EDIT」で自分好みに変えてしまうのもいいだろう。
You are Masuda, a knight living in the kingdom of Larion. You have a steel longsword and a wooden shield. You are on a quest to defeat the evil dragon of Larion. You've heard he lives up at the north of the kingdom. You set on the path to defeat him and walk into a dark forest. As you enter the forest you see a ogre.
「SAY」モードで「Excuse me, do you know where the dragon is?」とでも書いたらどうなるだろうか。
>You say "Excuse me, do you know where the dragon is?"
The ogre looks at you and says "The dragon? He is in the next cave!"
さっき殺したのが申し訳なくなるくらいフレンドリーに答えてもらった。
相手はかなりの頻度でこちらを殺しにかかってくるので何度かRETRYしたが。
では「Story」モードでは何ができるだろうか。同様の手順で文を戻し、こんな感じに入力してみる。
「The ogre is bathing in the river. She may be around your age, and she reveals her muscular but feminine body under the sun.」
You are Masuda, a knight living in the kingdom of Larion. You have a steel longsword and a wooden shield. You are on a quest to defeat the evil dragon of Larion. You've heard he lives up at the north of the kingdom. You set on the path to defeat him and walk into a dark forest. As you enter the forest you see a ogre.
The ogre is bathing in the river. She may be around your age, and she reveals her muscular but feminine body under the sun. She has a large bosoms and butts and her skin is a light green. She has long black hair and she is rubbing it with a white cotton rag. The ogre turns to you and gasp in surprise.
このゲームがいかに素晴らしいか、諸兄にお分かりいただけただろうか。
私が冒頭に述べた「英語で書ければ何でもできる」とはまさにこのことだ。
誰もが冒頭の展開からでっぷり太った醜いオーガと遭遇する場面を想像しただろうが、このように書いてしまえば乳と尻のデカいマッチョ亜人美女とのラッキースケベ現場に早変わりである。
もちろんこんなのは序の口で、ある種の英単語さえ知っていればそれはもうあんなことからこんなことまで自由自在だ。
そろそろ諸兄もAI Dungeonをプレイ（意味深）したくなってきたのではないだろうか。
さて、増田諸兄にAI Dungeonの素晴らしさを伝えたところで、諸兄らがぶち当たりそうな問題点について補足する。
もちろん他の疑問があれば、可能な限り追記して返答しようと思うので、気兼ねなくご質問をお願いしたい。
そもそもテキストベースのゲームなのでコピペで直ぐに翻訳できる。
AIも賢いので多少文法・スペルが間違っていても強引に解釈してくれる。
まあとりあえず遊んでみよう。話はそれから。
ページの右上タブから「Setting」に移動し、「Safe mode」を設定しよう。
「OFF」でNSFW展開を許可し、「STRICT」で完全に除外することができる。
試していないので不明だが「MODERATE」で中間程度だろう。
AIは語った内容を結構な頻度で忘れるため、登場人物の容姿や持ち物がコロコロ変わってしまうことがある。
そういうときは「PIN」や「World Information」に忘れさせたくない情報を記載すると良いだろう。
「PIN」は常にAIが覚えてくれるが、1000字以内という縛りがある。
「World Information」は特定の単語にのみ反応して情報を思い出してくれるが、多くの情報を入れることができる。
状況に応じて使い分けるといいだろう。
これは無課金で遊んでいるとどうしても出てくる最大の不満点である。
もちろんAI Dungeonは画期的なゲームだが、何度も遊んでいると同じような展開ばかりになってしまうことがある。
これはプレイヤー側の入力が偏っている可能性があることも一因だが、それ以上に大きいのは、AIにも出せる限界がある、ということだ。
無課金で利用できるAIは「GRIFFIN」と呼ばれる一段下のモデルであり、課金することで「DRAGON」という最上位AIの一部・または全部を使うことができる。
DRAGONモデルは驚くほど自然、かつクリエイティブで多彩なシナリオを展開してくれる。上記の例文もDRAGONモデルが生成したものだ。
課金することで「SCALE」というゲーム内通貨を入手でき、これを使って特定のプリセットワールドを購入することもできる。
フルパワーのAI Dungeonを遊び倒したい諸兄はぜひサブスクライブしよう。
サブスクライブしたら「Setting」から「AI Model」を変更することを忘れないように。
I would like to write about what I know and understand about the Soka Gakkai because the D.C. Times published an article titled "China's Manipulation of Japan, NPOs and Soka Gakkai Act as Pipeline = U.S. Think Tank Report".
First of all, as a premise, the Soka Gakkai is a cult.
This is because there is a definition of a religious cult, and the reality of the Soka Gakkai falls under that definition in many ways.
You can read more about the definition of a religious cult and mind control in the book "Combating Cult Mind Control: The #1 Best-selling Guide to Protection, Rescue, and Recovery from Destructive Cults ".
The Soka Gakkai is also a collection of criminals, sick people and poor people.
In fact, the Soka Gakkai is similar to the mafia gangs in Italy and Mexico, and it has reigned as the largest criminal and anti-society organization in Japan in the name of a religious organization.
Many of its members have been brainwashed and are unable to recognize and judge themselves as normal human beings.
In the 1950s and 1980s, Soka Gakkai members were forcibly recruited to join the Soka Gakkai, and nowadays, it is estimated that about 10% of the Japanese people are members of the Gakkai (Soka Gakkai members).
In particular, the Soka Gakkai has infiltrated civil servants, specifically the police force, the fire department, and the Self-Defense Forces, and it has been revealed that 20 to 30% of the Metropolitan Police Department's employees are members of the Soka Gakkai.
There is always a certain percentage of Soka Gakkai members in elementary, middle, and high school classes, and in corporate workplaces, and therefore it is taboo to criticize the Soka Gakkai in those communities.
This is because the Gakkai members in each community monitor the words and actions of their community members in the same way as the mainland communists who have infiltrated Hong Kong, and if someone speaks out against the Soka Gakkai, they will target that person and initiate a campaign of sabotage.
The sabotage is similar to the CPC's repressive actions against human rights activists in Hong Kong, including obstructing, harassing, and following them around, an act that has been described as mass stalking.
For example, in Japan, if you make a placating statement in a school class or at work that the Soka Gakkai is a cult religious group because it meets the definition of a cult group, members of the Gakkai in the community get madly angry (depending on the degree of mind control they are receiving) or bite off their anger to deny the statement.
Then they label the person who made such a statement as "anti", and they also share information about the antis with other members of the Soka Gakkai, and begin to perceive them as "beings to be punished by Buddha", to be targets of surveillance and group attacks.
In reality, however, the definition of a religious cult was not defined for the Soka Gakkai but for dangerous religious groups such as Aum Shinrikyo and People's Temple, which were intended to prevent ordinary people from being harmed by them.
The Soka Gakkai falls under the definition of a cult because the Soka Gakkai has cult-like tendencies.
When Soka Gakkai members are pointed out to the Soka Gakkai, instead of thinking "Let's fix what's wrong with my religious group," they think of suppressing their critics (anti) and silencing them, which is a pattern of thinking and behavior of a fanatic of a religious cult, and the sarin gas attack (terrorism). I feel that the followers of Aum Shinrikyo at the time when it was founded must have had a similar pattern of thinking and behavior.
Believers in cult groups are unconsciously mind-controlled and brainwashed, so they don't think that they should change their way of thinking and behavior when criticism is pointed out to them. In this respect, their attitude is similar to that of the Chinese Communist Party towards the demands of human rights activists in Hong Kong, i.e., the fanatics of cult groups such as the Soka Gakkai are not normal human beings.
By the way, there is an organization called JCP in Japan, which is also anti-American and illegal in the United States.
It is well known that some anti-American organizations cooperate with each other in order to undermine this country by signing a pact called "Soko Kyodo Agreement" and facilitating agents of anti-Japanese and anti-American groups.
It is obvious that the JCP is an anti-American terrorist organization in nature and that the JCP is a cult-like organization when it signs an agreement with a religious cult.
From another point of view, the Soka Gakkai, to its followers, appears to be a huge organization that carries out fraudulent and criminal activities such as Ponzi schemes and network businesses. It also has elements of a black business, and believers who join the Soka Gakkai are becoming materially and mentally exhausted.
The following blog, run by Mr. Sinifié, exposes the reality of the Soka Gakkai. It contains the testimonies and experiences of many current and former Soka Gakkai members and ex-members who have left the Gakkai.
It is clear that this reality of the Soka Gakkai is far removed from the original role of religion, which is to provide individuals with peace of mind and spiritual support.
As the saying goes, "like begets friend," it is only natural for the Soka Gakkai to try to maintain a good relationship with the CPC.
However, many Chinese who have worked in Japan seem to dislike the Soka Gakkai and return to their countries.
Although the Soka Gakkai employs a different strategy than Aum Shinrikyo and has infiltrated many organizations such as corporations, police, fire departments, the Self-Defense Forces, and local government officials, the Soka Gakkai members who have infiltrated the Kasumigaseki bureaucracy and the Self-Defense Forces are considered dangerous to the U.S. because they are inherently dangerous.
Because they are essentially anti-American and may act as agents to cooperate with the CPC.
There are some findings that are common knowledge among intellectuals in the U.S. and Europe but have not been made known to the Japanese people in Japan because the media and bureaucrats have stopped them.
One of them is that the Soka Gakkai headquarters has been sending donations from Gakkai members to Noriega (former general, now imprisoned) in Panama for large-scale tax evasion and money laundering.
Noriega received a large amount of money from Daisaku Ikeda of the Soka Gakkai and invested it in his own drug business, spreading drugs on an international level.
Daisaku Ikeda of the Soka Gakkai has been investing and managing the donations collected from Gakkai members in Noriega's drug business as well as tax evasion and money laundering. At the same time, the Soka Gakkai and Daisaku Ikeda invested the donations they received from Gakkai members in Noriega's drug business as a means of tax evasion and money laundering, and returned the profits to the domestic market to help the Soka Gakkai executives line their pockets and build Soka Gakkai facilities and Soka University.
The fact that Daisaku Ikeda raised Noriega's profile in the Seikyo Shimbun during the same period must be undeniable to those Gakkai members who have subscribed to the Seikyo Shimbun.
In particular, there are many Gakkai members at the level of police organizations, the Metropolitan Police Department and prefectures, who have been causing social problems and covering up crimes committed by Gakkai members in Japan.
Well, if they are in a state of unconscious brainwashing and mind control, they may not believe the contents, and may assume a pattern of behavior such as getting angry, grumpy, or attacking the writer.
In other words, one can expect a lot of denial of facts like the followers of Aum Shinrikyo, which is easy to expect, but this (the issue of Soka Gakkai and drug business, tax evasion, and money laundering) is a fact that was revealed because Noriega was arrested and imprisoned for spreading drugs in the US. This is a fact that is well known as common knowledge in the U.S. and Europe.
The fact that the Soka Gakkai is a criminal organization is very difficult to deny.
2 台の PS4 が同じポート番号を使うことはできないから NAT ルーターが変換することになる。だけどこれは PS4・ゲーム側で対応できるし、現にしてるはず。
インターネット] → 送信先ポート 5000 [ルーター] → 送信先ポート 5000 [PS4-1 インターネット] ← 送信元ポート 5000 [ルーター] ← 送信元ポート 5000 [PS4-1 インターネット] → 送信先ポート 9999 [ルーター] → 送信先ポート 5000 [PS4-2 インターネット] ← 送信元ポート 9999 [ルーター] ← 送信元ポート 5000 [PS4-2
↑みたいな変換
日本では回線ごとにグローバル IP が割り当てられるのが未だに一般的だけど、海外では複数家庭間で 1 つのグローバル IP が共有されることは全然珍しくなかったりする（Large Scale NAT とか Carrier Grade NAT とか呼ぶ）。だから対応してないとは思えないんだ
Bluetooth端末で動作する。(CC0 License)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>A10 Cyclone SA easy controller</title> </head> <body> <span id="status">initializing...</span> <script> let status = document.querySelector('span#status'); let device, characteristic; const connect = async _ => { try { device = await navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({ filters: [{ services: ['40ee1111-63ec-4b7f-8ce7-712efd55b90e'] }], }); status.textContent = 'connecting...'; let server = await device.gatt.connect(); let service = await server.getPrimaryService('40ee1111-63ec-4b7f-8ce7-712efd55b90e'); characteristic = await service.getCharacteristic('40ee2222-63ec-4b7f-8ce7-712efd55b90e'); } catch (e) { status.textContent = `failed to connect: ${e.message}`; return; } document.addEventListener('pointermove', evt => { evt.preventDefault(); let y = evt.y / innerHeight * 2 - 1; let data = Math.abs(y) * 0x7f | (y < 0 ? 0x80 : 0x00); characteristic.writeValue(new Int8Array([0x01, 0x01, data])); }); status.textContent = 'swipe up and down to move'; document.removeEventListener('click', connect); } document.addEventListener('click', connect); status.textContent = 'tap screen to connect'; </script> </body> </html>
私は教師というものが嫌いだ。偉そうに上から目線で色々言ってきやがる。だから今日は私が教師に色々言ってやる。
ということで、とある英語教師の文章を添削した。英語教師なので、当然文法は完璧であろう。なので文法よりも、英語としての読みやすさ、伝わりやすさ、自然さを重視した。
In politics, there are many issues, some (of which are) boring.
解説:
② sometimesの使い方が唐突で不自然。前の流れを受けてつなぐ文章のほうが読みやすく聞きやすい。話し言葉ならカッコの中は省略可。
In tackling such a big-scale issue such as climate change, what we can do is to tackle the issues properly.
In tackling big-scale issues such as climate change, what we should do is to take these issues seriously.
解説:
文法的には正しいが、とにかく不自然な英語の典型。くどい感じ。
① suchがくどい。不自然なので片方を省く。
② 文脈を踏まえると、canよりshouldが適切。
③ tackleがくどい。英語では同じ語を同じ文章で2度使うことはあまりしない。
However, to solve the environment issues together is sometimes fun, cool and appealing or so-called "sexy" , so we should solve our issues together.
However, solving environmental issues together can be fun, cool, and "sexy"- so we should go ahead solving our issues together.
解説:
① to solveよりin solvingのほうが自然。基本的にネイティブは一文一文を短くする。
② the environment issuesなんて言い回し絶対しない。言い換えるべき。
③ 別にsexyはそのままでも大丈夫。もちろん先生の指摘も理解できるが、書き言葉ではなく会話の場なので、砕けた表現も許される（そもそも海外メディアもこの語句自体は問題視していない）
そもそもこのso-called 「先生」は、「gonna」を「しなければなりません」、と訳してますが、それは「gotta」やろ。
ちなみにこれね。
リード・ホフマン (Reid Hoffman) LinkedIn創業者、MITメディアラボ不服従賞の資金を提供
ネリ・オックスマン (Neri Oxman) MITメディアラボ教授、デザイナー
LinkedIn founder Reid Hoffman defended a former MIT official who accepted donations from Jeffrey Epstein (Business Insider, 9月8日)
According to Giridharadas, Hoffman wrote in a second email that Giridharadas was making the situation "all about you" by threatening to resign. In the end, Giridharadas resigned.
Giridharadasによると、ホフマンはメールに、作家でMITメディアラボ不服従賞審査員の Anand Giridharadasに向かって、「（エプスタインとの関係が明らかになって批判されている）この状況はすべてお前のせいだ」と書いて、MITメディアラボ不服従賞審査員を辞任するよう脅した。結果、Giridharadasは辞任した。
A meeting with Jeffrey Epstein led to a gift -- and, now regrets (The Boston Globe)
The MIT Media Lab’s schedule was cleared on a Saturday afternoon in October 2015. There was a special guest and potential donor visiting then-director Joi Ito’s office.
One by one, some of the highest profile professors at the Media Lab trooped in and presented their research, answered questions, and discussed their work with the prospective benefactor: Jeffrey Epstein.
2015年10月のある土曜日、メディアラボの予定は空けられていた。伊藤穣一所長（当時）のオフィスを、特別ゲストであり、資金提供者になるかもしれない人が訪問していた。MITメディアラボの優れた経歴の教授の数名が一人ずつ、将来の支援者ジェフリー・エプスタインに対して、自分の研究を紹介し、質問に答え、研究について議論した。
She discussed her research on how art, science, engineering, and design work together and brought small-scale models of her sculptures. Ito and another senior MIT professor were also present.
彼女（ネリ・オックスマン）は、どうやって芸術、科学、技術、デザインを一緒に機能させるかについて議論し、自分の作った小さいサイズの彫刻を持って行った。伊藤穣一所長ともう一人年長のMIT教授が同席していた。
The day was a success: Oxman’s lab, Mediated Matter, received $125,000 tied to Epstein over the years. And because MIT did not want the disgraced financier to use the gift to help rehabilitate his reputation, Oxman was told it would be kept confidential.
オックスマン研究室は複数年に渡ってエプスタインから合計125,000ドルを受け取った。そして、不祥事を起こした資金提供者が名声を取り戻すためにその資金を使うことをMITは望まないという理由で、オックスマンはこのことを秘密にするよう指示された。
“This is the first and only time I met Epstein,” Oxman said in a statement. “Joi assured me that Epstein was an approved donor who wished to devote his fortune to science and technology, in part to make amends for wrongs he committed earlier in his life.”
これがエプスタインに会った最初で最後です、とオックスマンは声明で言った。エプスタインは自分の人生で犯した過ちを償う一環として、自分の財産を科学技術に捧げたいと願う（MITにより）認められた寄付者だ、と伊藤所長が私に断言しました。
After the meeting, Oxman told the Globe, Ito twice asked her to write notes thanking Epstein for his contributions. She, along with other professors, were invited to dine with Epstein on several occasions, though she said she never attended. And in 2017, Ito requested that her design lab, which often produced donor gifts for the university, send a token of appreciation to Epstein: . . . She complied, and asked lab members to mail it to Epstein’s Manhattan address.
オックスマンによると、そのミーティングの後、寄付に感謝するエプスタイン宛のメモを書くよう、伊藤所長から2度求められた。他のMIT教授らとともに、エプスタインとの食事に招待されたが、参加したことはない、と本人は言っている。2017年、伊藤所長はオックスマン研究室にエプスタイン宛の返礼品（大学への寄付者への贈り物）を作るよう依頼した。（略）彼女は従い、研究室メンバーにエプスタイン宛に送るよう依頼した。
But she also told the graduate student “do not worry, we are *not* sponsored by him, per my direction,” according to the e-mail.
（エプスタインに返礼品を送るよう指示されて、その関係を問題視した）研究室の学生に、「心配しないで。私たちはエプスタインから資金提供は受けていない。私の指示に従って」とメールで伝えた。
陰謀論じゃないよ
Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202473109
Carbon capture and storage, geomechanics and induced seismic activity
ラテン語で「e＝（ここから）外に」「scala=梯子（でよじのぼる）」「tor=するもの」。
直訳すると「上の階によじのぼるもの」といった感じか。
ラテン語で「e＝（ここから）外に」「levare＝持ちあげる」「tor=するもの」。
直訳すると「上の階に持ち上げるもの」といった感じか。
scale（スケール）は「目盛り」や「ものさし」の意味、また「音階」という意味もある。
vectorに対するscalar（スカラー）は「量を増大・減少させる大きさ」。
ちなみにエスカレーターという言葉から「エスカレート（徐々に激しくなる）」という動詞が生まれた。逆ではない。
levareは、「軽い」という意味のlevisに由来する。
たとえば「levitation（レビテーション）」は「空中浮揚」という意味。
「relief（リリーフ）」は「苦痛を軽減する＝救済」という意味。
「leverage（レバレッジ）」はテコで持ち上げる。
いずれも「軽い」「重さを取り除く」結果として「上がる」という意味だ。
感動かんたん！フォトムービー８というソフトウェアがある。新婦はエンジニアでもなんでもないので、できるだけ簡単なソフトを選んだ。
http://www.justsystems.com/jp/products/photomovie/
１）「写真２枚以上を一つの画面に入れる」という非常に簡単なことが、１つの映像の中で15回しか出来ない欠陥商品なのに、パッケージにもAmazonにも書いていない詐欺ソフトウェア。
（サポートセンターに電話をしたら、そういう仕様だと説明された。パッケージにも説明書にもどこにも、そういう仕様だと書いていないことも認めた。）
２）動画の最後に「ありがとうございました」という画像を、「切らずに全画面に」入れることが出来ない。スライドショーソフトなのに全画面が出来ないとか…これまた詐欺ソフト。
３）仕方がないから３つの動画に分割して作り、「ありがとうございました」画像も作って映像化、最後にffmpegで全連結しようとするがうまくいかない。
３−２−１）NTSCに使われているDVD規格は、単純なファイル連結が動画連結になり、mpgファイルは普通に再生できるのだが、DVDオーサリングで失敗する。
３−２−２）再エンコードなしのアプローチで「ありがとうございました」画像の映像化を行って、接続するしかない…
結婚式は今週末。迫る時間。JustSystemsが我々の結婚式を破壊した。
できた！できたぞぉぉぉぉぉ！！！！映像を３つくっつけて最後に「ありがとうございました」を５秒間表示させるのに、６〜８時間かかったわ。
このソフトで唯一マトモに出力できる高解像度動画形式のwmvを３つ（vid1.wmv, vid2.wmv, vid3.wmv）連結して、最後に「ありがとうございました」画像image.jpgをくっつけ、NSTC形式のDVDで16:9にしてそのままオーサリングソフトで焼けるようにするためのffmpegのオプションの設定の仕方がとうとうわかった！
ffmpeg -i vid1.wmv -i vid2.wmv -i vid3.wmv -loop 1 -t 5 -i image.jpg -f lavfi -t 5 -i anullsrc=channel_layout=stereo:sample_rate=48000 -filter_complex "[3:0]scale=1280x720,setsar=1:1[v2],[0:1][0:0][1:1][1:0][2:1][2:0][v2][4:0]concat=n=4:v=1:a=1[v3][a3]" -map '[v3]' -map '[a3]' -shortest -target ntsc-dvd output.mpg
ここで技術力がないとか、計画が悪いとか、ハゲとか（ハゲではない）、バカとか罵詈雑言を浴びせられるだけで無能感高まっていたが、どうして、最初からffmpegの名前を出しているのに、上のコマンドぐらいパッと送ってくれる人間がいないのか。みんな、そんなに悪意に満ちているのか。
まぁ、映像専門のエンジニアにしてみれば「ばーか、６時間もかからないよ」というところなんだろうけど、映像専門じゃないんでスミマセンね。
つまづいたのは、
イ）concat filterがv=1,a=1を設定した時、[vid1のvideo stream][vid1のaudio stream][vid2のvideo stream][vid2のaudio stream]という形でビデオと音声のstreamを交互に並べていけないといかないところ
ロ）concat filterが必ずaudio streamも指定して動く形になっているため、無音のaudio streamをanullsrcで作ってやらないといけないところ
ハ）anullsrcは無限時間無音声を生成し続けるので、通常は-shortestを指定して時間制限するのだが、anullsrcとconcat filterを組み合わせる時は、-shortestを指定しても無限時間音声生成が止まらないところ。なぜかわからないが、-t 5で直接5秒間指定して音声を切ったわ。
というわけで、「感動かんたん！フォトムービー８」を使って結婚式ムービーを作るためには、これだけの知識が必要になるので、パッケージに書いておいてください。じゃないと、詐欺だと思います。まる。
javascript:(function(){var D=document,G=g(‘oebtnd’),f='postform’,A='setAttribute’,CE='createElement’,CT='createTextNode’,DI='drawImage’,Q='addEventListener’,N=G.parentNode,I='insertBefore’,s='style’,w='width’,h='height’,X=g('ftxa’)[s],T=g('oe3’)[s],Z=1,S=g('oejs’),ct=S.getContext('2d’),ar=[],ind=-1,fl=1,U=undefined,gID='getImageData’,pID='putImageData’;function b(v,q){var e=D[CE]('input’);e[A]('type’,'button’);e[A]('value’,v);e[Q]?e[Q]('click’,q,!1):e.onclick=q;return e}function g(n){return D.getElementById(n)}function ig(x,y){var P=ct[gID](0,0,x,y),Cv2=D[CE]('canvas’),ct2=Cv2.getContext('2d’);ct2[w]=x;ct2[h]=y;ct2[pID](P,0,0);return Cv2}function wZ(z){var oz=Z;Z=Z+z;if(Z<1)Z=1;if(Z>8)Z=8;X[w]=T[w]=(S[w]*Z+46)+'px’;X[h]=T[h]=S[h]*Z+'px’;S[s][w]=S[w]*Z+'px’;S[s][h]=S[h]*Z+'px’;ct.scale(oz/Z,oz/Z)}function MD(e){if(e.button==0){fl=1}}function MU(){if(fl){ar[++ind]=ct[gID](0,0,S[w],S[h]);fl=0;ar[ind+1]=U}}MU();S[Q]('mousedown’,MD,false);D[Q]('mouseup’,MU,false);N[I](D[CE]('div’),G);N[I](b('拡大’,function(){wZ(1)}),G);N[I](D[CE]('div’),G);N[I](b('縮小’,function(){wZ(-1)}),G);N[I](D[CE]('div’),G);N[I](b('UNDO’,function(){if(ind>0){ct[pID](ar[–ind],0,0)}}),G);N[I](D[CE]('div’),G);N[I](b('REDO’,function(){if(ar[ind+1]!=U){ct[pID](ar[++ind],0,0)}}),G)})();
「エヴァンはこのアイデアがとても気に入ったようでした。彼にとっては良いアイデアだと思いますが、これはそのまま拡大できるビジネスモデルではありません。とても難しいビジネスです。エヴァンは広告が嫌い？ なるほど。なら、クレジットカードがどう処理されるのかわかるまで待ってみたらいいのでは？」
公式の日本語訳では以上のようになっていましたが、1,セリフの発言者が分からない、2,「彼にとっては」の「彼」が誰なのか分からない、3,「わかるまで」の動作の主体が誰なのか分からない、という問題点があるように思えます。
“Ev was so entranced by this idea,” one person told us. “That’s great for Tim, but it doesn’t scale. Also, it’s a hard business. Ev doesn’t like ads? Wait until he finds out what credit card processing is really like.”
Read more at http://www.businessinsider.co.id/inside-the-meltdown-of-evan-williams-startup-medium-2017-2/#WQQXSSY0JzwHZ1Uz.99
英語版の該当する部分はこうなっています。これを踏まえて以下のように訳してみました。
「エヴァンはこの考え方（＝寄付モデル）に魅了されていました」と、ある人物が我々に語ってくれた。「これはティム（・アーバン）に対してはとてもうまくいきましたが、スケールできません。さらにいうと、とても難しいビジネスです。でもエヴァンは広告を嫌ってるから、ですって？ まあ、クレジットカードの処理が実際にはどのようなものなのかに彼（＝エヴァン）が気づくまで、待ってみましょうか」
エヴァンもクレジットカードの実態を知れば寄付モデルを放棄するに違いないと、事情を知る第三者が匂わせているという感じでしょう。
ABA: 応用行動分析 [Applied Behavior Analysis]
AC: 従順な子どもの心 [Adapted Child]（エゴグラム）
AC/ACoD/ACoDF: アダルトチルドレン [Adult Children of Dysfunctional Family]
ACT: アクセプタンス＆コミットメント・セラピー [Acceptance and Commitment Therapy]
AD: アスペルガー障害 [Asperger disorder]
ADD: 注意欠如障害 [Attention Deficit Disorder]
ADHD: 注意欠如・多動性障害 [Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder]
AN: 神経性無食欲症 [Anorexia nervosa]
AS: アスペルガー症候群 [Asperger Syndrome]
APD: 回避性パーソナリティ障害 [Avoidant Personality Disorder] / 不安パーソナリティ障害 [Anxious Personality Disorder]
ASD: 自閉症スペクトラム障害 [Autistic Spectrum Disorder] / 急性ストレス障害 [Acute Stress Disorder]
ASPD: 反社会性パーソナリティ障害 [Antisocial Personality Disorder]
ASPS: 睡眠相前進症候群 [Advanced sleep phase syndrome]
AUD: アルコール使用障害 [Alcohol use disorder]
BD: 双極性障害 [Bipolar disorder]
BDD: 身体醜形障害 [Body dysmorphic disorder]
BN: 神経性過食症（過食症） [Bulimia nervosa]
BPD: 境界性パーソナリティ障害 [Borderline Personality Disorder]
BPRS: 簡易精神症状評価尺度 [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale]
BT: 行動療法 [Behavioural Therapy]
CBT: 認知行動療法 [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]
CCT: 来談者中心療法 [Client-Centered Therapy]
CDD: 小児期崩壊性障害 [Childhood Disintegrative Disorder]
CFIDS: 慢性疲労免疫不全症候群 [Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome]
CFS: 慢性疲労症候群 [Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]
CP: 臨床心理士 [Clinical Psychologist] / 脳性麻痺 [Cerebral palsy] / 厳格な親の心 [Critical Parent]（エゴグラム）
C-PTSD: 複雑性PTSD [Complex post-traumatic stress disorder]
CT: 認知療法 [Cognitive Therapy] / コンピュータ断層撮影 [Computed Tomography]
DA: 発達年齢 [Developmental Age]
DBT: 弁証法的行動療法 [Dialectical Behavior Therapy]
DCD: 発達性協調運動障害 [Developmental coordination disorder]
DESNOS: 特定不能の極度ストレス障害 [Disorder of Extreme Stress not otherwise specified]
DD: 解離性障害 [Dissociative Disorder] / 気分変調性障害 [Dysthymic Disorder] / 発達障害 [Developmental disability]
DDNOS: 特定不能の解離性障害 [Dissociative disorders not otherwise specified]
DD-NOS: 特定不能のうつ病性障害 [Depressive disorder not otherwise specified]
DID: 解離性同一性障害 [Dissociative Identity Disorder]
DIQ: 偏差知能指数 [Deviation IQ]
DMDD: 破壊的気分調節不全障害 [Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder]
DPD: 依存性パーソナリティ障害 [Dependent Personality Disorder] / 抑うつ性パーソナリティ障害 [Depressive Personality Disorder]
DSM: 精神障害の診断と統計マニュアル [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]
DSPS: 睡眠相後退症候群 [Delayed sleep phase syndrome]
DQ: 発達指数 [Developmental Quotient]
ECT: 電気痙攣療法 [Electroconvulsive therapy]
ED: 摂食障害 [Eating Disorder] / 勃起障害 [Erectile Dysfunction]
EEG: 脳波 [Electroencephalogram]
EFT: 感情焦点化療法 [Emotionally focused therapy]
EMDR: 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法 [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing]
EPS: 錐体外路症状 [extrapyramidal symptom]
EUPD: 情緒不安定性人格障害 [Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder]
FAS: 胎児性アルコール症候群 [Fetal alcohol syndrome]
FASD: 胎児性アルコール・スペクトラム障害 [Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders]
FC: 自由な子どもの心 [Free Child]（エゴグラム）
FD: 注意記憶 [Freedom from Distractibility]（WISC）
FM: 線維筋痛症 [Fibromyalgia]
FMS: 線維筋痛症 [Fibromyalgia Syndrome]
FT: 家族療法 [Family therapy]
FXS: 脆弱X症候群 [fragile X syndrome]
GAD: 全般性不安障害 [Generalized Anxiety Disorder]
GH: 幻聴 [Gehörshalluzination]
GID: 性同一性障害 [Gender Identity Disorder]
GLA: 全般性不安障害 [Generalized Anxiety Disorder]
HFA/HA: 高機能自閉症 [High-Functioning Autism]
HFPDD: 高機能広汎性発達障害 [High Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder]
HPD: 演技性パーソナリティ障害 [Histrionic Personality Disorder]
IBS: 過敏性腸症候群 [Irritable Bowel Syndrome]
ICD: 疾病及び関連保健問題の国際統計分類 [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]
ID: 知的障害 [Intellectual Disability]
IP: 患者とみなされた人 [Identified Patient]（家族療法での用語）
IQ: 知能指数 [Intelligence Quotient]
K-ABC: [Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children]
LD: 学習障害 [Learning Disabilities]
MAO: モノアミン酸化酵素 [monoamine oxidases]
MAOI: MAO阻害剤 [monoamine oxidase inhibitor]
MBCT: マインドフルネス認知療法 [Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy]
MBSR: マインドフルネス・ストレス低減法 [Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction]
MDD: 大うつ病性障害 [major depressive disorder]
MDI: 躁うつ病 [Manic Depressive Illness]
MR: 精神発達遅滞 [mental retardation]
MRI: 核磁気共鳴画像法 [magnetic resonance imaging]
MSLT: 反復睡眠潜時検査 [multiple sleep latency test]
MTBI: 軽度外傷性脳損傷 [mild Traumatic Brain Injury]
NaSSA: ノルアドレナリン作動性・特異的セロトニン作動性抗うつ薬 [Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant]
NDRI: ノルアドレナリン・ドパミン再取り込み阻害薬 [Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors]
NLP: 神経言語プログラミング [Neuro-Linguistic Programming]
NP: 保護的な親の心 [Nurturing Parent]（エゴグラム）
NPD: 自己愛性パーソナリティ障害 [Narcissistic Personality Disorder]
NT: 物語療法/ナラティブ・セラピー [Narrative therapy]
OCD: 強迫性障害 [Obsessive Compulsive Disorder]
OCPD: 強迫性パーソナリティ障害 [Obsessive-Compulsive personality Disorder]
OT: 作業療法 [Occupational therapy] / 光トポグラフィ [optical topography]
PANSS: 陽性・陰性症状評価尺度 [Positive and Negative Symptom Scale]
PCA: 人間中心療法/パーソンセンタードアプローチ [Person-Centered Approach:PCA]
PD: パニック障害 [Panic disorder] / パーソナリティ障害 [Personality disorder]
PDD: 広汎性発達障害 [Pervasive Developmental Disorder]
PDD-NOS: 特定不能の広汎性発達障害 [Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified]
PDNOS: 特定不能のパーソナリティ障害 [Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified]
PE: 持続エクスポージャー法 [Prolonged Exposure]
PET: ポジトロン断層法 [positron emission tomography]
PIQ: 動作性IQ [performance IQ]
PMDD: 月経前不快気分障害 [Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder]
PMS: 月経前症候群 [Premenstrual Syndrome]
PMT: 月経前緊張症 [Premenstrual Tension]
PO: 知覚統合 [perceptual organization]（WAIS / WISC）
PPD: 妄想性パーソナリティ障害 [Paranoid Personality Disorder]
PS: 処理速度 [processing speed]（WAIS / WISC）
PSD: 心身症 [Psychosomatic disease]
PTG: 外傷後成長 [Post Traumatic Growth]
PTSD: 心的外傷後ストレス障害 [Post-traumatic Stress Disorder]
REBT: 理性感情行動療法 [Rational emotive behavior therapy]
RLS: むずむず脚症候群 [restless legs syndrome]
RT: 現実療法 [Reality therapy] / 論理療法 [Rational therapy]
SA: システムズ・アプローチ [Systems Aproach]
SAD: 社会不安障害 [Social Anxiety Disorder] / 季節性情動障害 [Seasonal Affective Disorder]
SARI: トリアゾロピリジン系抗うつ薬 [Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor]
SAS: 睡眠時無呼吸症候群 [Sleep apnea syndrome]
SD: 身体表現性障害 [Somatoform Disorder]
SDA: セロトニン・ドパミン拮抗薬 [Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonist]
SLD: 限局性学習症/限局性学習障害 [Specific learning disorder]
SLTA: 標準失語症検査 [Standard Language Test of Aphasia]
SMIT: 自己洞察瞑想療法 [Self Insight Meditation Technology/Therapy]
SNRI: セロトニン・ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬 [Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors]
SPECT: 単一光子放射断層撮影 [Single photon emission computed tomography]
SPD: スキゾイドパーソナリティ障害 [Schizoid Personality Disorder] / サディスティックパーソナリティ障害 [Sadistic Personality Disorder]
SRS: 性別適合手術 [Sex Reassignment Surgery]
SSRE: 選択的セロトニン再取り込み促進薬 [Selective serotonin reuptake enhancer]
SSRI: 選択的セロトニン再取り込阻害薬 [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]
SST: ソーシャルスキルトレーニング/社会生活技能訓練 [Social Skills Training]
TA: 交流分析 [Transactional Analysis]
TBI: 外傷性脳損傷 [Traumatic brain injury]
TCA: 三環系抗うつ薬 [Tricyclic Antidepressants]
TS: トゥレット症候群 [Tourette Syndrome]
VC: 言語理解 [verbal comprehension]（WAIS / WISC）
WAIS: ウェクスラー成人知能検査 [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale]
WISC: WISC知能検査 [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children]
WPPSI: WPPSI知能診断検査 [Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence]
WM: 作動記憶 [working memory]（WAIS）
最低限ほしい機能はこれだけなんだけど。
このご時世にまともにiPhoneのヘルスケア連携してる国産体重計が一つもないってどういうことなの。
何買おうかなとググってみてびっくりしたよ。
測定精度、速度とかでは洋物とは比較にならんのに残念すぎる。
候補としては以下の二つのみ
http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00V35HEIC/
測定対象：体重／体脂肪／心拍数／CO2濃度 測定時間：約30秒（体重のみなら5～8秒らしい） 測定精度：200g単位 記録人数：8人まで
追加課金なしに「ピピッとwifi経由保存 ＆ 体重推移確認」となると、現時点ではこれになる。
体重測定毎にTweetしたりFBに投稿するウザい機能もついてる。エネループ使えないってレビューあったのがすげー気になる。
エネループと組み合わせて使えてる人いたら報告お願いしたい。
http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00LNYOO0Y/
測定対象：体重／体脂肪／骨格筋率／基礎代謝／体年齢 測定時間：約4秒 測定精度：50g単位 記録人数：3人まで
「ピピッとwifi経由保存」は出来るが、月額300円を払わないと過去半年分のデータしか保存されない。iPhoneヘルスケア自動連携なし(csvで吐かせて手動で読み込ませる)。
WPSでの無線LAN設定が出来ず手動設定した場合は、電池交換毎にNW設定入れなおす必要がある。あとオムロン製品は体脂肪率が他社製より5-6％高く出る(らしい)。
他、選外
いちいちスマホをかざすBluetooth連携しかない上、閲覧は広告が入る公式アプリからのみ。iPhoneヘルスケア自動連携なし。
測定精度はおそらく一番良いのに残念すぎる。
http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0077L8YOO/
http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00I1F8H1K/
多分Withingsのを買う、というか買わざるを得ないけど、残念でならない。
"The secret I've learned to getting ahead is being open to the lessons." by Oprah Winfrey, Stanford 2008
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CrOL-ydFMI
Full Transcript: http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drkelly/DFWKenyonAddress2005.pdf
The only thing that's capital-T True is that you get to decide how you're gonna try to see it. This, I submit, is the freedom of a real education, of learning how to be well-adjusted. You get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn't. You get to decide what to worship.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELC_e2QBQMk
Transcript: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~commence/news/speeches/2011/obrien-speech.html
It is our failure to become our perceived ideal that ultimately defines us and makes us unique. It's not easy, but if you accept your misfortune and handle it right, your perceived failure can become a catalyst for profound re-invention.
or, "Nietzsche famously said "Whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger." But what he failed to stress is that it almost kills you."
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBmavNoChZc
Transcript: http://www.businessinsider.com/we-are-what-we-choose-2010-6
"Cleverness is a gift, kindness is a choice. Gifts are easy -- they're given, after all. Choices can be hard. You can seduce yourself with your gifts if you're not careful, and if you do, it'll probably be to the detriment of your choices."
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqRPesTumlA
or, "You need to make more courageous choices. Take courageous risks."
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lfxYhtf8o4
Transcript: http://www.myfoxboston.com/story/18720284/2012/06/06/full-transcript-youre-not-special-speech
And read… read all the time… read as a matter of principle, as a matter of self-respect. Read as a nourishing staple of life.
You're not special. Because everyone is.
Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JccudODwwY
Transcript: http://gradspeeches.com/2009/2009/ellen-degeneres
"If you don’t remember a thing I said today, remember this, you’re going to be ok, dum de dumdumdum, just dance.
or, "the most important thing in your life is to live your life with integrityand not to give into peer pressure to try to be something that you’re not, to live your life as an honest and compassionate person, to contribute in some way. So to conclude my conclusion, follow your passion, stay true to yourself. "
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc
Transcript: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to Heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because death is very likely the single best invention of life. It is life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
Chris Anderson: Elon, how have you done this? These projects are so -- Paypal, SolarCity, Tesla, SpaceX, they're so spectacularly different, they're such ambitious projects at scale. How on Earth has one person been able to innovate in this way? What is it about you?
18:33
Elon Musk: I don't know, actually. I don't have a good answer for you. I work a lot. I mean, a lot.
Transcript: http://www.ted.com/talks/elon_musk_the_mind_behind_tesla_spacex_solarcity/transcript?language=en
少子化でなんか論評書く奴は北欧が福井がわめく前にこれぐらいは見ておいてほしい。
http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=10;ti=1807$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2tPLxKvvnNPA;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0TAlJeCEzcGQ;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;iid=thlR4hyNMEnaVyV_uxRzjfQ;by=grp$map_x;scale=lin;dataMin=12;dataMax=83$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0.855;dataMax=8.7$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=
つい1800年にはニジェールの7.5人/50年という水準を達成した国すら一つもないのがわかる。
下見て思った。
http://mizchi.hatenablog.com/entry/2013/09/25/190313
知識が離散して蓄積されてない気がする。
シングルページスタイルのJavaScriptWebアプリケーションのアーキテクチャ
JavaScriptMVCライブラリを利用するよ！
とりあえず今回は、乱立する名称候補たちを紹介
HTML5って言いたいだけのJavaScrtipt使ったスマホのアプリフレームワークとかも呼ばれたり。
HTML5とか言われる前にJavaScriptアプリケーションやるとこれになってた。
アーキテクチャとしては、もっとも正解の名前なのだが、NET系界隈でしかきかん。
ASP.NET MVC Single Page Applicationは、キー要素がかなり詰まってて、参考になる。
このあたりのやろうとしてる奴は一度触っておくが吉
JavaScriptMVCライブラリ、AMD等の依存モジュール管理とか
英語ソースだと結構ポピュラーな感じの名前だが、指針的な匂いでアプリケーションとは言わない感も。
日本でも一時期、大規模Javascript開発とか言われてたが、Bakcbone.jsって名前に変わった。
Node.jsと被るために、このアーキテクチャの説明にはあんまり使われない。
動物本の、
「ステートフルJavaScript MVCアーキテクチャに基づくWebアプリケーションの状態管理 」
原題は、「JavaScript Web Applications」
これだけで、どのぐらい困ったか分かる感じ。
ちなみに、JavascriptMVCアーキテクチャの解説本としてはありなので読むが吉
といっても、10年ぐらい前からXHRとHTMLとDOMでほげるのは
実はあんまり変わってない。
Java界隈から出したかっただけ。oracleが呼んでた気がする。
Struts死んだけど、JSFでやるの？JSF無理筋だから違うフレームワーク作るの。
JSFみたいな抽象化使い始めると、コボルみたいにJava世界に閉じそうだけど大丈夫なの？
このあたりのライブラリ使えば、簡単にこのスタイルのアプリ作れると思ってるでしょ？
ライブラリの名称なのだが、背負ってるものは、大体この界隈全て
だけど、使えば、この界隈のアプリが簡単に作れるかというと、そうでもない。
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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