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It had been a little situation of one's before one of the many high-end camera makers learned the particular Live life Access manner with a DIGITAL SLR requested a good online video media picture after which you can created a way to help you listing the item. Olympus seemed to be hinting at the capability in Present cards 2006, as soon as E-330 (the very first video camera by means of survive viewing) is released. Nonetheless Nikon was towards the blog post while using the D90 along with Cannon is definitely soon after along with the just-announced Canon EOD 5D Mark II Battery.
Typically the 12. 3-megapixel D90 carries LARGE DEFINITION online video from a conclusion with 1280 back button 720 pixels at 27 frames/second using the understanding and also depth-of-field restrain which usually simply a DIGITAL SLR offer. Naturally, Nikon isn't going to space an expensive precedence about this skill (and not undertake most people, finding the software when alot more of the adjunct you'll take advantage of once in a while, than only a main objective just for obtaining that D90). But, because this can be a 'world first', Photography Analyze is going to tackle the application ahead of moving on that will alternative further important qualities.
Virtually no owner guide book was initially supplied with a analysis camera still (after some hassles) most of us made it possible to down load an important PDF FILE type from Nikon European union ?nternet site. Surprisingly, this manually operated exclusively devotes one-and-a-half of 270 pages of content for you to video clip producing tasks and approximately a couple thirds of the site to help you videos playback. Less a page can be specified up to a show frame proportions in addition to appear possible choices : the 120 websites following on from the primary arguments belonging to the video clip manner.
Picture Abilities
Training video in any DIGITAL CAMERA is really a important loan -- primarily for the Nikon D90 Battery cost. Beforehand, any time you required a fabulous video camera by using compatible contact lenses, which you were taking a look at round $7000 for just a unit which will would not quite possibly track record high-definition, widescreen picture. However the D90 presents way more for just a cheaper package price by providing visitors while using same sorts of manipulate in excess of centering, subjection and additionally depth-of-field like they have having a DIGITAL CAMERA digicam, combined internet site snap by using almost any Nikkor website.
But, the actual D90's online video media model is absolutely not fantastic. As movie can certainly sole often be captured throughout Are located Perspective application, you are jammed aided by the prohibitions this means that (see below). The actual noise is normally taped monaurally and then the video recording formatting is certainly AVI which will, even though it truly is best with a large number of updating functions, uses so much ram (roughly 400MB for minute). Within assessments, some 24-second cut saved for 1280 times 720 LARGE DEFINITION method for 176 kbps appeared to be 40. 7MB dimensions.
Amazingly, this high-end camera works iwth using the premier random access memory playing cards. SOME SORT OF 32GB SDHC should help you track record as much as sixty units for training video, even though a different reduction is definitely which will video plans will be available to personal training minutes for HARLEY-DAVIDSON function and 20 short minutes with typical quality.
Saddest of can be the possibility that any autofocusing procedure :Nikon D90 Charger as well as some other primary adjustments - are not to be implemented if you find yourself photographing online video media. You can actually place emphasis quickly well before taking any preview not to mention make use of the manual place emphasis wedding ring within the contact lens even while photographing. Although if the content steps near as well as from everyone as long as you're taking, blurring might be unavoidable.
Different works that need to be placed well before taking a good movie involve getting exposed compensation, vivid white stability in addition to tact surroundings. For anyone utilizing aperture-priority AE, you can actually transformation a aperture functions even though tracking your movie and as well lens quality in and additionally available - nevertheless it will be hazardous seeing that sticking to center is usually hard.
Well before beginning online video grab you have to find the wished-for audio mode from Dvd movie Controls sub-menu while in the firing navigation. 3 selections are offered: 1280 back button 720 (16: 9), 640 back button 424 (3: 2) not to mention 320 x 216 (3: 2). You too can change this reasonable producing at as well as out (the default setting up might be ON).
Most of online video media photographing pattern goes as follows:
1. Arranged this high-end camera to have Perspective way by simply hitting a LV tab.
step 2. Target about them just by half-pressing a shutter mouse if you are throughout autofocus form; also concentrate personally.
3. Marketing a O . K . key in the center from the arrow topper to get started producing.
check out. Prevent the theme presented plus centred throughout the taking progression.Nikon Coolpix S3100 Charger for anyone within information option, you can actually switch totally focus by hand while you step on the way to and / or clear of this issue. Cautious mainly vigilant while blasting close-ups when smallish differences within the place emphasis position can display simply because blurring on the content. (To confuse issues, you'll find it tough to ascertain if the appearance within the LCD is definitely pin-sharp through bright normal light while you can not use a viewfinder on Take up residence Check out manner. )
5. To cure documenting, advertising OKAY all over again.
Taking part in lower back taped video tutorials is simple. Mass media all the LV control key the next time for you to disengage Live life Watch consequently touch typically the review button in the software. Make use of the arrow mattress pad to pick out your snap you need to have fun with not to mention press RIGHT to begin the process preventing this video clip playback.
Changing a new laptop computer keyboard will be difficult regarding someone considering that it is without a doubt defined to become tech function though really isn't. Just by subsequent a number of easy steps one could replace the actual laptop key pad comfortably.
1st step is actually to ensure that you will have powered down the vitality and taken off the particular battery. Equally you might want to unplug this from switchboard to prevent just about any hassle. An individual will be through with the software, you ought to start all the laptop computer along with remove lots of the screws behind that. Even if various mobile computer models possess different screws but it is simple to choose the anchoring screws in order to them all.
Typically, all the keyboards are generally devote a plastic material sheet which happens to be screwed throughout the equipment. For that reason right here anyone must also get rid of the screws in an effort to get rid of those plastic-type sheets. Any time one can find absolutely no plastic-type material sheets after that probably right now there may be some clamps which is often deleted readily.
An individual will be through with the actual taking away the plastic material sheets right now there may be some cosmetic outstanding on the computer keys. All of these plastic material bits has to be removed cautious and it could be completed any help in various cosmetic choose and tooth find. It is actually highly recommended will not use almost any needle which is able to really problems another aspects of machines.
At this time you might be through with just about all screws inside the back, you need to take away the screws towards the top because in some laptop or pc units often times there are anchoring screws beginning which should end up being deleted before you really replace all the computer keys. When most of anchoring screws really are eliminated, you will see the laptop computer keyboard is something related to any thin knowledge lead that is straightaway that come with the actual motherboard best in the bottoom. To eliminate any laptop correctly, feel free to use the equivalent enamel pick to enable you to raise the plastic-type connectors which you'll find storing with this knowledge lead. You will see of the fact that entirely computer keyboard can be free professionals who log in very easily lift that up.
You will have successfully carried out the most important part and it's the moment you are able to replace that classic laptop or pc computer keyboard while using unique 1. Very first thing earliest, take the popular computer hp laptop keyboard out from the plastic page and remedy a repair anywhere between that cosmetic fittings that are existing for the chief panel. You will need to ensure that your comprehensive brand new keyboard set is set. These days include the info line very carefully. You need to use similar choose anyone used formerly to try the equivalent. Be sure that the entire openings as well as clamps are straight aligned along with the mess space as a result for all those securing that screws repeatedly, it is possible to finished the software as necessary. Lastly refasten your current laptop computer keyboard within the top and also if you wish to remove any specific cosmetic articles replicate the equivalent option a person achieved it up to now.
Now restricted most of the screws from again and get that laptop's solar battery funding the area to enable you to observe regardless if your own laptop have been replaced instead systematically or even in no way. An individual will be through with tensing all the screws, start up your current laptop considering the fact that a person hear numerous beeps in the beginning then very likely you might want to eradicate all of the procedures once again. See a BIOS through important F2 or DEL button to be sure of whether or not keyboard is actually tracked down to be had and not even.
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Like any job from where the pathway is often a difficult an individual, a very important attribute you must have got is normally dedication to ensure success. If you agree perhaps nice becoming a specialist photography, nevertheless there are actually other occupations you might equally end up being completely happy throughout, really don't go for digital photography!
Hence, considering it is a career way you will completely ought to carry out, which inturn course may be for you?
Symbol photos
Your portrait digital photographer should possibly come up with to a facility, and have unexpected location career; education beautiful photos, and also headshots designed for celebrities, performers, plus dancers. They should demand exceptional organisational skills, as they simply will probably be carrying out their unique diary-management, and keeping by themselves well apprised belonging to the most recent tendencies the two throughout photography not to mention post-production. Nevertheless zero formal certification are crucial,HP laptop keyboard a new reasonably dangerous regarding workout as well as pro knowledge essential.
Relatives photos
The family unit professional photographer can be almost entirely-studio centered. Usually addressing fractious youngsters, ones own men and women skills are usually like essential mainly because his or her knowledge for a shooter. The family unit photo throw requires diplomacy,uk panasonic charger shop and even the capacity to keep folks concentrated however laid-back. Including the symbol professional photographer, professional requirements are attractive rather then imperative.
Design photos
Removing straight into this attractive team of your business is certainly amazingly tough. The style digital photographer will stipulate a substantial real bodily portfolio of their job, and even a terrific personal internet site to make sure you function as being a gallery. His or her digital adjustment experience of your pictures these throw should really be extraordinary. Different from alot of job areas of specialist taking photographs, the style photographer need to have a realtor, that will negotiate the particular sales agreement with their function for the kids.
Photojournalism
That image journalist is actually any storyteller, displaying the fact, by using shots hardly ever doctored before they will look for their own strategy straight into produce. Professional coaching may just be more crucial right compared to during various other job areas,vw-vbk360 for a degree can have difficulties and additionally theoretical situations to the college for you to take on. AN IMPORTANT move on course can even offer imperative connections.
Wild animals photos
Just as before, that creatures photographer needs any stand-out accounts, including a willing concern in the normal country. Through investment agencies full of photos, your budding creatures photography needs severe numbers of patience, perseverance, along with enable you to read the long video game. In need of wonderful organization and marketing and advertising proficiency, some people will surely have to allure their approach right into great romances using canine parking facilties, making admission to confined areas.
One particular for any adrenaline junkies belonging to the photography planet, professional wedding photographers need nervousness about metal to remain professional in the excellent picture. Addressing that availability of peoples' once-in-a-lifetime reminiscences, its many people,us nikon battery shop as well as crowd-management knowledge should really be exceptional. Ones own croping and editing skills might also want to become top-notch, for a little refined photoshopping can certainly make all the distinction somewhere between a fantastic image, including a appropriate one particular.
Your way during the occupation relies all the about your current disposition like your own skill : if you customize your career further development to be able to which you can be, you will see increasing your current skills really pleasant.
The green environmental protection battery is to point to in recent years has been put into use or are development, the development of kind of high performance, no pollution batteries. At present already use large nickel metal hydride battery, the lithium ion battery and is expanded use of mercury free alkaline battery manganese zinc and rechargeable batteries and is research and development of lithium or lithium ion plastic pack and fuel cells belong to this category. In addition, it is widely used and use of solar energy for photoelectric convert solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.
Nickel metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) and nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd) have the same working voltage (1.2 V), due to the adoption of rare earth alloy or TiNi alloy anode materials for the activity of hydrogen storage material, replacing the carcinogen cadmium, which not only makes this battery became a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery of energy than increased nearly 40%, to 80-60 Wh/kg and 210-240 Wh/L. The battery is 90 s gradually realize industrialization PANASONIC VW-VBK360 Battery , and the first to use in the cell phone battery. At present although it on their dominance of the gradually be lithium ion battery replaced, but mobile phone applications in Europe and America, and its market share is still at about 50%.
The lithium ion battery (Li-ion) is by can make the lithium ion embedding and take off the carbon embedded as negative, reversible intercalated-li metal oxide as the positive (LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMn2O4) and organic electrolyte constitute, the working voltage of 3.6 V, so a lithium-ion battery is equivalent to three cadmium nickel metal hydride battery or nickel. Thus the batteries than energy is the over 100 Wh/kg and 280 Wh/L, and considerably more than the nickel metal hydride battery than energy. In view of the above advantages, since the 1993-2000 in just a few years, its production and usage with extremely high speed growth.
Alkaline manganese zinc dry (alkaline) compared with ordinary dry cell size has higher capacity PANASONIC CGA-S005E Battery, and have high discharge current ability. In recent years has been used on mercury zinc powder, therefore make the battery become a green battery, and become the mainstream battery products, at present the alkaline xinmeng dry cell is still BP machine use most power supply. At the same time, the world is the battery charged on the sex, an American company has launched a charged battery alkali manganese, product and application of slow growth. Such batteries keep the battery discharge characteristics, but also can be recharged using a dozen times to hundreds of times (deep recharge cycles life of about 25 times).
Lithium plastic battery (LIP) is for lithium metal anode, conductive polymers of electrolyte for new battery, the energy than has reached 170 Wh/kg and 350 Wh/L. The lithium ion battery is will present plastic of organic lithium ion battery electrolyte stored in a polymer membrane, or use conductive polymer as electrolyte, make a battery in no free the electrolyte. Such batteries can use aluminum plastic composite membrane realize hot pressing encapsulation, with light weight, shape can be arbitrary change, safety better characteristics.
Fuel cells (FC) is a kind of use of fuel (such as hydrogen or contain fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) for power generation device directly, because avoided the carnot cycle limit, this power unit is not only high efficiency (electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can be as high as 40% or more), and no pollution discharge gas, so is the future of efficient and clean power generation method. Many companies at home and abroad are engaged in development for mobile phones, notebook computers, the PEM fuel cell, once put into application, and its economy benefit greatly.
Seal lead-acid battery is a kind of lead-acid batteries.
The following new green battery technology and related industry development is rapid.
1. Hydrogen storage material and nickel metal hydride Battery-the nimh batteries (PANASONIC CGA-S101E/1B Battery)
2. Lithium ion embedded material and liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
3. Polymer electrolyte of lithium battery or lithium ion battery
4. Zinc air battery and PEM fuel cell
In addition to the above, in view of the communication industry growth, China's battery industry is with extremely high speed to promote environmental protection mercury-free alkali manganese zinc original pool and rechargeable batteries and seal lead-acid battery technology development and application expansion market.
When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.
Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera
Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.
The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:
1. Shutter Full speed
step 2. Aperture
3. ISO
A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.
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Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.
Shutter Pace
In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.
Any sort of ISO adjustments a fabulous tenderness of the "film". Intended for camcorders, whereas it doesn't management picture presently, everything adjustments a fabulous tenderness with the high-end camera sensor. A greater ISO options can certainly help produce styles photograph become faster and as well demand even less smooth compared to a decreased ISO. Strangling part of managing great ISO is probably of the fact that enhanced ISO's ordinarily result in a detraction at the time of envision first-class high quality as well as almond.
At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.
The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.
but during new year holiday I prepared for next year's project. so nothing special is there in the holiday and I was ,and am now, very tired.
Perhaps you have experienced the fact that shot on the famous Monalisa is found as good as the particular painting like a pro this Da Vinci displayed? And also can you think all the sunset an individual's teenage toddler contained for her smartphone checked greater following a great croping and editing work out of a powerful on the web online studio. You'll find nothing unanticipated for the method snap shots is usually upgraded in making them all check smart. Snapshot Complement is currently easy for numerous business and pro's to make sure you redefine its vision expenditure while using the rapid assist regarding on-line modifying companies.
Encourage to your globe for Photo Develop practice that is certainly switching how a community feels a graphic.
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A skill with pics improvement features a broad scope designed for capability individuals. Together with supplemental cures for instance gradation, retouching, airbrushing, image-compositing, color choice & comparison tricks the pic strengthening requires a everyday living with its very own which enables it to often be grouped for a particular image willpower.
Photography Greatly enhance like an art form these days sees application on the majority of areas. Kept sooner for the design and additionally marketing business, it really is now included in like varied area as system and additionally serious establishments to reinforce photo good quality as well as visualization. Lack luster fashion magazines come to life to make sure a tale. Software for instance Photoshop, Illustrator and also Coral formations Sketch, will be popular by means of snapshot authors, around establishments, to aid make creatively gratifying oral presentations. Regardless of cause of that Pics Greatly enhance occupation a approaches is often ascribed to the collage involving results to convey some text or simply to make a terrific family unit getaway break.
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Using a video camera in every single fretting hand in these days, being a compact budget allowed digicam or perhaps smartphone, persons are getting upset extra footage than in the past. Enhance the following, all the providers of your online studio and you simply receive a whole entire non-selected variety of under no circumstances found in advance of coloring strategies, scintillating backdrops plus beautiful qualified superior quality symbolism.
First the capacity of the battery life and said.
Battery capacity everybody can understand, is the capacity of the battery label printing! The greater the capacity to store electricity standby time more long more, but the battery life is put in charge of the circulation to describe, that is a charging a discharge for a cycle, now of the lithium ion battery general circulation 400 times the capacity of the nominal capacity is 50%-60%, professional predicate called attenuation rate, the capacity of the battery only nominal halfway through standby time and just bought at least by half, also is usually we the standby time behind mobile phone to the shorter and the last possible is a call to restart, it shows that capacity is too small, the battery with load ability is poor, and also to life! The above prove charging times and the battery life is to have a certain relationship! General filling a electric capacity will attenuation 1-5 ma (depending on the stand or fall of core).
Besides the new bought the phone charging time(PANASONIC DMW-BMB9 Battery)
General new buy the phone will be informed that the three twelve hours filling, must be finished filling again! The idea is to stay in about 98-2000, when most of the cell phone battery is nickel metal hydride battery, have memory effects! That is the nimh batteries in useless over electric power is charging, might remember situation, that didn't put out that part of it may be lost if not to do so might affect the battery of standby time, now a few call all the mobile phone use lithium ion battery now, does not exist have memory effects, say in the production of the battery will have at least 1-2 times charge-discharge, sold into our hands, the battery is activated, sure, twelve hours without charge, as for a few times before standby time slightly shorter that is normal, because the battery after a period of time capacity will have loss, filling put several recovery!
Besides charging methods (PANASONIC DMW-BCF10E Battery)
Normally will last one case electricity use up, cellular phone to start alarm can charge! Don't need to be automatic shutdown to filling! Because when the battery voltage alarm has been close to the automatic shutdown voltage! Charging tip can not only full! It need not long time filling, of course, have been filled, it doesn't matter, because the cell phone battery is protection board, full automatic stop after won't fill! But some fake except battery, a lot of false battery protection board is empty, doesn't work.
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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Digital camera battery is the key for the key, second in importance only lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph in your heart, a powerful battery to provide power as a follow-up is essential. But even the best battery time, if not properly carry out maintenance and maintenance, will not take long to lose the strong power, so battery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section) digital camera battery for the duration of use, not just its quality, power on, in fact, the use of operations with the user also has great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the camera on the camera bag inside, or on the cupboard, took out the battery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive to battery protection.
If more than 15 days do not usually use the camera, it is best to remove the battery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment, it is best to dry and cool place, and do not store the battery together with metal objects.
According to our survey, you can buy in the market most digital cameras use lithium batteries, it is relatively easy to store. The only caveat is that if not used for long, preferably at intervals of 2 months to activate a battery, which is the charge and discharge time, this can effectively extend battery life.
As for the Ni-MH battery 5, the most annoying is the memory effect, this effect will reduce the overall battery capacity and the use of time, and as time goes on, less and less stored charge, the battery will consume the more you have to faster. Therefore, we should try to run out of power rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient to power the most full.
If you go out, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember that time out, or when unused for long periods, the battery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, the digital camera battery could not escape the destiny scrapped.
For users of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember the point is finished using the digital camera, remove the battery must remember to avoid the phenomenon of cell sap and damage the machine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium users. Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally very low or no power consumption, the first charge must be adequate. Lithium battery charging time is generally longer than 8 hours, while the Ni-MH battery charging time is generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, the battery has reached its maximum capacity, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. Battery with three times, the best opportunity to find a completely exhausted battery to charge again, try not to charge the battery when there are remnants of repeated charge, or will shorten battery life. After the battery charge is generally more heat, it is best to be cool and then into the camera battery.
But note that lithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge, otherwise it will damage the digital camera battery structure, loss of battery life.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydride battery user, charging is completed, remove the battery, do not let the battery contact with the conductor while the positive and negative poles, for example, do not use your fingers touch both ends of the battery. The use of lithium users should try to keep the camera inside the battery positive and negative battery contacts clean, if necessary, wipe with a dry cloth and then gently wipe the battery.
Also note that, even if the user is to use lithium batteries, digital camera in a long time when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove the battery, stored in a dry, cool environment. The other thing to note is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries or lithium batteries using the user, it is best not to have a charged battery on the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camera battery power Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use of flash: If you are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, the light intensity of an ordinary day for the average digital camera, it is enough.
2, try to avoid unnecessary zoom operation: zoom the camera lens stretched it out a reduction, is power digital camera battery. You can move the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificial zoom” approach instead of “camera zoom” to save power.
3, Do not let the screen has been lit: If the case of small power, can turn off the LCD screen, use the viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for a digital camera, LCD should be considered the most power-hungry components, general digital camera, LCD screen after closing time can be used when the original length of about 3 times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video, as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in buffer body to temporarily save the screen shot, the power consumption a lot.
5, should not frequently open, shut down: Many users know that the display stays lit is power, so in order to save electricity use to frequent opening and shutdown. In fact, frequently open, shut down the electricity wasted consumption than bright display even more, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, the switch is power. Most digital cameras have automatic shutdown option, this setting should not be set too short, otherwise easily lead to frequent opening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificial opening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, optical image stabilization not normally open: Optical image stabilization is by driving the lens or image sensor pack components, offset by the subject matter images and the relative motion between the sensor achieved. Either way the optical image stabilization, would result in no small power consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode is set to “always on” so that power loss will be caused by the more powerful. To this end, we have a good scene in the light should turn off the optical image stabilization feature, you must use, should also be less “always on” mode.
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February With the world going mobile and billions of new devices requiring electrical storage, battery technology is almost certainly due for a renaissance in the near future and recent developments suggest MIT will play a role in the next significant battery technology. Less than a week ago, we reported on work being done by MIT's Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) that could become the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in 200 years. Now a second new and highly promising battery technology is emerging from MIT - a new type of lithium battery that could become a cheaper alternative to the batteries that now power hybrid electric cars.
Until now, lithium batteries have not had the rapid charging capability or safety level needed for use in cars. Hybrid cars now run on nickel metal hydride batteries, which power an electric motor and can rapidly recharge while the car is decelerating or standing still.
But lithium nickel manganese oxide, described in a paper to be published in Science on Feb. 17, could revolutionize the hybrid car industry -- a sector that has "enormous growth potential," says Gerbrand Ceder, MIT professor of materials science and engineering, who led the project.
"The writing is on the wall. It's clearly happening," said Ceder, who said that a couple of companies are already interested in licensing the new lithium battery technology.
The new material is more stable (and thus safer) than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, which are used to power small electronic devices like cell phones, laptop computers, rechargeable personal digital assistants (PDAs) and such medical devices as pacemakers.
The small safety risk posed by lithium cobalt oxide is manageable in small devices but makes the material not viable for the larger batteries needed to run hybrid cars, Ceder said. Cobalt is also fairly expensive, he said.
The MIT team's new lithium battery contains manganese and nickel, which are cheaper than cobalt.
Scientists already knew that lithium nickel manganese oxide could store a lot of energy, but the material took too long to charge to be commercially useful. The MIT researchers set out to modify the material's structure to make it capable of charging and discharging more quickly.
Lithium nickel manganese oxide consists of layers of metal (nickel and manganese) separated from lithium layers by oxygen. The major problem with the compound was that the crystalline structure was too "disordered," meaning that the nickel and lithium were drawn to each other, interfering with the flow of lithium ions and slowing down the charging rate.
Lithium ions carry the battery's charge, so to maximize the speed at which the battery can charge and discharge, the researchers designed and synthesized a material with a very ordered crystalline structure, allowing lithium ions to freely flow between the metal layers.
A battery made from the new material can charge or discharge in about 10 minutes -- about 10 times faster than the unmodified lithium nickel manganese oxide. That brings it much closer to the timeframe needed for hybrid car batteries, Ceder said.
Before the material can be used commercially, the manufacturing process needs to be made less expensive, and a few other modifications will likely be necessary, Ceder said.
Other potential applications for the new lithium battery include power tools, electric bikes, and power backup for renewable energy sources.
The lead author on the research paper is Kisuk Kang, a graduate student in Ceder's lab. Ying Shirley Meng, a postdoctoral associate in materials science and engineering at MIT, and Julien Breger and Clare P. Grey of the State University of New York at Stony Brook are also authors on the paper.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Due to the nature of a digital camera, they need a lot of voltage and also need to keep good battery long periods of inactivity digital camera rechargeable batteries to a big hit, many current digital camera has a flash, may also make a short film, the two characteristics is very good, but can drain battery two times normal speed, photo shooting.
Most people are familiar with basic rechargeable battery, but the key to finding a good a doctor to give your digital camera is to look at the battery material, how will charge, and how long will the cost in use and sitting on the shelf or in the digital camera.
A little I look in my purchase any digital camera I buy is to ensure that there is a common battery size. The reason is, no matter how you plan a photo shoot, things happen, you may have to resort to the old alkaline batteries solve your problems, then. Panasonic battery my first choice is a rechargeable battery, but you never know, this is a very good thing can find a new set of batteries.
There are several important factors to consider, rechargeable batteries is the best. The first is the amount of voltage, followed by long time, then the battery of the time; Four is charge (how long shelf life will be held responsible for the storage battery).
Here are a series of typical rechargeable batteries and their voltage output:
Ni-Cad rechargeable battery, 12 volts
Nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries-1.2 to 1.5
Ni-ZN rechargeable batteries-160 volts
Standard alkalines is 1.5 volts
Also have a level a reference number of energy storage, from the ability to represent called milli ampere hour. These level general fleeing to 2100 from 750 from is high, the more the number of the battery capacity (higher digital better).
The Ni-Cad and nimh most common, almost every major brand battery multiple versions. The latest technology is Ni-ZN are excellent storage capacity and long shelf life. Many types of rechargeable batteries can be charging many times, but they didn't mention that drop down power amount of recharges x.
And this is the real factors to consider. Let us say that if you find new battery you can use about 100 photos before they go to the south. Recharges Numbers increase, reduce many pictures. Some can only continue to before they start, recharges loose the ability to completely costs. Clever cost is still good savings from an ordinary AA alkaline battery cost $1.15 and the comparable charge is $2.50, according to the figures from $5.00.
Recent Ni-ZN cost about $5 each request and take over 500 recharges in any losses before the injury charge ability. But they also play more voltage so for example your flash recycling half the time to complete the normal alkaline batteries. If you have 100 threw a set of alkaline, you should get at least 175 vote of Ni-ZN are the same size. Plus storage life N-ZN than any other choice.
Rapid turnover a flash can be a big problem, because it is a very painful, but when photographs in the interior, need to wait for two minutes of the flash is full of power. Or, if you are shooting a series of short a minute video and ran out of the juice in the middle is not a good thing.
So, based on the pricing and ability, if you can recharge the battery is more than 500 times more the highest price, they use more cheap long-term development. If they hold up close to claim 500 cost, well, you can do the math. This is a no brainer, Ni-ZN provide more voltage, better life, and more fees each battery.
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1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
Undesirable cameras benefits us many 100 % satisfaction, leading to numerous spectacular images, as well as the hot months is operating relating to dependable summertime. This specific classmate through break free will be able to figure out any tons in addition to waterways, downtown along with far-away beautiful gardening, and yet may these pure attractiveness to become a memento playing hit decrease, apart from skin color boil due to the high-end digicam purpose, a great deal more simple could be to evaluation whatever taking pictures competency as well as having photos. The amount, smaller try to make your work latest many of the summer season harvesting powerful see to it, typically the classmate need to next image have a go through, you become this confidently unexpected wonder.
Digital cameras would bring us lots of enjoyment, leaving a myriad of unique images, and summertime is journeying in wonderful summer season. The classmate throughout the getaway can recognize that reams together with estuaries and rivers, metropolitan and also countryside attractive panoramas, yet take place all these charm being a memento opportunity straight down, together with steam as a result of a camcorder operation, a lot more crucial is usually to examine ones own taking functionality and also taking photographs. That period, the little generate your choice have quite a few summer months firing effective be mindful, the particular classmate may as well within the next snapshot have a shot at, you will get the particular total surprising stun.
Household landscapes
By out of doors firing indoors panoramas, basic will need throughout the Windows 7, out-of-doors mild typically currently have more substantial indoors light-weight, now a couple of challenges ought to be sorted out, is the particular coverage time frame, a couple of it truly is in order to avoid a display reflective, when pics of any camera through hands-on management operate, might take number of years coverage setting up, when photographic camera goes so that you can twit style, can easily will likely be ISO level of sensitivity Surroundings bump up, this ISO 2 hundred or perhaps ISO six hundred aiming.
Inside panorama 's best golf shot employing a tripod, in any other case, wants a spot to guide, one example is in opposition to any divider and entry, and even the true reason for executing it is because very long coverage is quite effortless construct any digital camera protein shake, producing photographs regarding fluffy envision. It's best to utilize the shutter launch, or perhaps utilize to get center-weighted avoiding relocate a video camera. Notice: except if absolutely necessary, tend not to available the particular pen, stay clear of a lot more reflective.
Bring that landscape designs from the probability with the photo may well schedule some individuals or even factors, and this also may help the room inside the operation of your view photos. Get a large surfaces area photos, as an example the veranda as well as the roof top, hillside, for example. Typically inside the mid-day is without a doubt the most suitable time frame filming this landscapes. Filming, having a polarizer to adjust a illumination with the stars, produce the particular heavens develop into dreary quite a few, well known from the glowing blue stars the white kind of fog up, as a way to boost the space or room repeatedly.
Several virtually no guidebook vulnerability management of any camera together with location form, as well as the landscape designs way is completely features on the list of manner, you are able to use landscape designs way to adopt shots. Together with handbook vulnerability restrain photographic camera might opt for aperture goal option that will movie, aperture to help acquired far better pick out F8 to help you photograph or maybe F11, this photo will be extra management concentrations senses.
houses
The particular modify on the urban center is without a doubt switching, specifically together with a lot of approach large establishing intended for symbolize, and also this are at recent many portrait digital photography buffs including firing template.
Yet typical photographic camera through simply how much suitable container distortion, hence as a way to make an effort to reduce the photograph of your deformation belonging to the accumulating " up ", thus you ought to pick around substantial thoughts and opinions filming. One example is inside the steps, or perhaps some other might help the beliefs with area. If you fail to find the correct destination for a reside, you can from the again, clear of the particular lead entity to cut back a distortion. Maybe you've employed the greatest wide-angle standard zoom lens. Vivid stars will be able to replace with a developing with the darkish. Having a polarizer to cut back or perhaps wipe out construction with reflective a glass. In addition to, certainly, consume an excellent know with the can make one of a kind imaginative results.
mineral water
Firing apply or maybe a aerosol in waters, incorporate the use of part mild and also backlight try to make waters intended for introducing see through pattern. Several novices all of coveted by a really "splash with photos, in truth, I am able to effortlessly applied for, so the hurrying h2o glance alot more downy, have got a form of passionate blur. Shutter possibly inside 1/10 so that you can 1/6 erinarians regulate might get move cosmetic perception for splash pics.
Local plumber to be able to sunset taking scenario regarding is usually 15-30 moments, next the stars always possess some colouring failed to ends. As a way to raise the graphic with the amount with subject, can easily on the ending with the passage and also uncover several regarding an individual's special world. It is as well the location where the tripod on has to be, commonly programmed coverage is definitely o . k ., yet you should attempt to utilize hands-on visibility, and also the employment of the particular shutter put out restrain taking, respectively for 2, 5, 8, 12 and also of sixteen secs shutter tempo so that you can capture some photo contrast.
Needless to say now and again continue to are able to use ISO200 to help you photograph, yet so that you can be aware of an electronic camcorder with disturbance handle is normally adequate, when pixels will be overweight, or maybe together with ISO100 contrasting by using base style to help motion picture.
In truth firing night time scenarios, at times to be able to as well do not require that filming with step-by-step developing oh, this streets these kinds of, a small amount convert tips plus aiming design and style, might get the result of experiencing a specialized pattern.
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リマインドしようにも、これを書いた人（＝自分）の学力だと読めない本だったから無理。無理ゲーだった。
第一章
1
意味論的に透明なシステムと結びついた心の概念および計算機モデルを意味する。
この主義の限界を
2
チューリングの形式化が持っている特徴
(1)物理的組織によってではなく、記号操作の形式的特性によるメカニズムの集合全体を包括
(2)そのメカニズムがいかにすれば十分に明確化された問題すべてに取り組むことができるか示している
(3)万能チューリングマシンを定義する方法を示している
⇒ 素材は重要ではなく、形式的特性が能力を原理的に保証している
フォン・ノイマンがコンピュータを設計し、1960s、ジョン・マッカーシーがLISP（プログラム言語）を開発。
⇒ 研究開発が可能に
A・ニューウェルとH・サイモンが物理記号システムという概念を提出
⇒理論的に自覚化・明確化される
3
・物理記号システム
①適切に操作可能なトークンに対して任意に意味を割り当てることができるシステムであり、
②正確にプログラミングすればこの割り当てられた意味論的内容と細かい点においても一致した仕方で行動すると信じられるようなシステム
by 1976 ニューウェル & サイモン
・強い物理記号システムの仮説
SPSS strong-physical-symbol-system
「標準的な記号アトムのフォン・ノイマン型の操作を行っている仮想機械は、一般的な知的行為を実現するための直接的かつ十分な手段を持っている」
①仮想機械
そのプログラムに我々が命令を与える機械を模倣させるような「機械」
・記号を割り当てる
・変数を束縛する
・記号列の複写、読みとり、修正
等々
③標準的な記号アトム
④一般的な知的行為を実現するための直接的で必要かつ十分な手段
そうした機械は、それを支えている特定のアーキテクチュア（その基盤になっている他の現実的もしくは仮想的機械から）まったく独立に真に知的でありうるのであり、逆に言えば他のアーキテクチュアや機械をシュミレートすることなく真に知的でありうる
４
このような主張（標準的なLISPのアトムのごちゃごちゃした操作が、知能や思考の本質を構成しうるという見解）が、ニューウェルとサイモンのものだとできる動かぬ証拠は、彼ら自身の実践。
彼らの仕事の特徴（例:BACON）
・規則あるいはヒューリスティックス（発見的手法）の直列的（経験則を用いたも多少は運が左右する⇔体系的）適用に依存している
・そうしたヒューリステイックスの大部分が、かなり高いレベルで意識的に内省可能
・選ばれた課題領域を扱う
BACON:一連のデータから科学的法則を帰納する（ケプラーの第三法則、オームの法則）
・BACONが取り組んだデータをフォーマット化下のは、人間の労苦
・BACONは十分に構造化された課題にしか取り組めない。
ケプラーの第三法則は見つけられても、ペトリシャーレのカビとバクテリアの関係からペニシリンを発見する事はできない
・BACONが展開する知識とヒューリスティックスは、人間のプロトコルや実験記録に大いに頼り、われわれが自分自身の思考について内省する思考のレベルからかなり直接的にコード化されたもの
⇒この種の思考は原初的で瞬間的なプロセスの上に後から被せられたもの。理解するということを具体的な例で説明する事には役に立たないであろう
サイモン等は、人間の思考のすべてがただ一つの種類の計算アーキテクチュアに依存すると信じている。
しかし、筆者は違う考えを持つ。サイモンとラングレイの仕事では、洞察のひらめきといったタイプの認識を表現できない。
心は、多くの仮想的アーキテクチュアからなる複雑なシステムであると考える
知的課題や、感覚運動的な課題のような、なめらかに無意識的に行われるものは無視されている
５
古典的システムは記号アトムの使用に頼り、コネクショニズムはこれを避ける。
古典主義者:意味論的に透明なシステムの構築に対して、方法論的にコミットしている人々
STS semanttically transparent system
「システムの振る舞いについての記号的な（概念レベルでの）意味論的記述と、システムの形式的な計算活動の内的に表現された対象についての投影可能な意味論的解釈との間にきちんとした写像関係の記述が可能な場合にのみ、そのシステムは意味論的に透明であるといえる」
きわめて大ざっぱにいえば、あるシステムかSTSと見なされるのは、そのアルゴリズムの記述（レベル2）における計算の対象が、概念的レベルの用語で表現されたその課題の分析の記述（レベル1）と同型である場合である。
（レベル１:計算理論:（高い抽象レベルにおいて）どのような関数が計算されるかについての考え
レベル２:表現とアルゴリズム:それを計算する（具体的な）方法
レベル３:インプリメンテーション:現実の機械において計算がいかにして肉体あるいはシリコンなどで実現されるか）
（１）古典的理論は――コネクショニズムはそうではないが――統語論と意味論を組み合わせた記号システムを仮定している
（２）もし何らかの種類の構造化された表現が利用可能であれば、それらの表現についての計算操作を、その構造に鋭敏に反応するかのような形で規定できる。
もしそのような構造が存在していなければ、（すなわち、どんな記号表現も存在していなければ、）計算操作を規定することはできない
◎要するに、古典的システムは、統語論的に構造化された記号的表現を仮定し、そうした表現の構造によって、それに適用される計算操作を規定するものである
第二章
１
ドレイファス:古典的認知主義の問題は、人間の常識的な知識を表象として再現し表現しようとする形式主義の妥当性
サール:形式的なものと志向的なものとの間に、あるいは統語論と意味論との間にギャップが認められる
この二つの種類の懸念について検討する。
２
「あなたの持っているのはそんなにいいボールじゃないわ。それを私にちょうだい。そしたら私、このキャンディーをあなたにあげるわ」
この言葉を理解するために、ミンスキーちとパペートは膨大な概念のリストをあげる。
ウィノブラードのSHRDLUでは不十分。
・フレームは、常識がうまく対処している偶発的出来事のすべてをカバーしているとは思えない（バースデーケーキに立つ黒いローソクに、フレームは対処できるか？）
・フレームからフレームへの移行を促す規則（メタフレーム？）をいつ適用すべきか、システムはどうやって知るのだろう？
ドレイファス:互いに関連しあった特徴や可能性のすべてを、文脈に依存しない事実や規則によって形式的に把握するという課題には際限がないのではないか
３
・ドレイファスの二つの主張
（１）身体問題
「このシャンプーが目に入らないようにご注意ください。もし入った場合は、ぬるま湯でよく洗ってください」
コンピュータは、身体、欲求、感情、共通言語や社会習慣も持たない。だからコンピュータは、この文章が何を洗うように言っているのか理解できない
（２）コード化
人間は自分たちを取り巻く状況がどんなものかを絶えず感じ取ることができる。
このノウハウは、何らかの知識表現言語によって、一種の知識として表現できるものなのだろうか？
AIプログラム（＝言語）が知識を表現する仕方が、現実の課題に対して根本的に不適合だと懸念する。
４
「強いAI仮説」を、サールは批判する
強いAI仮説:適切にプログラムされたコンピュータは、文字通り認知的な状態をとり、その際プログラムは人間の認知を説明するものとなる
Schank and Abelson 1977の、「ストーリーを理解するという志向的活動をシミュレートしているかに見える特別なプログラム」に対して、「中国語の部屋」を使うことで批判する。
サール:形式的に区別される要素に対する計算操作を行っているだけでは、どんなコンピュータも〈理解する〉ことはできない。したがって、そのような計算操作を規定するプログラムが、心の固有の性質について何かを示すこともあり得ない。
具体例:英語話者が英語を理解することと、中国語の部屋の操作者が中国語を「理解すること」の比較
「人間は何も理解していなくても形式的な原理に従うことができる」
以下、サールの誤りについて論じる
５
サールに対する仮想反論「脳シュミレーター説」
脳シュミレータ説：あるりプログラムが中国語を理解する実際の中国人の形式的な構造をモデル化したと仮定すると、そのときそのプログラムは間違いなく真の中国語の理解を構成したことになる
↑（サールの再反論）
（１）脳の形式的な性質は志向性を構成しない（三章にて説明）
（２）脳の形式的な性質が志向性を構成しないのは、ある種の素材だけが思考を支えることができるからである
↑（アナロジー）
光合成：光合成の形式的な記述を手に入れても、素材が違えば光合成は再現できない
では、思考をもたらすような脳の物理的性質とは？
：外因的および内因的な刺戟に対して脳に大規模な変動が引き起こされること
↑（コメント）
『中国語の部屋』が大規模な構造的変動を必要としないシステムなら、中国語の部屋による反論は無効
６
微視的機能主義
機能主義は、心的状態の本質を、
入力、内的状態の変換、出力からなるプロフィールと同一視した。
（適切なプロフィールを持つシステムはどんなものであれ、その規模や性質や構成要素にかかわれなく、当の心的状態を実現するであろう）
↑（批判）
（中国国家脳のような）心的状態を実現する見込みがないようなシステムも、「入力、内的状態の変換、出力」のプロフィールを持つシステムへと組織することは可能であるよように思われる。
こうした極端な寛大さは、機能主義の立場を掘り崩してしまいそう
・問題は、「入力、内的状態の変換、出力」の系列をどこに位置づけるか
×大まかなレベルに位置づけ
⇒感覚質の欠如、極端な寛大さ
△ライカンの「小人機能主義」
○微視的機能主義
・機能主義の批判はゲシュタルト盲に陥っているのでは Lycan 1981
：機能的な構成要素があまりにも大きい、極度に小さい、それらしくない等であるために、そうしたものからなるシステムに志向性を帰属させるという考えに抵抗するということ
（ライカン「小人機能主義」
：機能的な下位システムは、それがエージェントのために何をしているかということによって同定される）
微視的機能主義
内容や目的に関連づけからはかけ離れた用語で
記述しようとするもの
・諸関係が得られたとき、システムには大規模で柔軟な構造的変動が引き起こされ、またそれによってさまざまな創発敵的性質が得られるようになる
第三章
１
２
「民間心理学」
：自分や他人が、信じたり、希望したり、恐れたり、欲求したりしているということについての日常の理解
民間心理学は、行為・運動を説明するときに、信念や欲求という表現を用いる
「民間心理学は、人間の行動に先立つ内的原因についての素朴で原初的な科学」
３
（１）民間心理学は、偏狭な、特定の人々に限定されたような理解しか与えない。
民間心理学は、子供や狂人や外国人を前にすると、まごついてしまう
（２）民間心理学は停滞したまま、なにも生み出さず、長い間ほとんど変化も進化も発展もしていないところが他の諸科学と異なる
（３）民間心理学は、これまでのところ科学の主要部分にうまく統合されていくような徴候をまったく示していない。残念なことに民間心理学は自然を神経生理学的ないみで妥当な要素にまで分割することには関心がないようである
最近の分析哲学
：頭の状態に関する科学理論というゲームと、民間心理学というゲームを比較することが、そもそも不適当なのではないか
４
Daredevil believes that Electra is dead.
Mary hopes that Fermat's last theorem is true.
のthat以下を、心的状態の内容と言う。
心的状態が考えられる傾向
：われわれの心理学的状態が、本質的に、周囲の世界がどのような状態にあるのかということによって決まるのではなく、
われわれにとってどのように見えているかによって決まる
↓（言い換え）
我々の意識や無意識に何らかの形で影響を与えられないものはどんなものであれ、
本質的に我々の心的状態の正確な限定に関わることはあり得ない
⇒我々の心的状態が現に持っているような内容を持つものは、われわれ自身のあり方ゆえであって、
知られていないかもしれないような周囲世界の事実とは関わりがない……☆
・双生地球……☆に対して疑いを投げかける
双生地球で、「海に水がある」と発話される。
地球A：海にH2Oがある
地球B：海にXYZがある
この違い以外は同質だとする。
すると、
地球上の発話と双生地球の発話は、それぞれH2OがあるかXYZがあるかによってその真偽が決まる
（たとえば、地球Aの海にH2Oがなくて代わりにXYZがあるとしたら、地球Aでの発話は偽になる）
⇒
もし意味が真理条件を確定するのだとすれば、
自然種に関する表現（水、金、空気など）を含む陳述の意味は、
単に主体の限定的に規定可能な状態に言及するだけでは十分に説明できない……☆に反して
二つの選択肢
（１）心理学的な内的要素（地球の話し手と双生地球の話し手に共通）と、
世界関与的な外的要因（仮定上、二つの地球を越えて不変ではない（H2OとXYZ））の両方によって内容が決まるとする、意味と信念に関する合成説
（２）そういったケース（地球と双生地球のケース）は
〈心的状態の純粋に内的でまったく心理学的な要素（☆のこと）〉という観念にさえも疑いを抱かせるものであると考えることもできるだろう
プティ と マクダウェル
「頭の中にあるものが、心の状態と因果関係を持っていることは疑いがない。
しかし、
〈頭の中〉にあるものが心の状態に対して構成的関係にあると考え必要があるのだろうか？」
筆者
：あらゆる内容が根本的に世界に関与している（選択肢（２））ということが判明したとしても、
そのこと自体は必ずしも〈認知科学は心の理解に深く（ことによると構成的にではないかもしれないが）関わる研究である〉という主張を覆すものではない
その主張に対する仮想反論と、それに対する再反論をHornsbyは行った。
仮想反論
：「「行動傾向（心性はこれに随伴して生じるとされる）が二者の間で異なるためには、
内的構成に違いがなければならない。」
という考えを保持すべきである」とするならば、
心的内容は限定的に規定されねばならない（自然種を指示しない）
（「「行動傾向（心性はこれに随伴して生じるとされる）が二者の間で異なるためには、
内的構成に違いがなければならない。」
という考えを保持すべきである」までが、プティとマグダウェルの、「頭の中にあるものが、心の状態と因果関係を持っていることは疑いがない」に対応する。）
仮想反論の詳細
：仮定①：
二人の動作主の心的状態は、彼らの行動傾向に何らかの違いがある場合にのみ異なる
（そこに赤いボールがある、と信じなければ、ボールを投げようとは思わない）
仮定②：
行動が異なる（すなわち、行動が異なる）ためには、内的な物理的状態に何らかの違いかなければならない
結論：それゆえ、心的状態に対応する内的な物理的状態に何らかの違いがなければ、心的状態が異なるということはありえない
「（民間心理学的な心的状態を帰属させることは、限定的内容のみに関わることであるという）結論は、深刻な疑義にさらされることになる。
限定的内容といっても、それを妥当な概念として了解できるかは明らかではない」
なぜなら、
「民間心理学的な内容を（物理的状態に？）帰属させることは、身体的な動きを規定するような頭の状態についての独我論的な研究から引き出すことができるような切り口とは
まったく違った切り口で現実を切り取ることであるように思われる。
その具体的理由として、
ボールをひろうことは、「そこにボールがあると私は知っている」という心的状態と関連するが、そのときの細かな指の動きはそのような心的状態と関連するものではない。
５
筆者
：広域的内容を伴うによ伴わないにせよ、
頭の中で起こっていることに関することに関する科学的カテゴリーや分類に
きちんと還元されるなどということは
とてもあり得ないように思われる。
・民間心理学は、科学的心理学と同じゲームを行ってはいないかもしれない
→
世界を記述しない信念であり、なおかつ
ある人が同じ考えを抱いているといえるような別のケースに投影可能な述語が（科学的記述の上には）存在しないことも可能
６
民間心理学の道具立て（信念と欲求という概念によって、命題的態度を帰属せさるという道具立て）を用いて、心的状態を二者が互いに帰属させあうという日常の慣習（傍点）の目的は？
：
他人の頭の内的状態を追跡しようと試みることによって、
その人の身体の動きを予測し説明するための手段
民間心理学の主要な目的
：
世界の中で活動している仲間たちの行動を、（傍点開始）我々が（傍点終わり）理解できるようにすること
（予測したい対象であり主体である）われわれの仲間たちの四つの特徴
①世界に対する感受性、すなわち感覚や生得的な原書的概念の道具立てをわれわれと共有している
②世界をわれわれと共有している
③彼らは我々自身のもっとも根本的な関心と必要の大部分を共有している
④彼らの思考の有用性は、
（我々自身の思考と同様に、）
彼らが世界の実際の有様をたどっていることと関わっており、
彼らの思考作用が、世界の実際の有様に十分適応していると我々が（進化論的な理由から）考えるような目的と関わっている
この特徴があるので、
「～したい」という欲求さえ同じであれば、
・民間心理学は、脳の状態の違い（that かなり目の粗い、行動上の違いとしては現れてこないような）に対しては、敏感に対応しないように設計されている
・民間心理学は、個人の間の差異を覆い隠し、
さらには種の間の差異さえも覆い隠してしまう（長所であっても短所ではない）
７
筆者の見解
：私の見解では、われわれが信念を帰属させるのは、
行動の全体に一種の解釈の網をかぶせることによってである。
……関連する行動を可能にするものとしての、
根底にある物理的あるいは計算論的な構造がどのようなものであれ、
そうした構造における自然な区分に、網の結び目（すなわち信念と、欲求の特定の帰属）が
対応している必要はない。
――
ということは、Davidson（全体論者）に対するFordorの批判は、筆者の意見にも当てはまるのではないか？
<Fordor>
意識の全体論というのは、
「命題的態度の同一性――特に志向的内容――が、その認知的連関の全体によって決定される」
という考え方。
これに、Fordorは懐疑的。
（命題pの認知的連関というのは、主体がpの意味論的評価、すなわちその真偽の決定に関係するすべての命題のこと）
われわれは、信念や志向的状態を共有している。が、そのとき、すべての命題（認知的連関）を共有しているとは思えない。
信念は、その内容をそれぞれ別に持つ。
：信念がその状態を獲得するのは、脳の状態が逐一、世界と因果関係を結ぶことによってである。
「ある生物が『牛』という概念を持とうと持つまいと、その生物は『馬』という概念を持ちうる」
</Fordor>
筆者
：Fordorの間違い
全体論は、もしそうであれば、人間の心の理解が芋蔓式に進んでくれるのにという、いわば願望。
Fordorが軽蔑したものの通りに進んでくれるかは別問題。
Fordor：バラバラになったブロックを一つの全体に組み合わせるやり方が、全員同じになるはずがない。
筆者：一つのブロックの組み合わせ全体を理解するために、各人が別々のやり方でバラバラにしている
全体論という言葉の使い方が違うから、Fordorの批判は筆者には当てはまらない（という、批判をかわすための節）
７
一章３節での、チャーチランドによる民間心理学批判に、今では応答できる。
（3）に対して、
民間心理学の関心事は、他の主体の顕著の行動パターンだけを可能な限り効率的に分離することである。神経科学とつながることを目的とはしていない
（1）に対して、
民間心理学の道具としての適用範囲は、仲間。狂人の理解は、そもそも目標としていない
（2）に対して、
なので、その中核部分が時間的および地理的な次元を越えて相対的に恒常的であり続けてきたことは驚くべきことではない。
整理。
民間心理学には、きちんとした定義がある。
これまで「民間心理学」として使われてきた言葉の、新たな用語法：「素朴心理学」、「メンタリズム的な理解」
８
因果関係と、構成的関係の区別
構成的関係
：
研究の主題と何らかの形で密接に結びついているということ
因果的に関係
：
因果的に関係している様々な要素は、それほど密接に思考と結びついているわけではないので、
それらの要素を差し引いてもそれによって思考という観念そのものが存続しえなくなる
ということはない。
（チェス盤がなくなっても、チェスの続きは打てる。石を駒に見立てたり、口頭で）
９
・消去主義的唯物論：民間心理学が、心に関する科学に対して歪んだ影響を及ぼすのではないか。民間人は自分自身の心を知らないと、消去主義的唯物論は思っている
↑
（構成的関係）
↓
心
科学と心とを結びつける構成的関係。その得難さが二つのスタンスの対立を生んでいる。が、どちらの立場も同じく、認知という地形に同じ隆起とくぼみを見ている。
では、構成的関係とは何か。
構成的関係←→因果関係
構成的関係：研究の主題（この場合は心）と、何らかの形で概念上密接に結びついていること
因果的関係：因果的に関係している様々な要素は、それほど密接に思考と結びついているわけではないので、それらの要素を差し引いても、それによって思考という観念そのものが存続しえなくなるというひとはない
（駒はなくてもチェスは打てる）
Permalink | トラックバック(0) | 15:30
Apple on an application for a patent for the fuel cells on Thursday are exposed. In the patent application, apple describes a kind of electronic equipment, such as notebook computer use fuel cells, and without any increase in too much weight of fuel cell performance optimization method.
An application for a patent for the title as "for portable computing devices power supply of fuel cell system". Apple says, consumers are becoming more and more attention to use of renewable energy. Fuel cell in technology competitive, as the energy density high, compared with the traditional batteries can be in the same volume provide more energy.
Apple patent application show: "fuel cells and additional fuel can bring high energy density, in not adding fuel to support of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks." Apple also said, use a fuel cell is to face the challenge of portability and cost.
Usually, the fuel cells to electronic equipment support portable charging, and users need to carry a fuel rods. And this is different, have conceived a and apple electronic equipment tightly integrated fuel cell. And this one the bulk of the patent application in a description of a fuel cell stack is used to optimize the flow of energy control system.
Another apple patent application describes how the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries work together, and to make the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries charging each other. This patent application said: "it will be to make the fuel cell system not necessary to large and heavy integration of the battery, thus obviously reduce the fuel cell system size, weight and cost."
This is not the first application for apple about fuel cell patent. Patently Apple web site said, October the exposure to a patent application shows that Apple are designing a fuel panels, from portable equipment to produce more energy.
About fuel itself, apple a patent application shows that there are a variety of fuel for power electronic equipment, one of which is sodium borohydride and water mixture. But these are still at the experimental stage, has yet to commercial.
Portable fuel cell charger faces a major obstacle is that manufacturers need to establish sales channel sales and recycled fuel rods. Apple will likely use apple retail stores to have finished the work.
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【 1 】 searching. Summer mood
Warm sunshine in the body and melted the remaining the sorrow, but increase some warm meaning. Half a narrowed her eyes, look long rear its head, the suspension of the golden ball still smiled at me. The window, have always liked position, whether in the coffee shop or the teahouse or is a fast-food restaurant, as long as is the place all to sit down for the habitual by a window. So, I can clearly see the outside world, see clearly in the outside walk every one.
I am a fear of stay in that vague world people, can now, are steps into the relationship that vague. Once the countless times told himself, the person to work to clear and plainly, clean, neat. But, now of oneself, not only drag, ya, indecision is at sixes and sevens, blurred.
Summer, is a hot season, also is a easily lose season. Each people all have everyone's temper, and summer, let everyone's temper to acme. Stimulate each other's sensory nerve, little the release of anger. They have with anger, with anger passing, also have with anger of fighting the performance...
All kinds of people are full of all kinds of release methods, and I still slowly, don't worry about being by your side. Pay attention to you every day the fickle mood, ponder your mood every day of good and bad. Sometimes think, time is like a medicine, and like a poison. It makes us forget the pain before, but start the next paragraph sad. It let we abandon our past and desolate, but to a desolate.
【 2 】 summer. Away from grief
Spring as the fallen petal go, wearing a suit LuYeEr of summer in the jump in the warm wind coming, I like winning, jubilant welcome the arrival of the summer. I like summer, like the warm sunshine. Like the sunrise, also like the sunset. Like the golden sun, also like the warmth of sunshine.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my world will not too cold.
Where there is sun, and I feel that my life not too dark.
Where there is sun, and I think the world is full of hope.
Had the sunlight, I have confidence has been waiting for you.
The recent weather and began to change is full of sunshine in the morning, and at noon, will see the sun's trail, the change is the roaring winds, bully touching each corner, don't allow a little resistance. Recently is always looking for a variety of ways, to ease his trouble and sorrow. No longer let oneself and sad hook, no longer let yourself with tears become attached to, so, no longer let their sorrow.
Recently, always looking for all kinds of things to do, like have do not like, just like it or not, will be serious to do. So it won't have too much time to think some the mess of things, so that it doesn't always have my insignificant problem into the inside and you weep alone.
[3] night. sensational
With only a sunshine gradually exit out of the window, the moonlight slowly emerging, tight with all kinds of the stars also slowly appeared in the sky. The earth is a light moonlight and the stars into romantic ornament night. Little stars sings like pearl inlaid in under the canopy, ShanShanDe with a light, and the next you said nothing, as if to see this wonderful night.
Into that familiar with the place, the habitual open air conditioning, open the curtains, the outside world is still so wonderful, the stars and not because night and receding, but more glow. At the moment, finally understand, why do so many people like stars in the night, the night the crush.
Tonight's you, different from ordinary, striking a little can't believe. Don't know is his vision, or a real feelings, whether true or not true world. All like tonight's you, suddenly a few days before the fall of all scores brought. Perhaps that is part of your charm.
Night, still as black, so quiet. Just, tonight's night, less afraid.
I and, as usual, quiet looking at the sleeping you, the mouth cape raise filar silk smile and this is that light taste happiness?
__________________________________________________________________
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Do all the way, the dream all the way, and read all the way, the injury all the way, the youth of this shore, I eyebrow XinWei cu, listening to the wind tells the years of the past; Go all the way, appreciate all the way, listen to all the way, drunk all the way, time of the other side, you gently walk, bring me for my whole life the oath. Smile, as a jade, just like the cold winter la month of a warming Yang; Words, amiable and gentle, like stroke and a wisp of spring breeze; The heart, clear as bright, filled with tolerance and forthright.
In the boundless huge crowd, you I meet by chance, and then silence who know each other, as world all the fate, we own the roaming in, repeated a story of others. Looking at today's you and me, read the yesterday's he and she, original all is so similar to the ends of the earth, the same scene, every moment thousands of deduction. The different stage, the same script, different actors, the same lines, perhaps, that is what the world had said the world of mortals.
Life, seems to be a little spring and fall streams, no waves without wind, go light, so of the day, that you and I, is I have dreamed of. But he is always thinking of, perhaps our stories will be something different, always feel, I want life probably shouldn't so, always think, and the story you and I should deducing other wonderful. Perhaps this is the so-called is not satisfied with it.
Not content with me, occasionally also play a song in life all much ado about nothing. The occasional upset, the occasional sentimentality, occasionally sad sorrow bosom, such me, sometimes not even willing to tolerance, but you will always smiled and said it doesn't matter. A that's ok, covers the you to my tolerance. Thank you, thank you willing to listen to me, thank you willing to understand me, thank you for your concern and care of understanding.
Along the way, just behind the one season blossom has collected, have already in the years flows through place vanished, lift. Magging issues.it, those flowers, then no longer in those days Ming yan; Walk off, those figure, also do not know when from my life disappear; For a around, those familiar with smile, and those who agreed upon oath, and has set up a file in the baptism of the mood swept away. Looking back, QiFengChuYu also only you have been, from beginning to end with reckless abandon.
I know, you are always on, maybe not at nearby, but has lived in my heart. You are in my heart, so, I count the mirror in flower, and cicadas in the eyes of the tender you smile and looked at on the water, and know that you SiQi born rich, and son ChengYue vow.
You know, more than any other, I in the character of the much a slightly thin cool. Those who love, I do not say, and not understand; Those good, I don't talk, and not unknown; Those who warm, those carefully, I pretended that I don't know, but one can see in the eye, and talks to heart. I'm not good at expressing, doesn't mean I don't have felt in the heart, on the contrary, a warm action, a concern of look in the eyes, a warm words, of all things, I kept away, and put it in my heart.
Since always, all don't understand you in my life to a role play, from that year to now, you and I walked all the way from strangers, to close right now, our story is in what the beat is a? Perhaps the story is finalizing a play, also or two hearts were there, but I thank you have in this warm attitude in my MingTu.
Thank you for the lonely in my time took me by the hand, and thank you for making me again believe a fairy tale of aestheticism, thank you for your face my unreasonable never give up, thank you for your tender feelings with the whole life the warmth of my I thin cool, thank you to accompany me along the way. To you, please make I say thank you, thank you let me in such years can also ease dream, let me be able to a insignificant posture face a window to listen.
The dream flowers, quietly away, and in a hurry fell, some people, quietly, and silently walk, that time, like water flowing silence, from refused to make a little I stopped, and our story? Our story will end in where? Tomorrow's you I is near at hand, or the apart?
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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"The Artist"? "The Descendants"? "Hugo"? There was no critical consensus following a day of intense voting yesterday when a gaggle of critics groups voted their top honors. These included the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), the Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC), and the New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO), as well as critics in San Francisco, Detroit and Indiana. The American Film Institute also announced its annual top 10, typically taking no risks.
Best Picture: "The Descendants" got a strong push with a win at the LAFCA, but "The Artist" took the top prize at the BSFC and the NYFCO. Both titles will make the final Academy shortlist. Fortified by nominations for their respective directors Martin Scorsese and Terrence Malick, "Hugo" and "The Tree of Life" should get nominations. The critics groups didn't get "The Help," any more than "The Blind Side," but the Civic Rights-era drama did make the American Film Institute top ten this year, so don't discount it yet.
Best Actor: Michael Fassbender is coming up fast with an LAFCA win. Why should we care about that group in particular? They're on a six-year roll predicting the Oscar winner for Best Actor. Brad Pitt's also a contender for "Moneyball," getting an art-house bump from "The Tree of Life," with Gary Oldman coming up on the outside thanks to the critical and box-office success of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and a nod from the San Francisco Film Critics. How about George Clooney for "The Descendants"? He's still in the race, but not at the forefront. Like going for long shots? Then bet Michael Shannon for "Take Shelter," which won NYFCO. And if there's a sweep for "The Artist," add in Jean Dujardin.
Best Actress: Michelle Williams of "My Week With Marilyn," solidifies her spot with a win at the Boston Film Critics Association. Los Angeles went way out for Yung-Jun Hee in "Poetry" (what?) in their 'we're cool and uncorrupted by the Oscar race' vote. NYFCO went classic with Meryl Streep for "The Iron Lady." She's the Streep, but neither she nor Williams will be helped by an apparent lack of enthusiasm for their moves as a whole. Ditto Viola Davis ("The Help"), who will nonetheless make the top five Oscar nominees. Either SF winner Tilda Swinton ("We Need to Talk About Kevin") or multiple-runner-up Kirsten Dunst ("Melancholia") may slip in or come in sixth or seventh. Keep an eye out for Charlize Theron ("Young Adult"), Elizabeth Olsen ("Martha Marcy May Marlene") and Felicity Jones ("Like Crazy) as wild-card entries.
Best Supporting Actor: This is a two-man race between octogenarian Christopher Plummer and Albert Brooks playing against type as a cold-blooded hands-on killer. On the fringes: Patton Oswalt ("Young Adult"), Kenneth Branagh ("My Week with Marilyn") and Andy Serkis ("Rise of the Planet of the Apes").
Best Supporting Actress: Coming up on the inside is Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." Hurray for comedy! Bolstered by a best ensemble award from the LAFCA, this may push McCarthy into the five Oscar nominees. The LAFCA got behind Jessica Chastain, the NYFCO Breakthrough Performer, who was in every movie from "The Tree of Life" to "The Help," where she'll be competing against her popular co-star Octavia Spencer. The San Francisco critics supported Vanessa Redgrave for "Coriolanus," and Janet McTeer ("Albert Nobbs") was an LAFCA runner up in the category.
Who's out of the running in these five major categories? The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, War Horse, J. Edgar and Midnight in Paris all underwhelmed. The X-Factor remains Scott Rudin's buzzy "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close," which has not been screened widely after the New Yorker's David Denby flagrantly broke embargo on Rudin's other major film, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." Pack the Kleenex box for this one.
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Early winter sky, like the patient's face the overcast, day to sink. Anxiety emotions such as this pervading the mist, tightly in my mind, catch my breath. This noon, the sun finally broke through the cloud and mist, show smiling face. The golden sunshine, the clear as on snow, warm warm silver fai in the flow. My heart like this in the window sunshine, suddenly lit up. On the vast expanse of the forms.it, bathed in the warm sunshine, the in the mind unspeakable joy, really want to in the sparkling on snow run, to release under pressure in the life, the one anxious heart, make it in the warm Yang blowing quiet quiet stretch open, as Snow White pure it gently the each place, leave a light the tranquil, calm in heart ripples.
The winter warm Yang heartily of vent to their hot, sprinkle with golden way way, the snow on glaring multicoloured halo, like in a split up around me gorgeous flowers. And as a series of colorful picture, in my sight of dreaming floating, I stand still didn't dare move, very afraid that move will put it like running scared. The sun be warm in my body, face and hands gently touched, a thick warm meaning in my heart rise, and then a puzzling to love is full whole body. Oh! I see, the soft touch, it's like my lover it. As the sun jade-like stone son bright smile, as if appear in the shadows. And when she left the same way, or that naughty smile, two small dimples with the face. She bantered said "to chase me! After a good deal for you win." I'm excited, but at a loss, just gazing at the light faded away in her in in the distance, RenXue the ground I do the footprints of the lonely, in lightly sigh.
Sunshine slowly breeze snow, the BaiXueShan quietly accept this trust god's touch. Like the girl like falling in love with lover's arms in school, doing the colorful dream. I was the true meaning of the snow moved and also enjoy stealthily warm winter sun kissing. The light sad like the like melted, had been in my memory, such as the white as forms.it of, did not leave traces. My heart immersed in the warmth of sunshine, and in the winter it forms.it quietly in fell asleep.
The winter warming Yang, don't abandon not to leave, waiting at my side, as my mother was waiting for the I, with all my heart, have no complaint. It let me understand, life not only it is the exhaustion of body and mind, worried restlessness. There is a kind of beautiful scenery, on our side. In fact they have been waiting for us, as long as pay attention side a flower, a leaf, a wisp of spring breeze, a rain, a snow, a blue sky, and so on. Like I say to this winter warm sample, calm down to, fine fine ground to observe, and deeply to taste, will get unexpected harvest.
The faster a computer goes, the more likely is to have Linux at its heart. The most recent Top500 list of supercomputers shows that, if anything, Linux is becoming even more popular at computing’s high end.
In the latest Top500 Supercomputer list, you’ll find when you dig into the supercomputer statistics that Linux runs 457 of the world’s fastest computers. That’s 91.4%. Linux is followed by Unix, with 30 or 6%; mixed operating systems with 11 supercomputers, 2.2%. In the back of the line, you’ll find OpenSolaris and BSD with 1 computer and–oh me, oh my–Windows also with just 1 supercomputer to its credit. That’s a drop from 4 in the last supercomputer round up in June.
Digging deeper, we find that various customized Linux distributions account for 414 of the supercomputers. AIX, IBM’s house brand of Unix, takes a distant second place in individual operating system distributions. It’s followed by various versions of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) and a variety of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) variants including the RHEL clone CentOS. Compute Node Linux is the last significant solo Linux distribution on the list.
Other operating systems that just make the list includes Oracle’s all but dead OpenSolaris with one entry. The sole Windows entry, Windows HPC 2008, placed 58th.
So, while Linux has only a minute share of the desktop, a big chunk of the server market, is the platform for most Web servers, when it comes to one arena: the fastest of the fast, supercomputers, Linux absolutely rules.
Translated from http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110907020451
For a long time, I am in a dark box.
According to someone's comment I heard outside of the box, a tiny bottle containing deadly poison is located in this box. Although the bottle is completely sealed, a hammer is positioned in the vicinity of the bottle. And they said the hammer would fall down at a certain time.
When is "the certain time"? I don't know. In this very moment? Or distant future? Possibly, it already has come (I don't want to think about it). No one can affect the hammer. As an independent event, it will fall down with probability 50%. The probability is exactly 50%. Possibly, the bottle may be broken, or may not. About myself, dead, or, alive.
I must say, how terrible the situation is.
It is impossible for me to avoid having a furious indignation. My life, the most important issue for me, is completely away from me, and is solely dependent on the simple figure, FIFTY PERCENT! Too much terrible.
Additionally, and I think it is completely unreasonable, I am shackled in many ways to keep the probability at exactly 50%.
Visual perception. The box is completely shielded from any light. It's for avoiding me from finding and destroying the bottle and apparatus. Complete darkness. I am in the total darkness. Thus, now I can’t see even the outline of myself. Possibly it sounds strange, the darkness makes me have a doubt about the existence of my body itself.
Acoustic perception. Maybe, from the reason I mentioned above, a perfect sound insulation is used. I can’t hear even the voice of my own. I don't know the mechanism. In the first place, as I can’t see anything, how can I investigate it? So, this is only a speculation, possibly, my drum membranes were damaged before enclosure in this box, or, some special material is used for the wall of the box.
Anyway, in a dark box too much good at shielding light and sound, my visual and acoustic perception is dead just as the term indicates.
As if further confirmation are needed, a huge fatigue weighing heavily upon me is another shackle for me. It seems that they gave me some kind of muscle relaxant to avoid me from struggling. As I can’t change from the same posture, my tactile perception is almost paralyzed.
No light. No sound. Smell and taste are unreliable. Tactile perception is in malfunction. I am like a puppet. All the five senses are out of control of mine. Too much cruel. Perfect shackles. I wish if they had given a sleeping medicine. I feel I am in agony without any external injury. My life, my existence itself, is completely ignored. Such a humiliation keeps my sanity. Only such a humiliation can.
The right to control the life and death of myself is completely deprived. I hate such situation. The core determinant of the continuity of my life is completely dependent upon, solely upon, a pure probability. Completely away from anyone's will. I hate it, again, I hate it!
Why do I have to be enclosed in such a box? In such a ridiculous box, why do I have to be in fear of life and death with such perfect shackles?
I am lonely. Am I feeling empty and flat? Difficult to avoid sobbing? No. My loneliness is much deeper. I am in a sea of void. I am alone. Completely alone. As an orphan, I was thrown into this endless darkness. I am quivering in the absolute zero.
There is no perspective in this box. Only the darkness is here. I can’t feel the bottle and the hammer. I can’t feel the wall, the bottom, and the ceiling neither. They should be there. But all the five senses of mine are deprived. I feel like there is nothing. While those things have some meanings.
Speaking honestly, I am not so sure I am in a box. I am sure that what I am exists. I am thinking. I am fantasizing. It is the evidence showing the uniqueness of mine, which is called the ego or the consciousness or the mind, is solid. But, is the uniqueness is truly enclosed in the box? Is it possible that it is floating in another space? I can’t eliminate such doubts.
Possibly, what I am here is floating in the end of the universe, or is lying down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Or going down from a vent of the Kilauea volcano, maybe.
I don't have any method to know how the box (enclosing me) is. All the senses of mine are dead. It is impossible for me to determine whether here is inside of a box or not.
In addition to that, I am not so sure that I am truly alive. I don't have any way to confirm such a simple thing. Possibly, the 50% probability has already passed beyond me. Maybe I am already dead. I am still alive, maybe. Injected with muscle relaxant, shallow breathes, weak heartbeats. Or, cessation of all of them, simply leaving meat bolus.
I am deprived of any capability of controlling my own body. Who can say that my mind resides in the body continuing vital activities? The five senses have been poisoned with the total darkness. They can’t function as sensory organs. I don't have any chance to know the truth. Possibly, any supposition is fabricated by myself. The situation surrounding me and the uniqueness of myself are components of programmed role-play, possibly.
About the existence of mine, I can’t determine the behavior. I hate to admit it, but I am in the middle of fluctuation.
I wish someone could find me. I wish someone could open the box and observe how I am, and determine what I am. There is not enough power inside me to do so. All I can do is to continue to quiver in the loneliness.
If I were the Almighty, I could say "Let there be light". I know it is impossible. But I can‘t help feeling how nice it would be if I could say so.
My own free will! It could fix every fluctuation surrounding myself!
At the same time, longing produces shadow. If the box is opened, I will be found and observed. As a result, what I am will be determined. To tell the truth, I can’t look away from the fact I am anxious about being determined.
Although I am unable to determine whether I am alive or dead by myself, I am afraid of the death. I am afraid that I am determined as a dead. I can’t accept. Still I can’t feel, I can’t imagine the death as a specific phenomenon. Probably, that is why I am afraid of death.
No, it should not be restricted to me. King of virtue. Deadly murderer. Regular folks. All the same. Maybe, the elder people or patients of bad disease could have some imagination sufficiently close to the true death. But, even so, it is impossible to know the specific experience of death.
In the end, death is the final destination with overwhelming significance. The time and the consciousness have an absolute irreversibility. Death also has the absoluteness which can’t be changed. Even if it is a ritual pass point or an outstanding impressive event.
Myself, the mind of mine here is, will be vanished at the moment at which how I am is determined. If they deprive the lukewarm water, in which I can’t feel the temperature, it is impossible for me to avoid exposing myself to the air.
I am afraid of such an irreversible change. It is not limited to the determination of death. Also I am so anxious that I am determined being alive.
The current existence of myself is like a tiny, tiny illusion standing on an endless point. Not larger than that. Not smaller than that. Not longer than that. Not shorter than that. No expansion. No shrinkage. Standing upon a unique single point. It is mathematically correct. I am something like a ghost staying upon such a point, having confusion about identity of myself.
The point exists at every position on a plane of coordinates, at the same time, not existing at a certain position. If a certain event occurs, on that moment, it will converge me to a single point among all the space-times, in which the event has occurred, as if having me step off a bus. Without any concern. Even if the point and I have been a one. The illusion, which has stayed in such a point, has possibilities of being real and being vanished like a mist, to an equal degree.
Now, I am existing in every time-space, I have every nature. At the same time, I am suffering from the loneliness that I am away from every nature. I wish someone can find me. At the same time, I am so anxious that where I will be, and that how I will be at that moment.
I have been released from the law of cause and effect. I am undetermined ever, for ever.